Akhlāq-i zīstī i.e., Bioethics Journal

Background and Aim: Today, the absence of violence and war is considered as a negative, minimal and inadequate definition of peace, but the same basic and minimal ideal is not achieved by itself; Rather, it requires the talent and ability to understand the ugliness of violence and war, as well as the perception of the harmful effects of militancy by decision-making human actors in a critical situation. In the context of the severe lack of interdisciplinary research and the level of micro-analysis, this article raises the question, "How will the presence of genetic dysfunctions in political actors, including the dysfunction of genes affecting empathy, affect international peace?"

Methods: In this study, the content of library, laboratory and longitudinal genetic researches were studied by qualitative analysis method and finally interpreted by diagnostic methods of psychological dysfunctions.

Ethical Considerations: All the ethical principles of the research, such as fidelity, honesty and originality of the text were considered during the writing of this research.

Results: Empathy occurs when observing or imagining emotional states in another creates common states in the observer. Given that the genes CNR1, AVPR1A and SLC6A4 are among the genes that are effective in the process of observation and the resulting perceptions, it was observed that if their function is disturbed, the human person faces a lack of empathy.

Conclusion: If in the genetic nature of any of the political actors, there is a dysfunction of expression of CNR1, AVPR1A and SLC6A4 genes, in the stage of "analysis and interpretation", they are incapable of mutual understanding and respect for differences, in the stage of "Decision-making" tends to denigrate, ignore the reaction of others, and design a win-lose game and In the "implementation" stage, it focuses on unilateral decisions in the international system and Makes difficult the ground for establishing and promoting international peace by interactions with lack of empathy.

Please cite this article as:

Taheri Hajivand E, Emam Jomehzadeh SJ, Ghodousi A, Goodarzi M. The Effect of Genetic Dysfunctions of Political Actors on the Establishment of International Peace (Case Study: Dysfunction of Genes Affecting Empathy). Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethcs Journal. 2022; 12(37): e1.

Background and Aim: Moral intelligence training is one of the important components of child rearing that can be effective in improving the individual and social psychological status of children; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of teaching the components of moral intelligence on resilience and psychological cohesion of students.

Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest study with a control group. The statistical population included all sixth grade male students in the second elementary school of baharestan city in the academic year 2018-19; thirty people from the target population were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to the control and experimental groups. Data collection tools were included Connor and Davidson (2003) Resilience Scale and Antonovsky (1987) Psychological Cohesion Questionnaire. The intervention program of training the components of moral intelligence was performed in 8 sessions for the experimental group, but during this period no special intervention was performed for the control group, then both groups were tested. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22 and multivariate analysis of covariance at the significance level of α=0.01.

Ethical Considerations: In compiling this research, ethical aspects including preserving the originality of the texts, honesty and fidelity and satisfaction and awareness have been respected.

Results: The results showed that after adjusting the pre-test scores, the mean scores of resilience and psychological cohesion of the experimental group increased significantly compared to the control group in the post-test (p<0.001); Therefore, it can be said that teaching the components of moral intelligence was effective in increasing resilience and psychological cohesion of students (p<0.001).

Conclusion: Based on the research findings, teaching students the components of moral intelligence can be a suitable intervention method to promote resilience and psychological cohesion.

Please cite this article as: Ramezani N, Zarei Samangan R, Momenjoo N, Golibagh M. Effectiveness of Training the Components of Moral Intelligence on Resilience and Sense of Mental Coherence in Elementary Students. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e2.

Background and Aim: The use of humanoid robots to care for the elderly has been introduced as one of the effective solutions to solve the problems caused by the increase in the elderly population. This issue has faced various ethical challenges. The purpose of this study is to analyze the ethical dimensions and problems arising from the use of robots in the field of geriatric care with a view to civil law rules on robotics.

Methods: The present article, by studying the scientific and legal documents related to the subject of research and using analytical-descriptive method, addresses the ethical challenges related to the performance of robots caring for the elderly.

Ethical Considerations: In writing this article, ethical aspects including fidelity, honesty and originality of the text have been observed.

Results: Recourse to robots with the aim of caring for the elderly in need of support, while solving some of the problems in this field, brings challenges such as threats to safety, deceiving the elderly, invasion of privacy, deprivation of autonomy; situations that can become a serious problem due to the lack of a clear legal system regarding the issue of accountability and transparency. 

Conclusion: Due to the increasing acceptance of humanoid robots in the elderly care sector and also due to the growing trend of production of this type of robot in different countries, including Iran, considering the challenges in this field is essential. In this regard, educating families is necessary to increase the level of support for the elderly and pay attention to their concerns; also, the lack of specific regulations in the field of controlling the production of robots, as well as the need to compensate for the losses caused by the use of robots, has made legislating specific laws in this field even more important.

Please cite this article as:

Razmkhah N. The Ethical Challenges of Humanoid Robots in Elderly Care. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e3.

Background and Aim: Today, with the help of biotechnological techniques in neuroscience and genetics, Criminal Law has undergone a dramatic change. These include the use of new biological findings and evidence related to child criminology. Mental retardation (MR) is primarily evidence of a child’s mental incapacity that may result from autism spectrum disorders and fetal alcohol syndrome, sometimes predisposing them to crime commitment. In the present study, we intend to analyze these two common disorders in children from the perspective of an interdisciplinary study of biotechnology and criminology to explain their aspects for judges.

Methods: The present study is of theoretical type by descriptive-analytical method and the method of data collection is library by referring to documents, books and articles.

Ethical Considerations: In all stages of writing the present study, we have respected the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness.

Results: In most children with fetal alcohol syndrome and autism, behavioral abnormalities occur, which have neurological causes. These abnormalities result from disturbances in certain areas of the brain to process the emotions and perceptions of others and pave the way for the emergence of anti-social and criminal behaviors in individuals.

Conclusion: Many children with fetal alcohol syndrome and autism are prone to crime due to cognitive impairment and learning disabilities. The most important biotechnological tool for assessing the effects of these two disorders in children is measuring their social brain using the fMRI technique.

Please cite this article as:

Petoft A, Petoft R, Rezaei Aliabad N. Effect of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome on Susceptibility to Delinquency in Children. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e4.

Background and Aim: The rapid advances of scientists in the field of biotechnology and genetic engineering have made the ethical principle of non-harm in the field of biological sciences a special place. The production of genetically modified foods is one of the latest advances in biotechnology. Today, the debate over the safety and health of genetically modified foods is a controversial issue around the world. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the health of genetically modified foods by emphasizing the ethical principle of not harming humans referring to available evidence.

Methods: The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the collection of information has been done by library method.

Ethical Considerations: In this article, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Results: Solving the problem of global hunger, improving food quality, improving the economic situation of farmers and maintaining environmental health are the most important benefits of producing genetically modified foods. The production of genetically modified foods has been introduced as a suitable solution to meet human nutritional needs, while the health and safety of these foods are disputed. Opponents do not accept the safety and health of these foods due to scientific disagreement and the potential dangers, and believe that the ethical principle of non-harm is not observed in the production of genetically modified foods. In contrast, proponents, because of the scientific consensus on the safety and health of genetically modified foods, the results of case studies, and the successful experience of the American people, claim the safety and health of genetically modified foods and the harmonization of their production with ethics.

Conclusion: The production of genetically modified foods has significant benefits, but there are many unknowns about the disadvantages of using this technology. The existence of potential hazards in the production of genetically modified foods and scientific uncertainty about the occurrence of these hazards is a reason to implement the principle of caution in the production of these foods.

Please cite this article as:

Alebouyeh A, Razavi MA. Assessing the Health of Genetically Modified Foods Based on the Ethical Principle of No-harm. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e5.

Background and Aim: Crime detection is the first stage of a fair trial, about which several legal and ethical requirements have been raised and similar approaches in this field can be seen in human rights documents, standards and procedures. Considering the constructive role of ethical principles in the development and improvement of the fair trial process, including in the stage of crime detection, the present study investigates the ethical requirements of crime detection from the perspective of human rights documents, standards and procedures.

Methods: The present research is theoretical and the method used in it is descriptive-analytical. Information collection has also been done in a library way by referring to books, articles, documents and websites.

Ethical Considerations: In writing this article, ethical principles including fidelity, honesty and originality of the text have been observed.   

Results: Crime detection in the judicial process, in addition to observing legal principles and rules, requires compliance with moral principles and requirements, including the prohibition of torture, the principle of acquittal and innocence of the accused, as well as the prohibition of interference in personal life. The moral obligation of prohibiting torture is the negation of any physical harassment in open and hidden dimensions which is so in conflict with fundamental human rights by using psychological methods. The principle of acquittal is a right and even a privilege for the accused, which, in addition to finding people innocent before presenting the reasons, requires the claimant to prove the reasons. The principle of prohibition of interference in private life also emphasizes the right to live freely without the illegitimate interference of individuals and public and private entities.   

Conclusion: Ethical requirements are the means of developing legal principles and implementing international, regional and national human rights declarations and recommendations. Meanwhile, the three principles of the prohibition of torture, the principle of innocence, as well as the prohibition of interference in the private lives of individuals, are stable and common principles in human rights documents, which, of course, need to be developed in tandem with technological and communication developments which may violate human rights in various ways during the crime detection stage. Dealing with cases of violation of the accused's rights at the stage of crime detection from a moral point of view requires serious determination and binding of human rights declarations at the global, regional and national levels.

Please cite this article as:

Kazemi A, Shamloo B, Alimoradi A, Ahmadi Moosavi SM. Ethical Requirements of Crime Detection from the Perspective of Human Rights Documents, Standards and Procedures. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e6.

Background and Aim: Humiliation of the employed women is a serious threat to the health and human rights. Women Humiliation in the workplace is recognized as an important social issue because of its fundamental consequences on women's lives. The aim of the present study was to investigate the lived experiences of humiliated working women in the workplace.

