The current century is about to end and we are on the verge of the 15^th century (Solar Calendar). Probably from a mystical perspective, any millennium brings with it a new chapter full of new developments in terms of science and evolution of human wisdom. In the course of time, it gives human being a new method of practicing wisdom and thinking about the nature and the material world. Human generation has always attempted to dominate the nature relying on wisdom and has either dominated nature or been dominated by it based on his/her experience and has been able to step into another era. 

Please cite this article as: Misaghinezhad M. The Material and Spiritual Challenge Facing Human being in Confrontation with COVID-19 in the Present Era. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2021;7(2):1-6. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v7i2.34630

Background and Objective: Human dignity is an important issue in Islamic culture and preserves many divine-human values that may be of interest to managers and employees of organizations. Although studies on human dignity have been conducted, but a human dignity management model is still lacking in the administrative system based on Islamic teachings. Therefore, the present study aimed to design a human dignity model based on Islamic teachings.

Methods: Descriptive phenomenology was applied as a qualitative research method. The statistical population of the study was all faculty members of theology and Islamic sciences departments of Zahedan universities with the academic rank of assistant professor and higher and with a teaching and research experience in the field of human dignity in the academic year 2018-19. 13 faculty members were selected using purposive sampling method until theoretical saturation was achieved. The data collection instrument included semi-structured interview. Strauss and Corbin coding was used in three levels: open, axial and elected to analyze the interview data. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Results: The results of interviews showed that the model of human dignity applying Islamic approach consisted of 21 axial codeis. The Identified axial codes were categorized into seven elected codes of being law-abiding, compensating for services, justice, meritocratic selection, social responsibility, building trust and participatory decision making.

Conclusion: Organizational managers can maintain and enhance employee dignity by observing the indicators of being law-abiding, compensation for services, justice, meritocratic selection, social responsibility, building trust and participatory decision making.

Please cite this article as: Nosratzehi A, Nastiezaie N, Salimi S. Designing a Human Dignity Management Model Based on Islamic Teachings. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2021;7(2):7-27. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v7i2.28237

Background and Objective: Considering the many stress-causing factors in medical students’ working environment and the destructive effects of depression and lack of identity on their personal and work life, and given the profound effects of religious practices and, most importantly, prayers on the mental health of the students and the importance of considering the paradoxical issues in this regard, the researchers decided to design and carry out this study with the aim of determining the relationship of prayers with depression and the type of identity styles of the students of Kashmar University of Medical Sciences.

Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive-correlational study, 129 students of Kashmar Health Education Complex, who met the inclusion criteria, were included in this study in 2018. The method of data collection was completed by explaining the research objectives, a demographic information questionnaire, Student Depression Questionnaire (USDI) and Identity Styles Questionnaire (ISI-6G) by the person under study. Data were analyzed by relevant statistical tests. Descriptive statistics and correlation coefficient were used for data analysis. In this study, all the ethical considerations were observed and the authors declared no conflict of interest.

Results: According to the results, the mean score related to depression was 63.18±26.99. The highest score in the identity styles was in the items related to the informative and normative identity styles with the scores of 40.55±6.0 and 33.22±5.24, respectively. There was a significant relationship between the variables of saying prayers, the obligation to say prayers and participating in congregation prayers and the degree of depression and normative identity style of the students; the students who were saying their prayers had a lower level of depression and had a high level of identity. Also, the students who participated in congregation prayers on a regular bais received the lowest level of depression and the highest informative, normative, avoidance and commitment Items of identity.

Conclusion: According to the results, based on the relationship between prayers and depression and identity styles of students, it is possible to promote the level of identity and reduce the level of depression of students by taking effective policies in creating the culture of saying prayers in universities.

