Akhlāq-i zīstī i.e., Bioethics Journal

In recent years, global warming has emerged as a critical environmental concern, drawing increasing attention from researchers worldwide. This study aimed to examine the role of environmental ethics in addressing global warming from the perspective of citizens in Kermanshah, Iran. The findings revealed that among the components of environmental ethics, environmental belonging, spiritual intelligence, and ecological attitudes were the most influential factors in improving environmental conditions. To determine the most appropriate strategic approach for the region, the Internal and External Factors Evaluation Matrix (IFE/EFE) was employed. The analysis indicated that a competitive (ST) strategy could serve as a key framework for effectively addressing bioethical challenges and reducing the impacts of global warming in the region.

Background and Aim: The increasing importance of environmental issues and the necessity of achieving sustainable development cannot be realized without considering the societal and cultural context. Trust culture, as a key factor in facilitating social interactions and individual participation, can play a significant role in shaping environmental attitudes. This study aims to examine the impact of trust culture on environmental values in the context of sustainable development.

Methods: This research employed a survey method, with the statistical population consisting of residents of Shiraz city. To collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire was used, which was distributed among a sample of 380 individuals selected through stratified random sampling. Data analysis was conducted using Smart PLS and SPSS software.

Ethical Considerations: Data collection was carried out with respect to confidentiality and anonymity of the participants.

Findings: The results indicated that trust culture, with a beta coefficient of 0.602, accounted for 35% of the variation in environmental values related to sustainable development. Additionally, it was found that the social dimension of trust culture had the greatest impact on environmental values, with a path coefficient of 0.601. In contrast, the structural dimension of trust culture, although showing a positive and significant relationship with environmental values, had a very weak effect.

Conclusion: Findings suggest that there are specific complexities in the relationships between different dimensions of trust culture and environmental values in the studied community. Overall, the results highlight the importance of strengthening the social dimensions of trust culture in improving environmental attitudes and fostering sustainable development.

Background and Aim: The concern for identifying minority identities, such as intersex individuals, is important because it places them in an equal position with women and men. This group of individuals, who are in an intermediate position purely biologically and sometimes in terms of gender status, have been neglected by governments for years. This research aims to uncover the neglected identity of this group of minorities by examining the capacities available in the key theories of dialogue and highlighting its hard core, which is collective intentionality, by emphasizing the need for dialogue between the subject of identification and the actors of identification. In order to show the importance of this case in the era of sexual and gender formation of intersex individuals, which is the result of not recognizing the truth and reality of their identity, it analyzes and pathologically analyzes the attitude of the European Court of Human Rights that is evident in the cases concerning these individuals.

Methods: The present research is a descriptive-analytical study, as an interdisciplinary study, with a close look at the links between the knowledge of public law and medical science and the philosophy of dialogue, and its data has been provided through up-to-date library research and study.

Ethical Considerations: Throughout the research process, the principles of honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Findings: The European Court of Human Rights, by implicitly acknowledging the need to recognize the identity of intersex individuals in its decisions and then maximally adhering to the doctrine of the margin of appreciation and leaving the decision-making on the recognition of intersex individuals to the respondent states, while remaining passive in the path of constitutionalising the fundamental rights of these individuals, suffers from a lack of argumentative coherence.

Conclusion: Dialogue, as an efficient method, not only has sufficient capacity to overcome the described crisis, but also, by providing a mutual experience of perception between the subject of recognition and the object of recognition, it encourages the collective intentionality to see the ever-existing minority as it is and to "recognize" it.

Background and Aim: The motivation for the continuous search for cosmetic surgery is based on a combination of psychological, emotional, social, spiritual, ethical, and personality factors. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the role of social competence and moral foundations in predicting the tendency towards cosmetic surgery.

Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlational. The research population included all women applying for cosmetic surgery at cosmetic surgery centers in Tehran in the year 2024, from which 120 individuals were selected through convenience sampling as the sample. They responded to the social competence questionnaire by Flannery et al. (1990), the ethical foundations questionnaire by Haidt and Graham (2007), and the tendency toward cosmetic surgery questionnaire by Etemadi Fard and Amani (2023). The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test, multiple regression, and SPSS software version 22.

Ethical Considerations: Verbal consent of the participants was obtained and they were assured about the confidentiality of the information.

Findings: The results showed a negative correlation between social competence (r = -0.537) and moral foundations (r = -0.638) with the tendency towards cosmetic surgery (p < 0.01). Additionally, the results indicated that social competence explained 28.9% and moral foundations explained 41% of the variance in the tendency towards cosmetic surgery.

Conclusion: Psychological assessments of social competence and moral foundations are useful and beneficial in determining the clinical profile of applicants and referring them for psychotherapy before performing surgical procedures.

Background and Aim: Disability and persons with disabilities constitute a significant yet often neglected segment of today’s society. Employment opportunities can play a crucial role in realizing and expressing their individual and social potential. Among them, individuals with physical and motor disabilities make up the largest portion of the disabled population. In this context, attention to the ethical components of employing people with disabilities is one of the most important concerns in modern organizations. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the components of an ethical charter for the employment of persons with disabilities in organizations.

Methods: This study adopts a qualitative approach and employs the research synthesis method. The research scope includes all articles published over the past decade on ethics in the employment of persons with disabilities and related fields, as indexed in specialized academic databases. The research sample consists of 25 articles selected purposefully based on thematic screening and theoretical data saturation. The data were collected through qualitative analysis of the reviewed documents.

Ethical Considerations: In writing the article, ethical aspects including preserving the authenticity of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Findings: Through data analysis, the indicators and components of the ethical code for the employment of individuals with physical and motor disabilities in organizations were organized into four dimensions, thirteen axes, and fifty-six categories. These include: components of individual ethics (including intrapersonal characteristics of persons with disabilities in the workplace, interpersonal characteristics of persons with disabilities in the workplace); professional ethics (including professional responsibility, occupational participation, and ethical conduct in the work environment); legal ethics (including adherence to the supported employment laws for persons with disabilities in the organization, alignment of upstream laws with the employment of persons with disabilities, proper use of legal authorities); and components of organizational ethics (organizational rehabilitation of persons with disabilities, adaptation of the organizational environment, attention to internal organizational values, attention to external organizational values).

Conclusion: In order to develop an ethical charter for the employment of individuals with physical and motor disabilities in organizations, the components of individual ethics, professional ethics, organizational ethics, and ethical elements within organizational regulations must be taken into consideration.

Background and Aim: Islamic work ethics and organizational ethical context play a significant role in helping students fulfill their academic duties by adhering to academic ethics within the school environment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between Islamic work ethics and school bonding with students' academic ethics, with consideration of the mediating role of the organizational ethical context.

Methods: This research is applied in terms of its objective and correlational in terms of data collection. The statistical population consisted of secondary school students in District 4 of Isfahan during the 2023-2024 academic year. A total of 390 students were selected as the research sample through multi-stage cluster sampling, and the questionnaires of organizational ethical context (Hunt, 1989), Islamic work ethics (Yousef, 2001), school bonding (Brown & Evans, 2002), and academic ethics (Golparvar, 2010) were distributed among them. The content validity of all questionnaires was confirmed based on the opinions of education experts and their reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling.

Ethical Considerations: In this study, authenticity of the texts, honesty, and integrity were observed, and the participants responded to the questionnaires with full awareness of the research objectives.

Findings: The results indicated that Islamic work ethics explained 57% of the variance in academic ethics and 52% of the variance in school bonding. School bonding predicted 31% of the variance in academic ethics, and the organizational ethical context predicted 73% of the variance in academic ethics, 54% of the variance in Islamic work ethics, and 43% of the variance in school bonding. Additionally, the indirect role of the organizational ethical context in the relationship between Islamic work ethics and school bonding with students' academic ethics was confirmed (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Findings highlight the importance of the organizational ethical context in enhancing school bonding and students' academic ethics, as well as strengthening the relationship between Islamic work ethics and school bonding.