Methods: This research is conducted using a qualitative method and a semi-structured interview technique has been implemented to collect the research data. The target population of the study includes employed women in Makou city and 40 women participated in the interview. Purposeful sampling method and maximum diversity were used to select the participants. Open, axial and selective coding phases were used to analyze the data.

Ethical Considerations: The interviews were conducted with the full awareness and consent of the participants and their personal information was kept confidential at all stages of the research.

Results: The most important consequences of women humiliation in the working place are: social isolation, formation of family tensions, erosion of social trust, erosion of social health, erosion of mental health.

Conclusion: The negative effects of women humiliation in the workplace not only affect these women, but also cause serious damage to the family system and even the body of society. Among the most important consequence is the formation of social alienation.

Please cite this article as:

Aghapour SH, Mir Eskandari F, Karampour R. A Qualitative Study of the Consequences of Women Humiliation in the Workplace. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e7.

Background and Aim: Employee creativity is one of the most important factors for the success of organizations and sustaining their competitive advantage. The incivility of coworkers is one of the factors threatening the creativity of employees which affects the creativity of employees through reduced internal motivation and increased burnout. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of workplace incivility on creativity with mediator variable of emotional exhaustion and intrinsic motivation.

Methods: The statistical population studied consisted of 1300 employees of Iran Khodro Company in Ahvaz city. The sample size is 279 people who were selected through random sampling according to the Cochran formula. To collect the data, the Cortina, Magley, Williams, Langhout's Incivility Questionnaires (2001), the Maslach & Jackson's Emotional Exhaustion Questionnaire (1981), the Randsip's Creativity Questionnaire (1979) and the Intrinsic Motivation Questionnaire of McAuley, Duncan, Tammen (1989) were used. Data were analyzed statistically through descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (path analysis) using SPSS 23 and LISREL 8.8 software.

Ethical Considerations: Participants in this study completed the questionnaires with satisfaction and knowledge.

Results: The results showed that the incivility of colleagues with path coefficients of -0.41, 0.85 and -0.6 and t-statistic, above 1.96, respectively, had a significant impact on employee creativity, emotional burnout and intrinsic motivation. The mediating role of emotional burnout and intrinsic motivation variables were also confirmed.

Conclusion: Incivility of employees will increase job burnout and decrease intrinsic motivation and thus reduce employee creativity. Therefore, it is recommended that administrators must pay special attention to abolish incivility behaviors in the organization.

Please cite this article as:

Maarefi F, Rahmani S. The Effect of Workplace Incivility on Creativity with Mediator Variables of Emotional Exhaustion and Intrinsic Motivation. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e8.

Background and Aim: Universities are among the important and complex organizations that are more related to human resources than other organizations and are responsible for training the specialized and efficient human resources of the society. The purpose of this study was to design ethical justice structure in branches of Islamic Azad University of Sistan and Baluchestan.

Methods: The present study was a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) method based on judgmental sampling of 20 experts and based on Morgan table and stratified sampling of 248 managers and staff of Islamic Azad University of Sistan and Baluchestan branches. Based on the opinions of experts and the fuzzy Delphi process, three components of organizational ethics and seven dimensions of ethics-oriented justice were approved and conceptual model of research was designed and the reliability of the tool with Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability and validity was confirmed by convergent and divergent validity (with AVE index) and structural validity. The conceptual model was evaluated using Pearson correlation test and structural equation modeling in LISREL software.

Ethical Considerations: In this study, maintaining fidelity in referring to resources and obtaining informed consent and voluntary entry of individuals were considered.

Results: The questionnaire was designed based on a qualitative study including ethical justice (45 indicators) and Islamic work ethic (20 items) and the development of moral values in the organization (7 items) and existence of moral atmosphere in society (7 items). The results of the quantitative part of the study showed that Islamic work ethic with impact of 0.76 has highest impact and moral values of society and the organization with 0.16 have the least impact on ethical justice. Also, the effect of moral atmosphere on justice was equal to 0.22 and significant. The effect of moral philosophy on moral justice was 1.09, which indicates an increase in the components of this structure.

Conclusion: In the present study, Islamic work ethic had the greatest impact on moral justice, so religion has an important role in promoting organizational justice and universities can create a favorable atmosphere for justice by observing the value principles of Islamic ethics.

Please cite this article as:

Shahraki Sanavi F, Fariborzi E, Nasseri N. Investigating the Role of Organizational Ethics Philosophy on Creating Ethical Justice in University (Case Study: Branches of Islamic Azad University of Sistan and Baluchestan). Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e9.

Background and Aim: Today, academic deception is one of the most important challenges in educational environments which is defined as a set of behaviors based on deception to achieve academic outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of academic ethics and academic help seeking in prediction of academic deception of student-athletes during the Covid-19 outbreak.

Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of all 653 student-athletes in Ardabil, from which 242 people were selected as a sample using stratified random sampling. Academic ethics questionnaire, academic help seeking questionnaire and academic deception questionnaire were used to collect data. Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to analyze the data.

Ethical Considerations: Participants' verbal consent was obtained and they were assured about confidentiality of information.

Results: Findings showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between academic ethics and its components and academic help seeking and its components with academic deception. The results of regression analysis also revealed that approximately 51% of the total variance of academic deception is predictable based on academic ethics and academic aid seeking, with the academic ethics variable having a larger share.

Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that academic ethics and academic help seeking are variables related to reducing the rate of academic deception in students.

Please cite this article as:

Azizian Kohan N, Dehghani M, Momenifar F. The Role of Academic Ethics and Academic Help Seeking in Prediction of Academic Deception of Student-Athletes during the Covid-19 Outbreak. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e10.

Background and Aim: Financial statements are the most important source of information for legislators, shareholders, analysts and other stakeholders. These reports will be useful to users if they are understandable. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying, prioritizing and meta-analyzing the indicators of disclosure of social responsibility, professional ethics and tone management (reporting tone) affecting the readability of financial reporting.

Methods: The present study is a descriptive-survey research. The statistical population consists of members of certified public accountants in Tehran and Shiraz. Since official statistics of the study population are not available, their number can be assumed to be unlimited. The statistical sample of the present study consists of 260 members of the mentioned statistical community who were selected using the convineince sampling method. The binomial distribution technique and exploratory factor analysis were used to identify indicators affecting the readability of financial reporting, and fuzzy nonlinear preference technique was used to prioritize indicators. Also, the meta-analysis technique was used to investigate the relationship between social responsibility disclosures, professional ethics and tone management (reporting tone) effective on the readability of financial reporting.

Ethical Considerations: Honesty and trustworthiness have been observed in all stages of writing the article.

Results: Consequently the results of fuzzy non linear preferences technique was used to rank the 3 indexes as follows: 1. Skill, competency and professional reporting; 2. Gifts denotation and receiving; 3. Economical, legal and ethical responsibilities commitment against society and employer for professional ethics index and 1. Accrual based earnings management and Fraudulent and real reporting; 2. Tax evasion and financial leverage; 3. Changing and directing financial performance attitudes with complexity and text length for tone management index and 1. Correct and real information presentation, training of society development and contribution; 2. Employment procedures and rights; 3. Economical growth, productivity and withholding tax and performance for social responsibility disclosure index. Also the meta-analysis results suggested that there is a significant relation between social responsibility disclosure, professional ethics and tone management indexes and financial reporting readability.

Conclusion: Disclosure of social responsibility, professional ethics and tone management (reporting tone) are factors that affect the readability of financial reporting. Emphasis on these three important variables can provide the information needed to make decisions to the organization's stakeholders or market analysts in a more readable and clear way.

Please cite this article as:

Vafaeipour R, Ghasemi M, Mohseni A. Detection, Prioritizing and Meta-Analysis of Social Responsibility Disclosure, Professional Ethics and (Reporting) Tone Management Indexes Affecting Financial Reporting Readability. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e11.

Background and Aim: Psychological well-being has always been considered by psychologists in work environments, including the teaching profession. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the role of social intelligence and moral leadership in predicting teachers' psychological well-being.

Methods: The present study was a descriptive-analytical correlational study. The statistical population included all secondary school teachers in Baharestan in the academic year 2019-20 (480 people); 214 people were selected based on Krejcie & Morgan table (1970) by available sampling method. Research data collection tools were included Ethical Leadership Questionnaire Brown et al (2005), Social Intelligence Silvera et al (2001) and Ryff (1989) Short Form of Psychological Well-Being. Standard deviation and Pearson correlation test and simultaneous regression at the significance level of α=0.01 were used to analyze the data using SPSS software 22.   

Ethical Considerations: In this research, ethical aspects including preserving the authenticity of texts, honesty, trustworthiness, confidentiality of information and obtaining informed consent have been considered.  

Results: The results showed that the correlation between moral leadership with psychological well-being (r=0.523, p<0.01) and social intelligence with psychological well-being (r=0.638, p<0.01) was positive and significant. Also, the components of moral leadership explain 28.6% and social intelligence 35.4% of the variance of psychological well-being (p<0.01).

Conclusion: According to the research findings, in order to promote ethical behavior in schools by modeling characteristics, educational officials should culturalize this type of behavior among school managers and leaders.

Background and Aim: One of the most important issues of human life is environmental protection. On the other hand, One of the most influential and an important factor in maintaining the environmental is environmental literacy. Among the variables affecting people’s environmental literacy is their knowledge and attitude towards the environment. Therefore, awareness of individuals’ knowledge and attitude is essential for better implementation of plans and programs to improve the environmental circumstances. The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of environmental literacy in the city of Mohajeran.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study. The required data were collected from the completion of 362 questionnaires has been collected by interviews in 2020 in the city of Mohajeran. A researcher made questionnaire was prepared consisted of three sections of individual information, knowledge and attitude questions. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data.