Please cite this article as: Khoshnudi M, Safari A, Qanea-al-Hosseyni M, Nejati-Parvaz N. Investigating the Relationship of Saying Prayers with Depression and Students' Type of Identity Style. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2021;7(2):28-40. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v7i2.28399

Background and Objective: Cardiovascular diseases are one of the most important chronic diseases with many psychological effects such as extreme fatigue, anxiety and depression, which reduce the quality of life of the patients. In the meantime, it is important to pay attention to the role of hope. Hope is a positive psychological construct that protects people in the face of adversities. Given the importance of hope, Snyder developed the hope construct and its questionnaire. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a hope therapy program based on Islamic teachings and the achievements of classical psychology.

Methods: The research method used in the present study was text-based and content analysis. To this end, the content related to the theory of hope in psychology and Islamic teachings was collected and analyzed. Based on the results of content analysis, the Hope construct consisted of seven components of knowing the purpose of life and having a tendency toward it, setting goals, motivation and self-motivational skills, trust, thoughtfulness, effort and the skill of coping with the obstacles. Then, the Islamic Hope Therapy package was designed for patients with heart diseases and its content validity was evaluated. After gathering the experts' opinion, the Hope Therapy Program was formulated with the final Islamic approach. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Results: The findings of the present study showed that the Islamic Hope Therapy program for patients with heart diseases consisted of eight ninety-minute sessions, which involved 1) establishing a therapeutic relationship and presenting goals and rationale behind the treatment, 2) becoming familiar with the purpose and meaning of life in Islam and strengthening its Attitude and role in hope, 3) Teaching goal-setting skills in line with the Main goals of life and setting meaningful, transparent, and logical goals, 4) explaining motivation and its importance, strengthening one's self-awareness of motivations, 5) spiritual motivation skills, 6) Planning and choosing the right path, enhancing creativity and planning skills, 7) the skill of encountering the obstacles and flexibility skills, 8) increasing the remembrance of God and having trust in Him and drawing conclusions.

Conclusion: Hope Therapy with Islamic approach has positive spiritual and psychological dimensions and is different from the Classic Hope Therapy.

Please cite this article as: Farhoush M, Jahangirzade MR, Salehi M, Masjedi-Arani A, Jamshidi MA. Hope Therapy with Islamic Approach for Heart Disease. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2021;7(2):41-57. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v7i2.29715

Background and Objective: Patience is considered as a method of inhibition and control of behavior. It facilitates self-monitoring and self-regulation in human behavior. Moreover, patience is considered as one of the factors that enhance mental health in individuals. The style of attachment to God and psychological resilience have been proclaimed to be related with components of mental health. Therefore, the present study tries to examine the relationship of attachment to God and psychological resilience with patience in students who were studying in the University of Tehran.

Methods: This is a correlational study. The statistical population of the study included all the students (females and males) who were studying in academic year 2019-2020. The sample population included 196 university students, who were selected by cluster sampling method from students of the fields of humanities, engineering, basic sciences and fine arts of the University of Tehran. To collect data, we used the following measures: God Attachment Scale, Resilience Scale by Connor and Davidson, and Reaction to Life Events. To analyze the data, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis were used. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Results: The results showed that a significant positive correlation existed between the secure attachment to God and psychological resilience and patience. The findings also demonstrated a negative significant correlation between insecure attachment to God and patience in the university students. The findings suggested that quality of attachment to God and psychological resiliency can predict university students’ patience.

Conclusion: The students (individuals) with secure attachment to God are more resilient, and they are more patient when faced with difficulties. Individuals with insecure attachment to God and lower resilience tolerance and patience.

Please cite this article as: Ranjbar S, Nosrati F, Ghobari-Bonab B, Hasani SS. The Relationship of Attachment to God and Resilience with Patience in the Students of the University of Tehran. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2021;7(2):58-71. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v7i2.31345

Background and Objective: Spirituality is one of the dimensions of human that shows his connection and integration with the universe. Due to the importance of spirituality and its effect on self-regulatory and self-controlling behaviors, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of remembrance of God on self-control and happiness among the families of Ardabil Disciplinary Command employees.