Background and Aim: In today's world, attention to healthy nutrition and food safety is considered an important social and individual issue. With the increase in public awareness about the effects of food on physical and mental health, individuals are seeking reliable sources for their dietary choices. This article focuses on the secondary meanings of commands and prohibitions in the verses of the Qur'an, specifically those related to dietary and hygienic regulations, with the aim of analyzing the impact of these teachings on individual and social health. Furthermore, this study presents a framework for evaluating health in four dimensions: physical health, mental health, social relationships, and wealth. Accordingly, the discussion is not limited to physical well-being and nutrition but extends to broader aspects of holistic health.

Methods: This study employs a comparative library-based method for its analysis. The Holy Qur’an, as a divine source, offers valuable teachings in this regard that can serve as a comprehensive guide for choosing lawful (ḥalāl) and healthy foods.

Ethical Considerations: In this study, ethical principles, including textual authenticity and fidelity, have been duly observed.

Findings: The dietary laws in the Quran not only refer to the permissibility and prohibition of foods but also address the spiritual and social impacts of these choices. These laws demonstrate that healthy and halal nutrition can contribute to improving quality of life and public health. For example, the Qur’an, implicitly and explicitly, prohibits the consumption of drugs and alcohol and highlights their harmful effects. The emphasis on consuming clean and wholesome foods is related not only to religious aspects but also to scientific and health-related considerations.

Conclusion: The Qur’an addresses the concept of health through commands and prohibitions, encompassing four key dimensions: physical health, mental well-being, social relationships, and financial health. Given the positive effects of adhering to dietary rulings on mental health, this study can contribute to the development of educational and counseling programs in the fields of nutrition and mental wellness.

Background and Aim: Justice is a fundamental and central concept in the fields of religion and social sciences, requiring recognition and deep reflection from a philosophical perspective. Furthermore, the standard for many individual and social duties and obligations in religious teachings can be assessed based on justice. The present study was conducted with the aim of examining the philosophical status of justice and aligning the ethical obligation of enjoining good and forbidding wrong with the extracted components.

Methods: This study is a qualitative research conducted using the Grounded Theory method with a comparative-analytical approach. The research domain encompassed all scholarly documents in the fields of philosophy and religion from which philosophers’ perspectives on justice and concepts related to the ethical Duty of Enjoining Good and Forbidding Wrong could be extracted. The data collection tool included note-taking related to the concepts of justice and the duty of enjoining and forbidding. In the first stage, sentences relevant to the main objective of the study were selected and coded from the related texts. The concept of justice was formulated into 465 codes from the viewpoints of 125 philosophers and thinkers. In the second stage, among these open codes, the researcher selected 235 codes under the title “Justice, Just, and Justly.” In the third stage, the selected categories of the concept of enjoining good and forbidding wrong were examined and aligned with the codes chosen in the second stage, and then classified in a table based on their consonance or dissonance with the philosophers’ views. Strauss and Corbin’s method was employed for data analysis.

Ethical Considerations: The ethical aspects of this library-based study included ensuring integrity and authenticity of the texts, which were carefully observed throughout the research.

Findings: The results indicated that the concepts related to the Duty of Enjoining Good and Forbidding Wrong—including adequacy of rational judgment, enjoining and forbidding, governmental responsibility, sense of accountability, human duty, change and progress, religious obligation, human welfare, maintenance of security, interaction between the people and the state, governmental structure, and adherence to the law—were in alignment with philosophers’ views, who deemed them just.

Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study, the ethical Duty of Enjoining Good and Forbidding Wrong holds a rational and just position not only within religious foundations but also within philosophical frameworks of justice. It can contribute to the promotion of lawfulness, security, and social progress. Thus, this duty serves as a connecting link between religious ethics and philosophical theories of justice.

Background and Aim: The development of biotechnology and the emergence of genetically modified products have created challenges in the areas of consumer rights, health, and the environment. The aim of this study is to examine the fundamental rights of consumers of genetically modified products in the legal framework of Iran and identify legal gaps.

Methods: This study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing library-based resources to examine the subject matter.

Ethical Considerations: The ethical aspects, including preservation of the originality of texts, honesty, and integrity, have been observed in the preparation of this article.

Findings: The research findings show that the laws on genetically modified products in Iran are deficient in three areas: 1. Incomplete labeling (lack of precise definition, lack of requirement to include percentage, lack of standards, and insufficient supervision). 2. Inadequate risk assessment (lack of scientific comprehensiveness, lack of attention to long-term effects, limited access, and insufficient participation of experts). 3. Vague and inadequate liability (vague laws, lack of compensation mechanisms, and difficulty in proving causality).

Conclusion: The results of this study show that the current status of the laws on genetically modified products in Iran is far from international standards. The lack of a precise definition and inadequate labeling requirements limit the consumer's right to choose, and the weakness of risk assessment and the lack of a liability mechanism raise serious concerns. Therefore, it is recommended to formulate a comprehensive law with a precise definition, strict labeling, an independent mechanism, risk assessment, a strong regulatory structure, ensuring liability, and promoting public awareness.

Background and Aim: Today, universities require staff who are familiar with the lean management approach and can develop solutions to transform challenges into opportunities through continuous process improvement and excellence enhancement. The present study aims to identify factors affecting lean and innovative leadership in the higher education system using a grounded theory approach.

Methods: This study is applied in terms of its objective and was conducted using the Grounded Theory approach. The sampling method combined cluster sampling with purposive sampling. The primary data source consisted of semi-structured, in-depth interviews with university faculty in the field of educational management and higher education in the city of Ardabil. Sampling continued until theoretical saturation was reached, and a total of 14 interviews were conducted.

Ethical Considerations: The confidentiality of the interviewees’ information and identities was fully maintained, and the collected data were used solely for scientific and research purposes. Moreover, the authenticity of the sources and fidelity in reporting the results were strictly observed.

Findings: After data collection, the interview transcripts were analyzed using a systematic coding approach. In this process, the three-stage coding procedure -open, axial, and selective coding- was carried out. The results showed that the factors influencing the realization of lean leadership in the country’s higher education system, represented by 123 extracted codes, can be classified into five main categories: individual factors, organizational factors, strategy and vision, equipment and infrastructure, and outcomes.

Conclusion: The implementation of the key components of lean leadership in the higher education system is an undeniable necessity for enhancing efficiency, innovation, and educational quality. Accordingly, policymakers and university administrators should adopt a lean leadership approach to transform the existing management system from traditional and bureaucratic models toward dynamic, efficient, and innovative frameworks. This transformation will foster sustainable development, organizational learning, and continuous improvement within universities and higher education institutions.

Background and Aim: The lack of organizational health in institutions is one of the fundamental challenges facing organizations, particularly in the banking system, and it entails various negative consequences. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of examining the relationship between good organizational governance and organizational health among managers and employees of Bank Maskan.

Methods: The present study was descriptive-correlational in nature. The statistical population consisted of the employees and managers of Bank Maskan in Ardabil Province in 2023. Based on Krejcie and Morgan’s table, a sample of 162 individuals was selected through systematic sampling. The data collection instruments included the Organizational Good Governance Questionnaire developed by Alipour (2014) and the Organizational Health Questionnaire by Miles (1996). Data analysis was performed using Pearson’s correlation test and structural equation modeling (SEM) with the SPSS 22 and AMOS software packages.