Ethical Considerations: Ethical aspects including preserving the authenticity of texts, honesty, trustworthiness, confidentiality of information and obtaining informed consent have been observed.

Results: The mean and standard deviation of knowledge is 1.17±0.907 (responses in range -10 to 10) at a higher level of average and the mean and standard deviation of attitude is 0.485±1.25 (responses in range -6 to 10) at a relatively positive. There was a positive and significant correlation between awareness and attitude toward the environment. There was a significant difference between knowledge scores based on education and history of underlying disease. Awareness of people with higher education is more than people with low education. Awareness of people with a history of illness is more than people who have no history of illness. There was a significant difference between the scores of attitude based on education and age and history of disease. The attitude of people with high education is more positive than people with low education. People with underlying disease have a positive attitude to the environmental and people with high age have a positive attitude toward people with low ages.

Conclusion: Based on the results of the research, although the scores of knowledge and attitude of citizens of Mohajeran were high and positive than the environment, but, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive program in order to provide human development, in order to promote literacy and environmental culture. It is hoped the results to help the relevant authorities and policymakers in planning.

Please cite this article as:

Rahimi Kahkashi S, Adeli OA, Arabi SH. Assessment and Analysis of Environmental Literacy in Mohajeran. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e13.

Background and Aim: The development of reproductive technologies and the advancement of prenatal diagnostic tests have posed many ethical challenges to abortion for abnormalities. The purpose of this article is to critique Savulescu's argument on the permissible abortion license based on the Principle of Procreative Beneficence and to provide a detailed interpretation of this principle based on the separation of pre-pregnancy and post-pregnancy period.

Methods: In this analytical study, after a purposeful search and review of the literature, the Principle of Procreative Beneficence regarding abortion of the disabled is explained and the criticisms that others have applied about this principle are examined and analyzed with a rational approach.

Ethical Considerations: In this research, ethical aspects including the authenticity of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Results: A number of principles have been introduced in the decision to become pregnant and to select non-diseased genes; Including the principle of Procreative Autonomy, Principle of Non-Directive Counselling and the `Best Interests of the Child' Principle, however, according to Savulescu, none of these principles can provide the right path for the selection of diseased and non-diseased genes. Thus, Savulescu introduces the Principle of Procreative Beneficence and focuses on the selection of non-diseased genes in the application of this principle. In the examples presented by him, there is no distinction in applying this principle to before and after pregnancy; While the principle of post-pregnancy reproductive benefits leads to termination of pregnancy for fetal abnormality; it is therefore not morally acceptable, even though, it is acceptable in the period before pregnancy.

Conclusion: Although the application of the Principle of Procreative Beneficence in the post-pregnancy period has morally problems; But this principle can be used to select non-diseased or healthy genes before attempting to conceive and help parents to have a healthy child.

Please cite this article as:

Molavi M, Alebouyeh AR, Rezaei Aderiani M. Critique of the Principle of Procreative Beneficence and Abortion for Abnormalities. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e14.

Background and Aim: Considering that the sensitivity of ethical issues is not the same in all professions and since educational environments and universities are responsible for the serious task of educating and training specialized and faithful human resources in order to respond to the needs of the society and contribute to the comprehensive development of the country, the aim of this study was to identify the components of professional ethics development in the Iranian higher education system with a meta-synthesis approach.

Methods: This research has been done in terms of applied purpose and with a hyper-combined qualitative method. The statistical population is all studies conducted in the period of 2001-20. In this regard, 63 researches in the field of the subject were evaluated and finally 34 articles were purposefully selected and by analyzing the content and composition of the relevant literature, a total of 164 codes, 13 concepts, 4 key categories during the search process and systematic combination of texts were identified and analyzed and its validity was confirmed by Cohen Kappa test.

Ethical Considerations: The requirements of research ethics have been considered in the monitoring of synthesized articles.

Results: The results of the analysis showed that the most important components of professional ethics development identified in the higher education system of the country include: educational (development of professional ethics in specialized knowledge, development of professional ethics in interactions between students and professors, development of professional ethics standards in the teaching-learning process), research (development of professional ethics in the behavior of professors and managers, development of professional ethics in the research process, responding to the needs of society), management (ethical commitment of managers to University, development of management professional ethics in relation to staff, faculty and students, professional characteristics of managers) and individual (individual skills and knowledge in the field of professional ethics, religious characteristics, belief and commitment to moral values, psychological characteristics).

Conclusion: The components of professional ethics development in the higher education system were identified in four categories: educational, research, managerial and individual. Considering the findings of the present study, with the formation of the Professional Ethics Council in the Vice Chancellor for Education and Vice Chancellor for Research, holding workshops, conferences and specialized meetings on professional ethics in the university and producing various educational content in the field of ethics Professionalism and its placement in the professional ethics system for the use of students, professors, staff and administrators can provide the best possible context for the implementation of these components.

Please cite this article as:

Khaleqkhah A, Mehravar Giglou SH, Kazemi S, Omidvar A. Identifying the Components of Professional Ethics Development in the Iranian Higher Education System with a Meta-Synthesis Approach. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e15.

Background and Aim: Social life in any age requires the familiarity with social norms. Ethical living also requires the familiarity with the right action and correct and constructive interaction with the world. Therefore, recognizing the axes of social ethics and observing its limits will create a civilized society based on ethics. The main purpose of this research is to search in Hafez's lyric poems to find the criteria of social ethics to build a utopia.

Methods: The approach of the present study is descriptive-analytical and is performed qualitatively. In order to conduct this research, Hafez Divan collection has been studied and its verses based on ethics of living and social ethics, which are a kind of Hafez’s statement in this regard, have been extracted and analyzed.

Ethical Considerations: In conducting the present study, in accordance with the ethical norms of conducting all research, all aspects of honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Results: Hafez's poem is a poem of morality and reliance on the principles of social ethics and ethics of living, but according to the reverse hypocrisy and the language of ridicule that flows throughout Hafez's poems, this centrality of morality manifests itself in the opposite form and in a ridicule way. According to Hafez, a perfect human being is a person who possesses sublime qualities such as coexistence and respect for other beliefs, avoidance of hypocrisy, patience in the face of calamities, freedom, avoidance of authoritarianism, compassion and so on.

Conclusion: Studying and recognizing Hafez's lyric poems, his views and thoughts, clarifies a part of the individual and living ethics in ancient Persian texts. Moreover, it acquaints man with the Hafez’s essential definition of morality. This acquaintance not only will lead to the purification and training of the human soul in the face of society, but also will provide a basis for the creation of a utopia based on social ethics if its boundaries are observed. In Hafez's poetry, moral teachings are generally expressed indirectly and covertly in the veil of irony and humor.

Please cite this article as:

Mousavinia SM, Razzaghi M. Social Ethics Components of an Utopia in Terms of Hafez's Lyric Poems. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e16.

Background and Aim: Water is the cause of appearance, persistence and efficiency. Insecurity arising from the lack of sustainable access to water resources for citizens may disturb stability and security and challenge the legitimacy of the political system. Preventing water insecurity in hydropolitical relationships requires legal protection of water against water crimes and infractions.

Methods: This article is theoretical and uses data from books, articles and relevant laws and regulations to critically analyze legal protection of water and biosafety laws in a qualitative and non-statistical research method.

Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Results: Criminal protection, through coercive prevention and determining punishments for water crimes, is one of the deterrents to the escalation of the agricultural crisis in Iran; A crisis that increases the need to import agricultural and food products with the decline of water resources and poor water management. As a result, the growth of imports of unsafe transgenics, leading to a preference for food security over the right to "healthy" food, is causing other crises. Today, new food and ecosystem technologies have such a moral value that adequate and accurate criminal protection is necessary. The weakness of domestic laws and legal procedures both in protecting water and in protecting the rights of consumers of GMOs, requires criminalization aimed at protecting food security in the increasing need for transgenics in the water crisis.   

Conclusion: This article critiques some of the existing rules and regulations on criminal protection of water and biosafety in the consumption of transgenic food, providing a framework for criminalizing criminal behavior against the food supply chain with absolute responsibility - or with the presumption of criminal responsibility. Criticizing the articles of criminal and non-criminal laws related to GMOs and crimes against water, along with presenting draft articles to be added to the Bill on Punitive Punishments, in order to hold the government and private legal entities responsible for the implementation and monitoring of food safety laws, in compliance with the "principle The minimal and limited intervention of punishment as a last resort" is the target of this article; Therefore, limiting severe punishments to bioterrorist and organized types of crimes against food security provides a variety of legal responses that are appropriate to the nature and severity of the wide range of these crimes.

Please cite this article as:

Khaghani Esfahani M. The Role of Transgenics in Overcoming the Water Crisis; Necessary Criminalization In Support of Food Security. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e17.

Background and Aim: Today, the emergence of ethical discourse in global water policy networks has led to key debates on how water ethics relates to other normative claims. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide a strategic model for social capacity building and socialization to water crisis issues; As most international studies and conferences have unanimously emphasized, the water crisis is a crisis of governance and water management rather than water scarcity.

Methods: The present study was applied in terms of purpose and cross-sectional in terms of time domain. This study was conducted using the Delphi technique and using the panel of experts on the non-probability sampling method of the snowball type. Based on the nature of the subject, a sample size of 30 people was determined. To analyze the data, the method of structural equation modeling of causal relationships between variables was used with SmartPLS software 3.

Ethical Considerations: In compiling this research, preserving the originality of texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed, and the participants have cooperated with the knowledge of the objectives of the study.