Methods: This research is a quasi-experimental research with pre-test and post-test control group design. The statistical population of this study consisted of all families of Ardabil police personnel who participated in the ideological courses of this organization in 2019. Thirty people were selected by available sampling method out of the sample population and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (N=15). The process of spiritual therapy lasted for 12 sessions, each session lasting 45 minutes, and the control group did not receive any intervention. Data collection tools included self-control and happiness questionnaires. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Results: The results of analysis of covariance showed that spirituality therapy was effective in improving the overall scores related to self-control and happiness in police officers' families.

Conclusion: Based on the obtained findings, spirituality therapy can be used as an effective method in improving self-control and happiness of officers' families in Ardabil.

Please cite this article as: Parsayi H, Abdolrahimi AR, Moeinikia M. The Effectiveness of Remembrance of God in Self-Control and Happiness among the Families of Ardabil Disciplinary Command Employees. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2021;7(2):72-83. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v7i2.31896

Background and Objective: The use of birth control pills, either arbitrarily and as prescribed by a doctor, to delay menstruation, has become very common in pilgrims on pilgrimages to the holy shrines in the past few years. On the other hand, few studies have been conducted to identify the prevalence and type of side effects of these pills. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalent side effects of these drugs on Iranian women pilgrims to holy places in 2019.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. In this study, 123 women Tamattu’ Hajj pilgrims and pilgrims of the holy shrines in 2019, who met the desired conditions, were selected based on purpose. The data collection instrument was a two-part researcher-made questionnaire. The first part of the questionnaire was completed in the last days of the Hajj pilgrimage in the holy land of Arafat when the pilgrims referred to their tents and also in the last days of the pilgrimage to the holy shrines in interviews with the qualified people. The second part of the questionnaire collected the necessary information one month after returning from the Hajj and pilgrimage of the holy shrines. In this study, all the ethical considerations were observed and the authors declared no conflict of interest

Results: The results of the test for the frequency of drug side effects showed that spotting, bleeding, nausea and dizziness, anxiety and depression and irritability, chest pain and shortness of breath and lower extremity problems such as swelling, unilateral leg edema and leg pain were the most important complications. They were taking drugs and McNemar nonparametric test analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the occurrence of some complications during and after the trip (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Due to the side effects associated with taking the pills during and after the trip, pilgrims are recommended to use the least number of pills to create fewer side effects, and it is even better to start taking the pill just a few days before the expected time of menstruation.

Please cite this article as: Keshavarz Z, Abadian Kh, Nasiri M, Karamkhani M, Rafie A. Prevalence of Contraceptive Effects on Iranian Women Pilgrims to Holy Places in 1398. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2021;7(2):84-95. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v7i2.34661

Background and Objective: Today, due to the increase in longevity and life expectancy, a more important issue has been raised as how to live life or the quality of life, which has attracted the attention of experts and researchers in the field of aging. The present study examines the concept of quality of life in old age.

Methods: This research is qualitative in terms of method. It first analyzes the resources related to the quality of life of the elderly through meta-combination method. It was then carried out using interpretive structural modeling technique. MICMAC method was also used to cluster the dimensions of the quality of life in old age. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Results: Based on the findings, five dimensions were identified by experts and finally the identified dimensions were classified into 5 level: at the highest level (first level) was the social interactions, which has the least influence on other factors, and at the lowest level (fifth level) was individual-internal factors that act as the cornerstone of the model. Therefore, increasing the quality of life of the elderly starts from this variable and spreads to other variables. The results of MICMAC analysis also showed that individual-internal factors have the highest influence and social interactions the most dependent.

Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that individual-internal factors and family experiences affect the quality of life of the elderly, which can ultimately increase the health of the elderly due to the influence of environmental factors. Identifying and promoting any of these dimensions can lead to an increase in the quality of life of the elderly.