Ethical Considerations: After obtaining permission from the management of Bank Maskan and explaining the objectives of the study to the participants, their informed consent was obtained, and they were assured of the confidentiality of their information.

Findings: The results showed a direct and significant relationship between good organizational governance and its components with organizational health (R = 0.46, p < 0.01). Furthermore, the structural model test indicated that good organizational governance had a direct effect on organizational health (β = 0.450, p < 0.01).

Conclusion: To enhance organizational health within the country's banking system, it is essential to apply the principles and components of good organizational governance, including result orientation, role and task effectiveness, value promotion, transparency, capacity building, and accountability.

Background and Aim: The main purpose of this article is to evaluate the feasibility of differentiating rationality from intelligence and feeling and its impact on human decision-making and responsibility from the perspective of contemporary cognitive science findings. The field of research is the application of cognitive science findings on agency and legal decision-making.

Methods: This study is a review research conducted using a descriptive–analytical method. The required resources and data in a library manner and by referring to reliable domestic sites and databases (such as Mag Iran, Civilka) and foreign databases (such as Scopus, Frontiers, SSRN, Springer, ResearchGate, Academia) It has been collected from the books and articles of the last 10 years.

Ethical Considerations: This research has been conducted in full compliance with all ethical considerations, including honesty, integrity, and preservation of the originality of the text.

Findings: The results of the research indicate that in the current situation, according to the majority of cognitive scientists, all three components of rationality, intelligence and emotions are involved in human agency and decision-making due to their influence in the cognitive processing process. Due to human differences in the degree and quality of rationality, intelligence and emotions, human decisions will also be diverse and different.

Conclusion: Since all three components of rationality, intelligence and emotions are effective in the process of cognitive processing to ethical-legal decision making, therefore the content of the chosen decision will be different according to the different rational, intellectual and emotional capacities of humans, and the assumption of complete and kind rationality is not compatible with the findings of cognitive sciences.

Background and Aim: Digitalization and technological advancements have become inseparable components of human daily life and are expected to continue shaping it in the future. From computers and laptops to smartphones, smartwatches, and even automobiles, all these digital tools serve as reference guides for the modern human being in work, communication, information access, and nearly every aspect of life. Within this context, digital media - and its reflection, social media, which encompasses online content applications - deserves special attention. The lack of proper management in the use of these tools can lead to brain rot. Therefore, the present study aims to examine the psychological and ethical challenges arising from excessive reliance on technology.

Methods: This research is applied in its objectives and descriptive–analytical in its methodology. Data have been collected and analyzed through library research and an extensive review of documents, practices, and relevant scholarly works.

Ethical Considerations: All ethical principles of research, including academic honesty and accurate citation, were observed in the preparation of this article.

Findings: The findings indicate that excessive use of technology can lead to symptoms such as reduced concentration, academic decline, anxiety, depression, social isolation, and behavioral changes among adolescents. Alongside these psychological consequences, several ethical challenges are also identified, including the weakening of adolescents’ intellectual autonomy, overdependence on content algorithms, normalization of violent or sexual content, violations of privacy, and diminished personal responsibility.

Conclusion: This study reveals that the continued unregulated consumption of modern technologies may lead to the emergence of a generation with impaired cognitive functioning, unstable moral values, and weakened social interactions. Consequently, developing preventive policies, promoting media literacy education, ensuring family and institutional supervision, and undertaking ethical reconsideration in the use of technology are among the essential measures for addressing this phenomenon.

Background and Aim: Climate change directly or indirectly places the fundamental rights of children - protected under the Convention on the Rights of the Child- at risk, depriving both the present generation and future generations of their rights to survival, development, protection, and participation in society. Throughout history, justice has been regarded as the ultimate goal of legal science and, from an axiological perspective, has been presented as encompassing all values. Nevertheless, the scope and subject of justice have been discussed less frequently. In other words, justice is generally conceived as governing matters and persons who exist in the present world; yet do future generations - particularly children- have no share in justice? This is the question that the theory of intergenerational justice seeks to uncover and address.