Results: The results of path analysis showed that the highest impact was related to the structure of mutual commitment with an impact factor of 0.565 and the structure of cultural cohesion with a coefficient of 0.471. Mutual commitment will be one of the most important components affecting bioethics in the field of socio-cultural governance of water. Also, cultural cohesion and strengthening its tools by identifying factors affecting the consumption pattern reform in the family, education and mass media can be the basis for water governance.

Conclusion: There is a relationship between individual and social commitment and responsibility and energy-saving behavior in water consumption, and by increasing the cognitive, emotional, behavioral tendencies of people towards water-saving, the excessive consumption in Iran can be reduced.

Please cite this article as:

Heidari MT, Jahani D, Dalir I, Haghi Y. Explaining the Components Affecting the Social Governance of Water with a Bioethics Approach. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e18.

Background and Aim: Animal abuse is one of the crimes that we are witnessing more in recent years. By emphasizing the ethical principles of the necessity for criminal protection of domesticated haram meat animals, this study has discussed and criticized the legislator's approach in this regard. In addition to studying the legislative approach in dealing with the harassment of domesticated animals, the evaluation of the approach of the judicial and procedural system of the country with a pathological perspective is in the scope of the present study.

Methods: In this research with a descriptive-analytical method and using library sources, Iran's legislative and judicial criminal policy against animal cruelty to domesticated animals has been studied.

Ethical Considerations: In writing the present study, while paying attention to the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Results: In today's world, according to the existing moral approaches, domestic animals, whether halal or haram meat, need respect and support. Although there are criminal rules in Iranian criminal law regarding domesticated halal meat animals, because of the value of these animals and their many uses, there are no rules regarding domesticated haram meat animals which are very vulnerable to harm due to their proximity to humans, from a criminal perspective. The lack of protective laws, as well as the shortcomings and incompleteness of Article 680 of the Islamic Penal Code, which is the only article in this law that deals exclusively with domesticated animals, has forced some judges to punish those who harm domesticated haram meat animals based on certain general articles such as Article 638. Citing this article faces important challenges and ambiguities.

Conclusion: It is necessary for the legislator in the field of criminal protection of domesticated animals, especially domesticated haram meat animals, to punish those who expose these types of animals to harassment and harm by establishing the criminal regulations of leading countries, in the next amendments to the regulations, in order to fill the legal gaps in this field. Despite the great emphasis in Islamic jurisprudence on protecting the rights of animals and not harassing them, and also in spite of the strong moral foundations available to protect domestic animals, both halal and haram meat, in the current legislative policy of Iran there is no explicit punishment to protect domesticated animals, while in the legal and judicial situation of other countries, proper legislation and criminalizations have been made in this area.

Please cite this article as:

Kazemi SS, Chegini H. Criminal Protection of Domesticated Haram Meat Animals; from Ethical Principles to Legislative and Judicial Pathology. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e19.

Background and Aim: Increasing of false commercial advertising and the harms it can cause to society and citizens raises moral, jurisprudential and legal concerns. The aim of this study was to examine the basis of liability resulting from false commercial advertising, from the perspective of jurisprudence, ethics and law and to reveal the necessity for more attention of policymakers, legislators and implementers in this regard.

Methods: This research is a theoretical study in terms of type. It is also descriptive-analytical in terms of discussion method and a library (documentary) in terms of method of doing.

Ethical Considerations: In the present study, ethical principles and requirements have been considered and while observing the originality of the article, fidelity and referring to the sources have been observed.

Results: Deception, misguidance, loss and violation of justice are the elements that make commercial advertising responsible through some jurisprudential rules and ethical principles. In Iranian law, false advertising based on mistake and deception (fault) provides responsibility. In American law, the elements of misleading, deception and mistake are considered as the basis for creating responsibility. However, the legal basis of responsibility will vary depending on the nature and conditions of the advertisement and the position of the person in charge (including the producer and the ordering party and the publisher of the advertisement).

Conclusion: The basis of liability, including ethical, religious and legal (civil liability) in false commercial advertising, are basically two elements of deception and misleading. In the first one, malice intent and a guilty mind element is presumed and in the second, it is not necessarily associated with malice intent. Despite more judicial and executive action in the U.S, In both legal systems, under the influence of various factors such as the impression of advertising and the wide audience, non-enforcement of laws and resorting to interpreting the nature of exaggerated statements in the custom of advertising and difficulty of proving the claim and restitution, the responsibility of advertising is not taken seriously, which also leads to an increase in false advertising and violations of the rights of consumers.

Please cite this article as:

Hosseini Nasab A, Almasi NA, Amini M, Nategh Nouri S. The Basis of Liability for False Commercials Advertising from the Perspective of Jurisprudence, Ethics and Legal Systems of Iran and the U.S.. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e20.

Background and Aim: Human is the only creature in this world who seeks happiness and morality is one of their most essential needs to achieve happiness. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of philosophy training and educational-pedagogical theater on the moral development of elementary students.

Methods: The research design was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with a control group. The population of this study included all the fifth- and sixth-grade elementary students in Ardabil in 2020-21. Forty-eight people were selected through convenience sampling method and were assigned into two experimental groups (philosophy training and educational-pedagogical theater groups) and the control group (N=16 each). For the philosophy training group, a philosophy training program for children and for the educational-pedagogical theater group, a designed educational-pedagogical theater program were implemented. However, the control group did not receive any training. The Moral Growth Test was used to collect data. Data analysis was performed using descriptive indicators and MANCOVA with SPSS 26 statistical software.

Ethical Considerations: In this study, preserving the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness were observed and the participants answered the questionnaires with the knowledge of the research objectives.

Results: The results of analysis of covariance showed that the philosophy training and educational-pedagogical theater had a significant effect on improving the moral development (p<0.05). Also, the results of Bonferroni post hoc test showed that the effect of the philosophy training on the students' moral development was significantly greater than that of the educational-pedagogical theater (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The findings of this study provide useful information regarding the philosophy training and educational-pedagogical theater and their effect on improving moral development. Counselors and psychologists can use these interventions to improve the moral growth in elementary students.

Please cite this article as:

Zare R, Taklavi S, Ghaffari O. Comparison of the Effectiveness of Teaching Philosophy and Educational-Pedagogical Theater on the Moral Development of Elementary Students. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e21.

Background and Aim: Promoting students 'social development in order to make appropriate decisions, communication and balance in society is essential, so the present study was conducted to investigate the role of moral intelligence and school culture in predicting students' social development.

Methods: The present study was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population included all high school students in Birjand in the academic year 2019-20. Based on the Jesse and Morgan table, 360 people were selected by convenience sampling method. Research data collection tools included Lennick & Kiel (2007) Moral Intelligence Questionnaire, Higgins & Sadh School Culture (1998) and Ellis Witsman (1990) Social Development Questionnaire. Pearson correlation test and simultaneous regression were used to analyze the data using SPSS 22 software.

Ethical Considerations: After obtaining permission from the Department of Education and stating the objectives for the participants, they were given verbal consent and reassured about the confidentiality of the information.

Results: The results showed that there was a direct and significant relationship between moral intelligence and school culture with social development (P<0.01) and the components of moral intelligence (94%) and the components of school culture (35.7%) explain the social development of students.

Conclusion: The results indicate the necessity for special attention of education administrators to promote moral intelligence and improve school culture in line with the social development of students.

Please cite this article as:

Pakzad MA, Hellatabadi Farahani ME, Ghafouri S, Khosravitanak M. Social Development of Students: The Predictive Role of Moral Intelligence and School Culture. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e22.

Background and Aim: Risky and immoral behavior among the students is one of the most important social problems in the adolescence. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to study the types, contexts and consequences of these behaviors of the students in order to provide a clear perception of this social issue.

Methods: The method used in this research is a qualitative method and a semi-structured interview technique was used to collect the research data. The target population of the research includes the students of the five zones of the secondary schools in Tabriz city of whom 57 students were interviewed. Purposive sampling method was used to select the participants. To analyze the data, open, axial and selective coding has been used.

Ethical Considerations: The interviews were conducted after informing the principals, deputy head of the schools and the families of the students and the consent of the participants. Their personal information was kept confidential at all stages of the research and the interviews were analyzed anonymously.

Results: Boyish behaviors, unconventional dressing and make-up, self harming and deceiving the boys are among the high-risk immoral behaviors of female students and carrying cold weapons and flammable substances, pornography, street harassment, drinking alcohol, using narcotic drugs, and participating in mixed (boys and girls) parties are among the risky and immoral behaviors of male students. The factors underlying high-risk immoral behaviors of students include maturity age, gender, socio-economic status, virtual space, normative pressure and customary religious beliefs.

Conclusion: Although some high-risk immoral behaviors are the same among male and female students, some high-risk behaviors are specific to a gender. Therefore, regarding high-risk immoral behaviors of students that threaten their social health, some preventive programs and policies are requird.

Please cite this article as:

Alamdar Sarand Z, Abbaszadeh M, Ebrahimpour D, Elmi M. A Sociological Study of Immoral High-Risk Behaviors from the Perspective of Students (Case Study: Students of Secondary School in Tabriz City). Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e23.

Background and Aim: Clarifying the effect of registration on Estate ownership based on current necessities and legal capacities, in addition to a theoretical approach, has special importance in guiding policymakers and preparing legal and executive mechanisms. In this study, taking into account the role of estate registration and the importance of its effect in realizing or proving ownership, especially from the perspective of providing the components of public ethics and judicial health, the approach of the two legal systems of Iran and England was investigated.

Methods: The current research has been carried out by descriptive-analytical method and using library (documentary) resources.

Ethical Considerations: In writing this article, the principles of ethics in research, especially trustworthiness in citing texts and preserving the originality of the article, have been considered.

Results: Estates registration can provide the goals of registration laws in the fields of security, justice and judicial health if it has a creative effect (ascertaining) in the realization of ownership. This is clearly foreseen in English law and can be deduced from the registration regulations in Iranian law.