Please cite this article as: Hamzehi M, Raji M, Farhadzadeh AM. Identifying and Examining the Individual and Social Dimensions of Increasing the Quality of Life of the Elderly Based on the Verses of the Quran and Narrations. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2021;7(2):96-109. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v7i2.30824

Background and Objective: The modern man is more than ever an emotional being. Emotions are introduced as an vital factor in human species’ survival and getting out of the natural emotional state causes a wide range of mental diseases. According to the studies, the number of these diseases is increasing. Different theories have proposed different definitions and classifications for emotions and the relationship between them. Many of them are the result of examining animals’ behavior and comparing it to that of human. One of the efficient and applied theories in this regard is Plutchik's Psycho-evolutionary Theory of Emotions. The question is whether these are all emotional classes of humans. Based on the Islamic and Quranic teachings, human is beyond animals and has a spiritual dimension as well. Therefore, different emotions can be conceived of for him/her. For this purpose, the present study is an attempt to compare Plutchik's classes of emotions with human existential structure as demonstrated in the Quran.

Methods: In the present study, content analysis was first used to prepare a coding form of the evaluation of Plutchik's classes of emotions and the image presented for human being in the Quran using Plutchik's books and sources and the Quran and its interpretations, which were then provided to two trained evaluators. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Results: The results showed that Plutchik's emotional classes can be found in the Quranic human structure mainly in two aspects of “states” and “ability”. On this basis, 26 new emotional categories such as Zeigh, Farah, Ro'b, Rabt, A'ma and 20 other emotional combinations were suggested.

Conclusion: The results helped to introduce new emotions taking into account both material and non-material aspects of human existence and introduced heart as the position of emotions based on human existential structure and, naturally, it is the heart whose disease causes emotional disorders and whose health guarantees treatment.

Please cite this article as: Kiaei Z, Bagheri F, Abolmaali-Alhoseini Kh. An Examination of the Classes of Emotions in the Human Existential Structure Presented in the Quran and Comparing it with Plutchik's Psycho-evolutionary Theory of Emotions. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2021;7(2):110-124. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v7i2.29484

Background and Objective: Resistance against the problems of life and patience about the unfortunate consequences are among the essential skills for living in today's world. The aim of this study was examine the effectiveness of teaching patience based on the Quran in the resiliency and self-compassion of the spouses of the disabled with spinal cord injury in Isfahan.

Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population included all the spouses of the disabled with spinal cord injury in Isfahan in 2020, out of whom 30 were selected according to inclusion criteria on a voluntarily basis and were randomly assigned into experimental (15 person) and control (15 person) groups. In this study, data were gathered using demographic characteristics questionnaire, Resiliency Scale (Conner & Davidson) and Self-Compassion Scale (short-form, Raes & et al,). The data were analyzed by Univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). In the present study, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors declared no conflict of interest.  

Results: The results showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in their means scores related to the two variables of resiliency and self-compassion (P<0/05).

Conclusion: The results show that teaching patience based on the Quran is effective in increasing resiliency and self-compassion in the spouses of the disabled with spinal cord injury.

Please cite this article as: Malekiha M, Olyanasab SZ. The Effect of Teaching Patience Based on the Quran on Resiliency and Self-compassion in Spouses of the Disabled with Spinal Cord Injury in Isfahan. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2021;7(2):125-137. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v7i2.28976

Background and Objective: It is important to examine the current state of research in any country to guide and determine the direction of future research. This study focused on the status of Quranic research and mental health. This study was focused on three categories: subject, methodology and researchers.

Methods: This is a review study. Research samples were Persian articles published in scientific journals (Electronic Publication). A total of 141 articles were selected for review. The authors have not reported any conflicts of interest.

Results: The results were analyzed in three categories: subject, methodology, and researchers. In the subject category, it was found that interpretive articles (35.47%) have the highest frequency. In terms of methodology, quantitative, qualitative and mixed research accounted for 50.35%, 46.10% and 3.55% of the studies and showed the highest frequency, respectively. Also, in analyzing the status of researchers, it was found that researchers in fields unrelated to the Quranic sciences had published a higher percentage of articles on the Quran and health (63.83%).