Methods: This research adopts a qualitative approach with the aim of describing and analyzing theoretical foundations and international documents, employing a documentary-library method. Data collection was conducted through a review of written documents in the two key domains of children's rights and intergenerational justice in climate change.

Ethical Considerations: In compiling this article, ethical aspects including preserving the originality of texts, honesty, and trustworthiness have been observed.

Findings: In General Comment No. 26, the Committee on the Rights of the Child has adopted a child-rights-based approach and has paid due regard to human rights and environmental principles, the recognition of the human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment, as well as the existing and evolving principles and obligations of international environmental law.

Conclusion: The Committee on the Rights of the Child seeks, by emphasizing the theory of intergenerational justice, to obligate the present generation to recognize the rights of future generations particularly children, over natural resources and the environment, and to find solutions for a world currently facing environmental degradation. In this regard, States, on the basis of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, are committed to undertaking individual and collective actions, through international cooperation, to respect, promote and fulfil children’s rights in the face of climate change, as Article 4 of the Convention underscores the implementation of the Convention as a joint endeavour by States for the full realization of children’s rights.

Background and Aim: The particles and gases that constitute air pollution cause harmful health effects in humans. Evidence from various studies indicates that reducing air pollution levels leads to improved health outcomes. One reason countries resist reducing environmental pollutants is the decline in production levels due to reduced use of fossil fuels. Meanwhile, the concentration of polluting industries in some areas has resulted in environmental costs being imposed on polluted regions due to the deterioration of health indicators.

Methods: This article, with a broad perspective and irrespective of political issues, seeks to propose a model for the placement of industries aimed at enhancing health indicators to create the most favorable conditions. To achieve the research objectives, two models were utilized: a regional data input-output model and econometric analysis.

Ethical Considerations: In this research, ethical considerations in a library study including the authenticity of texts, honesty and trustworthiness, have been considered.

Findings: Based on the findings of the research, it can be stated that the way of setting up industries in the country is not in an optimal situation from the moral and economic point of view, because the most polluting areas are not likely to cause the most environmental damage and some areas have a much higher share of pollution per capita. They allocate themselves.

Conclusion: Based on the research findings, policymakers can adopt two strategies to reduce environmental costs and improve health indicators: the first strategy involves establishing restrictions on industrial placement in each region according to the distance of per capita emissions per unit area. In the second step, if any firm violates these regulations in any region, an environmental tax should be imposed in areas with higher density, and these taxes should be distributed among the citizens of that region to compensate for these costs or be allocated to infrastructure aimed at offsetting environmental costs.

Background and Aim: France, as one of the countries with the highest levels of vaccine hesitancy in the world, has faced specific challenges regarding vaccine acceptance. This distrust is rooted in the country's history and social structure and is influenced by past public health crises. Accordingly, the present research analyzes France's legal framework concerning vaccination, the reasons for public distrust towards it, the social and legal dimensions of decisions regarding states of emergency and the extension of vaccination mandates, as well as the legal developments and policies adopted to address this challenge, particularly in the context of COVID-19 vaccination.

Methods: The present study is descriptive-analytical in nature and has been conducted using library resources, namely authoritative books and articles relevant to the subject, in order to analyze the problem.

Ethical Considerations: In this research, the ethical aspects of a library study, including the authenticity of texts, honesty, and integrity, have been observed.

Findings: The findings indicate that France, relying on the principle of the rule of law and the government's duty to protect public health, has always sought to advance mandatory vaccination within a democratic framework based on scientific consultation. However, the historical resistance of a segment of society and concerns about medical side effects led the legislature to adopt hybrid mechanisms (a combination of coercion and persuasion).