Conclusion: In English law, while using the effective and transparent method of electronic registration along with the adoption of a hybrid creation system, property registration and the inclusion of names of persons will lead to the transfer of ownership rights of estate and the possibility of legal possessions in the property. In Iranian law, various interpretations of registration regulations and reference to other laws have caused various theories and approaches, but considering the aims of the registration legislator and the necessities of property registration in the fields of public ethics and judicial health, there should be a causing effect for registration and registration procedures of estates.

Please cite this article as:

Zolfaghari M, Kazemi M, Badini H, Seifi Zinab GH-A. The Effect of Registration in Relation to Estate Ownership from the Perspective of Iranian and British Legal Systems with a View to Public Ethics and Judicial Health. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e24.

aimed to investigate the mediating role of ethical identity and management trust in the relationship between employee-centered human resource management and employee voice behavior.

Methods: The research method is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection is correlational research of structural equation type. The statistical population of the study is 7280 employees of the Ministry of Sports and Youth of the Islamic Republic of Iran, of which 384 people were selected using Cochran's formula based on simple random sampling. Bawick (2017) Ethical Identity Questionnaire, Zhang (2016) Employee-Based Human Resource Management Questionnaire, Van Dyne (2012) Employee Voice Questionnaire and Stanley et al (2005) Management Trust Questionnaire have been used. To analyze the data SPSS 22 and AMOS 22 software and Pearson correlation test and structural equations were used.

Ethical Considerations: Participants in this study completed the questionnaires with satisfaction and knowledge.

Results: Findings of this study showed that employee-centered human resource management has a positive and significant effect on employee voice behavior with a path coefficient of 0.47, as well employee-centered human resource management on management trust with a path coefficient of 0.33 and management trust on voice behavior with a path coefficient of 0.31. Also, the mediating role of management trust with an indirect coefficient of 0.566 was confirmed between the two variables of employee-centered human resource management and voice behavior. The results of this study led to the confirmation and support of the proposed model of the researcher.

Conclusion: According to the results, it was found that human resources management can play an important role to achieve the organization goals; By establishing a comprehensive human resources system, managers can have a very wide impact on various parts of the organization, including its performance. Human resource management should train its employees and provide them with appropriate planning for their development and growth.

Please cite this article as:

Rajabipoor Meybodi A, Kayedian A, Moslehi M, Jamadi A, Doai Z. Studying the Mediating Role of Ethical Identity and Management Trust on the Effect of Employee-Oriented HR Management on the Voice Behavior. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e25.

Background and Aim: Humiliation of employed women in the workplace is one of the common social harms that have several consequences. The present study is an attempt to study the underlying and predisposing reasons of employed women humiliation in the workplace.

Methods: The research method used in this research is a qualitative method and the semi-structured interview technique has been used to collect the research data. The target population of the study includes 40 employed women in Maku city who were interviewed. Purposeful sampling method and maximum diversity strategy were used to select the participants. Open and axial coding has been used to analyze the data.

Ethical Considerations: The interviews were conducted with the full knowledge and consent of the participants and their personal information was kept confidential at all stages of the research.

Results: The effective underlying reasons for humiliating the employed women in the workplace are: unfavorable socialization ways, limited circle of trust, lack of knowledge of citizenship rights, authoritarian parenting, lack of self-confidence, enjoying adventure and pleasure. The predisposing factors for the humiliation of employed women in the workplace are: feelings of deprivation and low level of cultural, social and economic capital, stereotypes, unequal gender culture, and patriarchal ideology.

Conclusion: Inadequate ways of socialization, feelings of relative deprivation, unequal gender culture, stereotypes and gender discrimination, along with distrust of women's works lead to the humiliation of employed women.

Please cite this article as:

Aghapour SH, Mir Eskandari F, Karampour R. An Analysis of the Underlying and Predisposing Reasons of Employed Women Humiliation in the Workplace. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e26.

Background and Aim: Teachers' job enthusiasm is a prominent aspect that improves students' well-being and academic performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Islamic work ethic on teachers' job motivation with the mediating role of professional commitment among primary school teachers in Ardabil.

Methods: The research method is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of this study included all primary school teachers in Ardabil in the academic year 1398-99 to 2671 people based on Cochran's formula and using multi-stage cluster random sampling method of this number, 340 people as a statistical sample of the research for Data collection was selected. Ali (2008), Salanova & Schaufeli (2001) and Clikeman and Henning (2000) standard professional commitment questionnaires were used to collect research data. Data were analyzed by descriptive indices, Pearson correlation coefficient and structural relationships model using SPSS 24 and lisrel statistical software.

Ethical Considerations: After explaining the objectives of the study and reassuring the participants about the confidentiality of information and their verbal satisfaction, questionnaires were distributed among the participants.

Results: The results showed that Islamic work ethic has a positive and significant relationship with professional commitment (r=0.44; p<0.001) and job motivation (r=0.43; p<0.001). The results also showed that job motivation has a positive and significant relationship with professional commitment (r=0.56; p<0.001). The results of the model show that the coefficient of impact of Islamic work ethic on job motivation mediated by professional commitment is 0.33 and Islamic work ethic indirectly and mediated by professional commitment has a positive and significant effect on job motivation (statistical value of the Subel test. 4.53 and P<0.05).

Conclusion: According to the research findings, it can be said that the existence of Islamic work ethic in schools makes teachers and school principals have a positive attitude towards their jobs and attend schools with great enthusiasm and have a special commitment to their jobs.

Please cite this article as:

Omidvar A, Zahed Babelan A, Moeini Kia M, Khalegkhah A. The Effect of Islamic Work Ethic on Teachers' Job Motivation with the Mediating Role of Professional Commitment (Case Study: Ardabil Primary School Teachers). Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e27.

Background and Aim: One of the common problems that universities face globally is the social responsibility of the university. Today's managers must know the general social dimensions of their profession and be ready to face their social environment. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between social and moral intelligence and social responsibility of managers of public universities.

Methods: The research method is quantitative and correlational. The statistical population of this study includes the directors of public universities who were employed in 1399-1400 SH. A total of 103 people were selected by simple random sampling method based on Morgan table as the research sample. Social intelligence questionnaire, social responsibility questionnaire and moral intelligence questionnaire were used to collect data. The validity of the present questionnaires was confirmed by experts in this field and the reliability of the social intelligence questionnaire was 0.93, responsibility 0.92 and moral intelligence 0.91 using Cronbach's alpha. Descriptive and inferential statistics and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data using Spss, Lisrel and Amos software.  

Ethical Considerations: In this research, honesty and trustworthiness was respected, and the participants answered the questionnaires with the knowledge of the goals of the research.

Results: The results of the research show; There is a positive and significant relationship between social intelligence and responsibility. Also, There is a significant relationship between moral intelligence and responsibility and social intelligence and moral intelligence among managers.

Conclusion: According to the research findings, it can be concluded that by strengthening and improving social and moral intelligence, steps can be taken to improve and strengthen the social responsibility of university managers.

Please cite this article as:

Malekpour Lepri K, Mehravar Giglou SH, Moslemi Mahni M, Montazeri T. Investigating the Relationship between Social and Ethical Intelligence and Social Responsibility of Public Universities Managers. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e28.

Background and Aim: Jealousy is one of the negative emotions that affect interpersonal relationships, physical and mental health and daily functioning in life and causes harm to the individual and society. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide a philosophical analysis of the causes, examples and strategies for dealing with "jealousy".

Methods: In the present study, the methods of documentary-library research and the method of descriptive quantitative content analysis of the written text type were used. For this purpose, using available sampling, 150 male students of Farhangian University of Kurdistan province in the academic year 2022 were selected and data were collected and analyzed using a semi-structured researcher-made questionnaire.

Ethical Considerations: The adherence of researchers to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration has been considered throughout the research period.

Results: For the causes and examples of jealousy: in the psychological-physical field, 25 concepts, in the social field, 13 concepts, in the moral-religious field, 15 concepts and in the legal-economic field, 5 concepts were obtained. In terms of solutions: in the psychological-physical field, 29 concepts, in the social field, 21 concepts, in the moral-religious field, 19 concepts and in the legal-economic field, 3 concepts were obtained.

Conclusion: Findings showed that in jealousy, both internal factors such as feelings, motivations and attitudes of the individual and external factors such as family, school and society are involved. As a result of each of the causes, motives and intentions and actions of the jealous person become negative and sometimes destructive. Therefore, choosing the right solution requires recognizing the causes and examples of jealousy. So, it is suggested that by holding training workshops for educational trainers to familiarize them with the causes and consequences of jealousy, it was effective in controlling and reducing jealousy.

Please cite this article as:

Babaie M, Beigi P, Azgh H. Explaining Personal Jealousy: Causes, Examples and Strategies (Philosophical Analysis). Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e29.

Background and Aim: Conceptually deviant behaviors are behaviors by which individuals violate the rules, customs and official policies of the organization in various areas and thus provide the basis for harm to individuals and the organization. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of ethical leadership on deviant behavior mediated by ethical climate and organizational commitment.

Methods: The present study is a quantitative research with a correlational method in terms of method of collecting findings and is practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study was 322 employees of Iran Ports Cooperative of Guilan Province. 168 persons were selected as a sample size by simple random method through Cochran's formula. The method of data collection is library and field and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. Research instruments included Brown & et al. (2005) Moral Leadership Questionnaire, Meyer & Allen (1991) Organizational Commitment Questionnaire, Victor & Clone Moral Atmosphere Questionnaire (1988) and Robinson & Bennett (1995) Deviant Behavior Questionnaire. Structural equations and SPSS 22 and Smartpls 3 software were used to analyze the data.