Conclusion: According to the research findings, suggestions for future research are provided on the trend of publication of the studies and guiding the future studies in a better direction.

Please cite this article as: Rafikhah M, Tavousi M, Naghizadeh-Moghari Z, Kazemi N. A Review of Quranic Research Related to Mental Health. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2021;7(2):138-154. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v7i2.27180

Background and Objective: Ethics are defined by the resolute trait of the soul or by other regarding as appropriate and inappropriate behavior in dealing with others. Professional ethics include the behavior, practice and courtesy of a person while doing business and respecting people's rights in the profession, emphasizing behaviors such as transparency, or predictability. As a sensitive and busy profession, medicine can be one of the most important careers in applied ethics. In the present study, with the aim of identifying important domains in professional ethics, we reviewed the studies related to ethics in medicine as a profession.

Methods: This is a review study of ethical indices with the keywords ‘medical’, ‘ethical’, and ‘professional’ and their Persian equivalents in national and international sources and data bases. About 150 studies and investigations in the field of professional ethics in medicine were extracted. The Subjects in the same studies were categorized and examined after being thematically filtered. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Results: Responsibility toward patient, medical research ethics, medical confidentiality, commitment to social justice, sufficient expertise, respect for others, time management, medical ethics and its relevance to financial issues, professional integrity, and the Islamic biomedical ethics are among the most important domains in professional ethics in medicine.

Conclusion: Considering the results and the importance of medical profession, ethical recommendations can provide a relaxed, stress-free environment for work, increase productivity in treatment and medical research, and provide a clear direction for people's behavioral frameworks in the clinical field.

Please cite this article as: Hamidvand A, Moazedi K, Enjoo SA. Ethical Criteria in Medical Profession. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2021;7(2):155-169. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v7i2.27213

Background and Objective: Every year, many people suffer from mental disorders including stress, which causes them problems in life. Ways to deal with these disorders are issues that world scholars have always been thinking about. In the highly regarded book of Nahj al-Balaghah, as a rich source of Shia, useful advice on mental health and stress prevention strategies, especially stress, has been put forward by counselors and psychologists. By putting these recommendations into practice and using these instructions in counseling sessions, psychologists can teach these strategies to clients and improve their counseling process. This study aimed to investigate ways of coping with stress by relying on the words of Amir al-Momenin (pbuh) in Nahj al-Balaghah.

Methods: This is a library-based study that was carried out searching such vocabularies as stress, tension and anxiety in psychology books and searching Arabic words of baliah (catastrophe) and mehnah (distress) in Nahj al-Balaghah and scientific databases. The authors of the article reported no conflict of interest.

Results: The results showed that although human anxiety is considered as one of the oldest issues in psychological discussions, few studies have examined the issue of stress and anxiety from the perspective of Nahj al-Balaghah. Nahj al-Balaghah has referred to and discussed the basic issue stress and its underlying causes and counteracting factors, but has not used the exact terms stress or its derivatives. In the present study, according to the terminological meaning of stress, we have classified his sentences into three general categories: Changing the conditions and avoiding stressful conditions, using cognitive skills of dealing with stress, and emotional-behavioral methods of dealing with stress.

Conclusion: By pondering upon the words of Imam Ali (pbuh) in Nahj al-Balaghah, stress can be attributed to three factors: a) the existence of stressful conditions, b) the perception of stress caused by these conditions by the individual, and c) the relative capacity of the individual for facing or adapting to these conditions. According to this model, ways of coping with stress regarding their goals and functions were classified into three major categories.

Please cite this article as: Shariatpanah M, Fani M. Stress Management Skills in Nahj al-Balaghah. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2021;7(2):170-183. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v7i2.26928