Ethical Considerations: In compiling this research, preserving the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness were observed and the participants answered the questionnaires with the knowledge of the objectives of the research.

Results: The research findings showed that ethical leadership is effective -0.28 on deviant behavior and 0.70 on the ethical atmosphere of employees, ethical atmosphere -0.25 on deviant behavior and ethical leadership is effective 0.89 on organizational commitment. Organizational commitment has an effect of -0.36 on the deviant behavior of employees. Ethical leadership also influences deviant behavior mediated by employees' ethical atmosphere and ethical leadership influences deviant behavior mediated by employees' organizational commitment, but the effect of ethical atmosphere on organizational commitment of employees was not significant.

Conclusion: According to the results obtained to reduce deviant behaviors, while training and strengthening the ethical leadership style in the organization, its capacity should be used for how to create organizational commitment and ethical atmosphere in the organization.

Please cite this article as:

Movaseghi M, Ranji Jafroudi N. The Effect of Moral Leadership on Deviant Behavior with the Mediating Role of Moral Climate and Organizational Commitment. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e30.

Background and Aim: Moral crimes are considered the most important example of social security, which is related to the ability to maintain moral patterns, culture, religion, national custom identity with acceptable conditions of change. Therefore, government intervention in the field of organized moral crimes has been considered in recent decades and criminalization in the field of personal moral corruption and moral crimes without victimization is doomed.

Methods: This research is theoretical, the research method is descriptive-analytical, and the collection of information was done in a library and by referring to documents.

Ethical Considerations: In all stages of writing the present study, while respecting the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Results: Findings indicate that the purpose of organized moral crimes is mainly to gain material power, illegitimate and immoral services and finally material objects. Considering the acceptance of government intervention in providing moral security related to group or organized corruption and delegating the provision of individual or personal moral security to the people and civil institutions; It is necessary to distinguish the manifestations of organized moral crimes from individual moral crimes.

Conclusion: Given that the values, norms and achievements of the age of modernity, which rely on empiricism, reason and science, do not meet human needs alone, therefore, one of the implications of moral security is that the intellectuals and elites of society accept that if the traditions, religious, cultural and national values of society play a role in preventing and moderating the deviations and excesses of science, knowledge and experience, and their duty is to try to preserve and strengthen them instead of confronting them. In a religious government, no executive, legislative or judicial authority can ignore or deny its responsibility to combat the manifestations of organized and group corruption.

Please cite this article as:

Beigi J. Principles and Manifestations of Government Intervention in the Realm of Organized Moral Crimes. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e31.

Background and Aim: The National Document on the Rights of the Child and Adolescent explains preventive measures and protections which one example protected by this law are transsexual children and adolescents. Individuals who do not match their sexual and gender identities and they are now considered patients with mental disorders under domestic law. Transsexual children and adolescents around the world face widespread abuse that severely affects their physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social growth. This article discusses the most important legal protections contained in the document governing these individuals.

Methods: The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data collection method has been library.

Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Results: According to version 11 of the World Health Organization's forthcoming International Classification of Diseases, transsexual persons have been on the list of "mentally ill" people since the beginning of 2022, but in most countries transsexual persons are still on the list of mental disorders. In the current legal situation, the National Document on the Rights of the Child and Adolescent can play an effective role in improving the situation of transsexual children and adolescents in our country.

Conclusion: The National Document on the Rights of the Child and Adolescent contains an irreplaceable role and a privileged position among the laws in the field of children and adolescents. Internationally, this document is the basis for introducing and explaining the position of children and adolescents in international forums. In terms of domestic law, all agencies related to the affairs of children and adolescents, according to their duties, must apply the provisions of this document by taking legal measures in the relevant decisions and planning. The implementation of human rights measures and protections in this document not only leads to the prevention of abuse of transsexual children and adolescents and their physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social upbringing in a proper context, but also leads to raises the level of human rights and enhances the international credibility of the state in world public opinion.

Please cite this article as:

Bagherzadeh S, Abbasi M, Sharifi Tarazkoohi H. Protecting Transsexual Persons in the Light of the National Document on the Rights of the Child and Adolescent. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e32.

Background and Aim: Natural environment is related to a part of the environment in which human plays no role in its formation and its emergence roots is in God blessings and includes jungles, ranges, mountains, plains, rivers, seas and swamps. Natural resources are regularly destroyed by human beings in different forms such as industrialization, human-made roads passing through the jungles, forest fire, cutting of trees and air pollution; on the other hand, climate change (change in sunlight and greenhouse gases, long droughts) also have negative impacts on the environment, the planet Earth and life of the living creatures. For example, we can mention displacement of many human beings and forced migration due to the above-mentioned changes and elements. This research was done with the aim of investigating the dimensions and solutions to protect the environment in the face of climate change.

Methods: The present research has been done using descriptive method and library resources.

Ethical Considerations: In this research, ethical aspects including maintaining the authenticity of the text and trustworthiness in referring to the sources have been observed.

Results: It is inevitably necessary to protect natural resources and environment at national, regional and global levels in order to prevent the harmful consequences of climate change. With such solutions as reducing the wastes and reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, using renewable resources, green energy, etc., we can - to a large extent-protect the environment and natural resources against bad effects of climate change. 

Conclusion: Competent international assemblies should deal with the errant and destructive governments under Article 39 of the United Nations Charter, with the decision of the Security Council, by placing a guarantee of implementation in order to comply with the above-mentioned solutions.

Please cite this article as:

Miralaee N, Rahami R, Zamani SGH. Solutions to Protect Natural Resources against Climate Change. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e33.

Background and Aim: Many researches have been done regarding the regulations governing transgenic products in international documents, but the explanation of this issue has not been given much attention from the point of view of the domestic laws of countries. In this article, an attempt has been made to investigate the legal system governing genetically modified crops in the national laws of some countries, with an emphasis on the Iranian law.

Methods: This article has been done in a descriptive-analytical way using library resources.

Ethical Considerations: In this article, the ethical aspects of library study, including the authenticity of texts and trustworthiness in references, have been observed.

Results: In the law of countries such as Germany, Canada, America and Australia, codified rules have been established in the field of monitoring and controlling the production of genetically modified crops. Also, the study of Iran's laws and regulations regarding transgenic products shows that the main approach is to produce, import, export and consume transgenic products within the framework of national and international laws and regulations. However, Iran's Biosafety Law, as the most important law regarding these products, has flaws and shortcomings that have caused various interpretations and, as a result, the lack of proper implementation of the law.

Conclusion: All countries are facing many challenges in controlling and monitoring transgenic products. The major challenges ahead include things such as advanced laboratory control of shipments of transgenic agricultural and food industries, control of the health of products, especially grains, at the level of consumer markets, monitoring the possible adverse effects of transgenic products in the environment, evaluating transgenic plants produced by researchers in these countries and how to issue licenses in response to requests for the production of transgenic products and monitoring mechanisms for transgenic products. Based on this, more attention and international and national determination in establishing clear and enforceable laws that include prioritizing health and environment and then economic and agricultural growth, for the orderliness and coherence of the rules governing transgenic products are still felt.

Please cite this article as:

Emad Marvasti F, Pourghassab Amiri A, Behniafar AR, Hossein Jalali. Studying the Approach of National Legal Systems in Dealing with Genetically Modified Crops with an Emphasis on Iran's Legal System. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e34.

Background and Aim: Procrastination is a factor that affects people's attitudes and work behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Moral Disengagement and corona anxiety in predicting Occupational Procrastination mediated by psychological hardiness.

Methods: The method of the present study was descriptive and correlational (structural equations). The statistical population of the present study consisted of all employees of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2021. A sample of 160 people was selected from this population by random sampling method and answered questionnaires, occupational procrastination, psychological hardiness, moral disengagement and corona anxiety. SPSS 25 and Lisrel 8.8 were used to analyze the collected data.

Ethical Considerations: The confidentiality of the questionnaires and the informed consent of the participants in the research along with the authority to leave it have been observed.

Results: The results showed that moral disengagement and corona anxiety have a direct and significant effect on job procrastination, Also, the indirect effect of moral disengagement and corona anxiety was confirmed by the mediation of psychological hardiness.

Conclusion: According to the findings, counselors and psychologists are recommended to hold training workshops on training to deal with moral apathy, stress management and anxiety to reduce procrastination.

Please cite this article as:

Basharpoor S, Ahmadi SH. The Role of Moral Disengagement and Corona Anxiety in Predicting Occupational Procrastination Mediated by Psychological Hardiness. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e35.

Background and Aim: Moral intelligence and organizational procrastination are considered as important factors affecting the job security of welfare personnel. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of components of Moral intelligence and organizational procrastination in the job security of welfare personnel.

Methods: The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical sample of the research was 230 welfare workers of Sanandaj city, who were selected by a simple random sampling method. For data collection from a moral intelligence questionnaire, organizational procrastination questionnaire and job security questionnaire were used. Data were analyzed using software SPSS 22 and statistical tests Pearson correlation and multiple regressions (stepwise).

Ethical Considerations: Participants verbal consent in order to participate in the research was obtained and about the anonymous questionnaires and the privacy of information were assured to them.

Results: Findings showed that all components of moral intelligence and organizational procrastination had a significant relationship with job security (P<0.01). Also, the inefficiency component and the honesty component were able to significantly predict the job security of personnel (P<0.01).

Conclusion: The results of this study showed that moral intelligence and organizational procrastination have an important role in the job security of personnel; Therefore, senior managers of organizations can help improve job security and reduce job procrastination by strengthening personnel' moral intelligence.

Please cite this article as:

Hadi A, Hasani O, Alipour F, Shahbaziyan Khonig A. The Relationship between Moral Intelligence and Organizational Procrastination with Job Security of Welfare Personnel in Sanandaj City. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e36.

Background and Aim: Feeling of security is one of the basic human needs and motivations, so that with its decline, human peace of mind disappears and worry, anxiety and restlessness take its place. The study of factors affecting the sense of security, including social ethics and the tendency to break the law is of particular importance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the structural relationships between social ethics and the sense of security mediated by the tendency of lawlessness of students' parents.

Methods: This research was conducted by descriptive-correlation method and structural equation modeling test. The statistical population of the study consisted of all parents of students in Ahvaz in the academic year 2021-2022. 235 people were selected using multi-stage random sampling method. The research instruments included the researcher-made social ethics questionnaire of Savaed et al. (2021 AD), the Hezar Jaribi et al. (2014) Feeling of Security Questionnaire and the Mir Fardi et al. (2015) Lawlessness Questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using structural equation method and SPSS24 and Amos24 software.

Ethical Considerations: In compiling this study, preserving the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness were observed and the participants answered the questionnaires with the knowledge of the objectives of the research.

Results: The results showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between social ethics and feeling of security (p=≤0.01, β=0.30) while the relationship between lawlessness and feeling of security (p≤0.01, β=-0.40) was negative and significant correlation. Also, the findings confirmed the mediating role of lawlessness tendency (p=≤0.01, β=-0.40) in the relationship between social ethics and feeling of security.

Conclusion: Considering the role of lawlessness tendency and social ethics on the feeling of security, it is necessary to pay attention to their growth and strengthening in order to prevent psychological problems as well as social damages of students' parents.

Please cite this article as:

Savaed Q, Ehteshamzadeh P, Borna MR. Structural Relationships of Social Ethics with a Feeling of Security Mediated by Students Parents' Tendency to Break the Law. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e37.

Background and Aim: Green criminology is the analysis of environmental harms from the perspective of criminology and the use of criminological ideas in environmental issues, and for nearly three decades, it has been studying environmental crimes, the perpetrators of crimes and their motives, the victims of these crimes and how they are victimized, and also about dealing with and preventing these crimes. This study was done with the aim of analyzing the basics of bioethics in the field of green criminology.

Methods: In this analytical study, after a purposeful search and review of sources, the ethical components of green criminology are described.

Ethical Considerations: The norms related to ethics in research as well as fidelity in quoting texts and references of the article have been fully observed.

Results: Analyzing the components of green criminology in terms of the basic of bioethics presented by "Beauchamp" and "Childress" can be considered an effective step in identifying the ethical mission of this emerging field. Adapting the four principles of bioethics, autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice, with the basics of green criminology and the three philosophical approaches of human-centered, bio-centered, and nature-centered has proven the convergence between bioethics and green criminology. The three philosophical approaches of green criminology also have a privileged position in matching with the four principles of bioethics; With the difference that in the human-centered approach, it deals with the criminalization of activities contrary to the freedom and usefulness of humans, and the bio-centered approach introduces humans as one of the animal species and criminalizes the destructive behaviors of different living species, and the nature-centered approach, by expanding the radius of criminalization to activities which is in conflict with the interests of the natural world, including living things such as animals and plants, the earth and the space above it, protects the biosphere.

Conclusion: The analysis of the ethical components of green criminology and its application to the rules of applied ethics shows its importance and benefits in the present time, which while being new, should be considered.

Please cite this article as:

Rezaei R. Analyzing the Basic of Bioethics in Green Criminology. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e38.

Background and Aim: Leadership styles are one of the leading factors in creating positive changes in organizations and also moral intelligence plays a major role in this position of the organization. The present study aims to analyze the mediating role of moral intelligence in the relationship between leadership style and attitudes toward change.

Methods: The method used in this research in terms of implementation and strategy was correlational and specifically based on the structural equation model. The statistical population of this study included all managers of sports boards in Alborz province, which obtained according to the statistics announced by the General Directorate of Sports and Youth of Alborz province (N=336). According to Morgan's table, the number of statistical samples was 179 people who were randomly selected from the statistical population. For data collection, three standard questionnaires of Hersey and Blanchard leadership style (1999) and attitudes toward change for Jung (2004) and the standard questionnaire of Lennick and Kiel (2011) to assess moral intelligence was used and by statistical software (SPSS 24 and Smart PLS 2) data were analyzed.

Ethical Considerations: Before starting the work, the respondents (volunteers) were informed about the subject and method of conducting the study and oral consent was obtained and the participants were assured of confidentiality.

Results: The results showed that the variable of leadership style has an effect of 0/657 on the variable of attitude towards the change in managers of sports boards in Alborz province. Also the leadership style variable has an effect of 0/568 on the moral intelligence variable of sports managers in Alborz province. The moral intelligence variable has an effect of 0/593 on the variable of attitude towards changing the managers of sports boards in Alborz province. In this study, the VAF value for the mediating variable of moral intelligence was 0/338, which means that 33/8% of the total effects of leadership style and the attitude towards changing the managers of sports boards in Alborz province is explained through a mediating variable.

Conclusion: The results showed that moral intelligence is related to attitudes toward change and leadership style. In addition, moral intelligence increases the commitment and responsibility of managers to improve individual and group performance.

Please cite this article as:

Salmani M, Azizian Kohan N, Imanzadeh M, Moharramzadeh M. Analyzing the Mediating role of Moral Intelligence in the Relationship between Leadership Style and Attitudes toward Chang Managers of Sports Boards. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e39.

Background and Aim: Nowadays, in analyzing the behavior of organizations, dealing with ethics and moral values ​​is one of the requirements and identifying its predictive factors has been one of the hot research topics in recent years. This research has been conducted with the aim of developing a model of ethical behavior of employees based on spiritual experiences, social support and personality traits with the mediation of perceived justice.

Methods: The present research method is descriptive correlation. The statistical population is all the employees of Payame Noor University of West Azarbaijan province (N=275) and due to the limited statistical population, all people of the population were considered as a statistical sample. The data collection tools for measuring the variable of personality traits were Ashton and Lee questionnaire, moral behavior of Swanson questionnaire, spiritual experiences of Ghorbani questionnaire, social support of Singhapakdi questionnaire and perceived justice of Colquitt questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS 26 and SMART PLS 3 software.

Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, ethical aspects including preserving the authenticity of the texts and honesty were observed and the participants answered the questionnaires knowing the objectives of the research.

Results: The results showed that the effect of spiritual experiences on moral behavior is 0.304 with the absolute value of T=3.458; The effect of social support on moral behavior is 0.316 with the absolute value of t=3.051; The effect of personality traits on ethical behavior is 0.223 with the absolute value of t=2.686. Finally, the effect of social justice on moral behavior is 0.166 with the absolute value of T=2.055. Also, the perceived justice variable only mediates the relationship between spiritual experiences and personality traits with moral behavior.

Conclusion: The results showed that moral values are under the direct influence of social support, spiritual experiences and personality traits and the variable of perceived justice can also increase the intensity of this effect. Also, the social support variable has the greatest impact on moral values. Therefore, strengthening the moral frameworks of the organization in the first step requires the creation of a supportive and fair environment and in such an environment, the behavioral patterns of the employees will be more consistent with the ethical and value standards.

Please cite this article as:

Hajilo J, Shaker Davalagh A, Khademi A. Designing the Ethical Behavior Model of Employees Based on Spiritual Experiences, Social Support and Personality Traits with the Mediation of Perceived Justice. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e40.

Background and Aim: According to the importance of social health and its increasing effects on life and society, the present research deals with prediction of social health based on social justice with the mediation of social indifference among citizens of Tehran in 1401.

Methods: The present research is practical in terms of purpose and causal-comparative of the survey type in terms of data collection method. Data were collected through the distribution of standard questionnaires among 384 citizens of Tehran - Saadat Abad (District 2), South Zanjan (District 10) and Kargar St (District 16) combining simple, cluster, multi-stage and stratified random sampling methods according to the sample size. In the theoretical model of this research, the social justice variable (individualism, equality, fairness and need) as an independent variable and the social indifference variable (decision-making power, distrust, aimlessness and political responsibility) as an internal dependent variable and social health variable (social cohesion, social acceptance, social participation, prosperity and social adaptation) has been considered as the main dependent variable. Finally, to investigate the relationship between the mentioned variables, structural equation modeling method with Lisrel 8.8 software was used.

Ethical Considerations: The respondents who participated in this research answered the questionnaires with the knowledge of conducting of the research and its goals.

Results: The results showed that social justice is effective on social health with the mediating role of social indifference. Also, social justice affects social indifference by 0.41 and social health by 0.78 and social indifference affects social health by 0.14.

Conclusion: In order to improvement of social health, it is necessary to establish social justice in society with the help of high-level organizations and managers, so that social indifference will decrease and we will see a society where people have high social health which can have positive effects in the society at different levels and solve the problems.

Please cite this article as:

Alizadeh MB, Kalhornia Golkar M, Kalhornia Golkar M. The Prediction of the Social Health Based on Social Justice with the Mediation of Social Indifference among Citizens of Tehran. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e41.

Background and Aim: Sports accidents during sports operations constitute a major part of sports-related damages and in this respect, explaining the rules of civil liability and identifying the responsible parties for the accident in order to support the victims and compensate for the damages is very important. In this article, the basics of civil liability caused by sports accidents during sports operations were discussed.

Methods: This research is a theoretical research in terms of type and also it has been carried out in a descriptive-analytical way using the method of legal discussion (logical-argumentative).

Ethical Considerations: In the present research, the ethical aspects of library study, including the authenticity of texts, honesty and trustworthiness, have been observed.

Results: The results of the investigation showed that the direct responsibility of athletes and other perpetrators of harmful acts during sports operations are basically based on fault and the detection of fault is also based on the rules of each field and regulations, contracts, domestic and international standards and professional custom. However, in cases such as responsibility caused by another act in sports accidents, due to the controlling and supervisory position of individuals (managers, coaches and sports officials), the basis of liability is the assumption of fault; in such a way that a person must prove compliance with all aspects of caution and legal duties to be acquitted of responsibility.

Conclusion: In general, it is not possible to determine an absolute basis for civil liability arising from sports accidents, because different components such as the nature of sports practice, the position of a person in sports operations and the contractual or non-contractual basis of responsibility, can be effective in the analysis of the basis of responsibility and especially the task of proving fault or non-fault.

Please cite this article as:

Arastoee M, Babaei D, Ekrami R. Analyzing the Basis of Civil Liability Caused by Sports Accidents during Sports Operations; Fault, Strict Liability or the Assumption of Fault!. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e42.

Background and Aim: Global health is a very important concept whose main focus is on the globalization of individual and public health (especially in developing and less developed countries) and access to health justice for all people around the world. As a result, this concept is often considered equivalent to public health and separate from the fields of human rights and bioethics. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the impact of bioethical norms and human rights in the formation of the global health rights system.

Methods: This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library which has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Results: Legal systems are not established by anyone; the fact is that legal systems are a set of connections between different actors in which there are processes of normalization and accountability. Another point to keep in mind is that in a legal system the main goal is not to impose unity on plurality because it is almost impossible. In fact, the main goal is to build an identity with the help of legal norms; Something that can be considered in the formation of the global health rights system.

Conclusion: In the light of the approach resulting from theories of global legal pluralism, recent developments in international medical law and bioethics are an important step in the formation of the global health legal system. In other words, human rights norms play a key role in the development of fundamental and organizational independence of global health.

Please cite this article as:

Ziafati Sabbagh Z. Bioethics and Human Rights in the Formation of the Global Health Rights System. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e43.

Background and Aim: Today, commercial companies have a great desire to resolve their disputes through arbitration. One of the issues that the arbitrator or arbitrators must always pay attention, is the observance of ethical principles and obligations; Because not paying attention to this issue, on the one hand, can cause the judges to lose trust and, on the other hand, cause the referee's verdict to be annulled.

Methods: The present article examines the position of ethics in arbitrating companies' commercial disputes using descriptive-analytical methods and library and other available resources.

Ethical Considerations: In all stages of writing the article, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed and all materials taken from other scientific works are accompanied by accurate references to sources.

Results: The findings of this article indicate that the observance of ethical obligations by arbitrators is recognized as the most important basis for the acceptance and legitimacy of this institution in the justice system of any country and ethical codes are the most important source of ethical obligations of arbitrators. Also, the most prominent ethical principles that have been emphasized in the US, British and Australian jurisdictions in corporate litigation or arbitral tribunals are: the principle of independence and impartiality. The principle of disclosure, the principle of confidentiality and the principle of expertise, all of which are discussed in this article.

Conclusion: Considering that no ethical code has been developed in Iran for arbitration in commercial disputes, it is necessary to specify the ethical standards that arbitrators must follow regardless of existing laws and regulations; Therefore, it seems necessary to prepare a draft code of ethics by institutions such as the Arbitration Center of the Iranian Chamber of Commerce, to judge commercial disputes using the experiences of leading countries in this field such as the United States.

Please cite this article as:

Rostami M, Taghipour B. The Place of Ethical Rules in Arbitration of Corporations' Commercial Disputes. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e44.

Background and Aim: Achieving organizational goals depends on the proper use of human resources and paying attention to the professional ethics of employees along with professional development is a necessity of human resource management. Therefore, the present study has been conducted with the aim of discovering the components of using talents and its role in the professional ethics of primary school teachers in Ardabil.

Methods: The present study was conducted by mixed method (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population of the research in the qualitative stage of the elite consisted of managers and teachers of the last three years, primary education experts and university professors. 20 of them were interviewed by purposive sampling method with theoretical saturation. In order to extract the components, design the model and formulate the questionnaire, the qualitative data were coded in three stages (open, central and selective coding). In the quantitative section, out of 1632 primary school teachers in Ardabil, 320 people were selected using a Morgan table by multi-stage sampling method and selection categories and questionnaires were distributed among them. Quantitative data were analyzed using the structural equation method in Smart PLS 2.

Ethical Considerations: In writing this article, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Results: Findings showed that the components of talent utilization including manpower supply, intelligence of organizational goals and educational facilities through the strategy of establishing talent management have a positive and significant effect on teachers' professional ethics. The Aston-Geiser Q² predictor correlation index also showed that the proposed structural model is of good quality.

Conclusion: According to the research results, it can be said that the use of talents by attracting talented and interested people and by applying the necessary strategies and fields for the optimal use of these talents can have a very important impact on promoting and improving the professional ethics of primary school teachers.

Please cite this article as:

Bashokooh Ajirloo H, Zahed Babelan A, Akbari T, Khaleghkhah A. Presenting a Model for Using Talents and its Role in the Professional Ethics of Primary School Teachers. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e45.

Background and Aim: Participatory management is one of the most important management approaches in the contemporary world and the system of accepting and reviewing suggestions is one of the basic mechanisms of this management method. The present study investigates the relationship between participatory management and organizational performance mediated by professional ethics.

Methods: This research was applied in terms of purpose and was descriptive in terms of method; The data required for this study were collected by the questionnaires of participatory management of Feizi et al. (2006), organizational performance of Hersey and Goldsmith (1989) and Kadozir (2002) professional ethics. The statistical population of this study included all employees in the Arak Education Department; 128 people were selected to answer the questions. In this study, content validity was used to determine validity and Cronbach's alpha method was used to determine reliability.

Ethical Considerations: Participants completed the questionnaires with the knowledge of the research objectives.

Results: In this study, inferential statistics method (using structural equation method) has been used to analyze the data, which has been done using Lisrel 8.8 software. The results have shown that participatory management has a positive and significant effect on organizational performance through the mediation of professional ethics of employees.

Conclusion: Organizations can improve organizational performance by establishing participatory management system and strengthening professional ethics.

Please cite this article as:

Malmir A, Abbasi H, Sarihi R, Mojarad M. Investigating the Relationship between Participatory Management and Organizational Performance Mediated by Employees' Professional Ethics. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e46.

Background and Aim: Due to the increasing growth of online shopping in the Corona era, people's sensitivities to ethical marketing have increased. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of ethical marketing mix in the relationship between consumer consumption and ethical brand and value co-creation with respect to the mediating role of communication quality in corona conditions.

Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study that was conducted on 400 online consumers in Isfahan. Sampling was done by convenient method. To collect data, these questionnaires were used: mixed variable questionnaires of ethical marketing by Jin and Lee (2019) and Kumar (2016), consumer relationship with brand of Jin and Lee (2019). Becerra & Badrinarayanan (2013) and the quality of communication and value co-creation by Nadeem et al. (2020). Structural equation modeling using Smart PLS 2.0 software was used to analyze the data.

Ethical Considerations: In all research processes, honesty, trustworthiness and confidentiality have been observed.

Results: Findings showed that Ethical product at the rate of 0/292, ethical price at the rate of 0/167, ethical promotion at the rate of 0/119 and ethical distribution at the rate of 0/275 has a positive and significant effect on the consumer relationship with the ethical brand. Consumer relationship with ethical brand is 0/587 effective on communication quality. Consumer relationship with ethical brand of 0/461 and quality of communication of 0/235 has a positive and significant effect on value co-creation. Communication quality serves as the mediator of the impact of the consumer relationship with the ethical brand and value co-creation.

Conclusion: Ethical marketing mix affects the consumer relationship with the brand and the quality of communication and the consumer relationship with the brand affect value co-creation. Communication quality is the mediator of the consumer relationship with the brand and value co-creation; Therefore, these results help managers and marketers to pay special attention to the mixed strategies of ethical marketing and to be able to influence the consumer-brand relationship in corona conditions and co-create values through quality communication while observing ethics in marketing.

Please cite this article as:

Rahimi Kalour H, Dehghani Ghahnavieh A. Explaining the Role of Mixed Ethical Marketing in the Consumer Relationship with the Ethical Brand and Value Creation in the Corona conditions. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e47.

Background and Aim: Ethical capital in educational organizations is a set of ethical relationships that lead to the formation of teamwork and increase productivity. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the components of ethical capital in educational organizations using a metasynthesis qualitative approach.

Methods: The research was conducted within the framework of a qualitative approach and using the metasynthesis method with the seven-step approach of Sandlowski and Barroso (2007). The statistical population of the study includes all Persian and English researches and studies published in the field of moral capital between 2000 and 2021. In this regard, keywords related to the purpose of the research were searched and the obtained articles and documents were examined using purposive sampling method according to the acceptance criteria. Finally, 19 articles that met the inclusion criteria were studied and analyzed using three-step coding method (open, axial, selective) by MaxQDA 2020 software.

Ethical Considerations: The requirements of research ethics have been considered in the monitoring of the synthesized articles.

Results: Based on the results of data analysis, 82 open codes were identified for data collection, which were classified into 3 main categories and 11 sub-categories, which are individual (responsibility, ethical model, honesty, and ethical loyalty), organizational (ethical culture of the organization, Organizational ethics, ethical leadership style) and extra-organizational (social, economic, political and cultural factors).

Conclusion: Organizational behavior researchers with the aim of increasing moral capital in the organization, while identifying its components, can consider appropriate programs and solutions to increase superior behaviors in the organization. The results of the present research can help employees in terms of identifying the factors affecting moral capital and increasing its level in the organization.

Please cite this article as:

Zahed Babelan A, Kazemi S, Mehravar Giglou SH, Javidpour M. Identifying the Components of Ethical Capital in Educational Organizations Using a Metasynthesis Qualitative Approach. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2022; 12(37): e48.