Conclusion: France's experience during the COVID-19 crisis offers three key lessons for global health law: the priority of collective interests in extraordinary circumstances, the role of judicial oversight in moderating executive power, and the necessity of transparency and trust-building. Ultimately, this research demonstrates that preparing flexible legal frameworks, with an emphasis on transparency, judicial oversight, and compensation for damages, is not merely a choice but a necessity. Iran, too, by emulating the French model, can establish flexible and transparent legal frameworks for the implementation of vaccination in order to manage public health crises.

Background and Aim: One of the significant paradigms that has emerged in gerontology in recent decades is that the aging process is determined and optimized not only by genetics but also by environmental and behavioral conditions. Accordingly, various models aimed at facilitating a peaceful life in old age have been proposed. The present research was conducted following the proposition of an indigenous-participatory model.

Methods: The present study was conducted using a quasi-experimental method with two experimental and control groups, and pre-test and post-test among 60 elderly women in Tabriz.

Ethical Considerations: Since the elderly are more vulnerable, greater adherence to ethical considerations becomes imperative. Throughout all stages of the intervention, efforts were made to ensure that the principles of voluntary participation, consideration for the participants' well-being, respect for their opinions regarding the number of hours and format of sessions (continuous or intermittent), refreshment arrangements, the conduct of the executive team, requested screenings, and so forth, were consistently observed with fairness, justice, and respect.

Findings: The results of the paired t-test comparing the mean scores of self-care, general health, and quality of life indices between the experimental and control groups (with a significance level of p < 0.05, specifically p = 0.000) indicate a statistically significant improvement in these indices for the experimental group following the intervention. Furthermore, the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) results revealed an increase in the post-test scores of the experimental group for the mentioned variables. This demonstrates the significant effect of the intervention on enhancing their health and quality of life, and consequently, confirms the effectiveness of the designed model.

Conclusion: Recent studies have identified the important role of social participation in contributing to health at the end of life. The structural features in the model designed in this study make it possible to improve the quality of life in old age.

Background and Aim: Investigating the factors affecting students' academic quality of life, in order to foster their development and improve their condition, is one of the objectives of educational systems. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of examining the role of school culture and moral intelligence in predicting the academic quality of life of upper-secondary school students.

Methods: The present study is applied, and in terms of data collection method, it is a descriptive-correlational research. The statistical population included all male and female upper-secondary school students in Fasa city during the academic year 2024-2025. Based on the Krejcie and Morgan table (1971), a sample of 196 individuals was selected using stratified sampling. Data collection tools included Higgins and Sadegh's School Culture Questionnaire (1998), Lennick and Kiel's Moral Intelligence Questionnaire (2007), and Inly and Burke's Academic Quality of Life Questionnaire (1999). For data analysis, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation and multiple regression) were employed using SPSS software version 22.

Ethical Considerations: Verbal consent was obtained from the participants and they were assured of the confidentiality of the information.

Findings: The results indicated that the correlations between school culture and academic quality of life, as well as between moral intelligence and academic quality of life, were positive and significant (p < 0.01). Furthermore, 44% of the variance and changes in academic quality of life could be explained by school culture and moral intelligence.

Conclusion: Based on the results, educational authorities should put strategies for developing school culture and moral intelligence on their agenda and provide equal educational opportunities for learners in the educational system.

Background and Aim: Good faith as an ethical principle, along with the developments of human society and the development of complex social and commercial relationships of the people of the society, has been established in line with human standards, social justice and fairness. This study was conducted with the aim of examining the importance and status of good faith in Production Sharing Contracts.

Methods: This research is theoretical in nature and adopts a descriptive–analytical method, with data collection carried out through library research and consultation of legal texts.

Ethical Considerations: In the present study, the ethical aspects of library study, including the originality of the texts, honesty, and trustworthiness, have been observed.

Findings: The principle of good faith and the obligation to observe it hold a special significance in contract law and govern all stages of a contract, to the extent that the existence of mutual good faith may be regarded as the very framework of any contractual relationship. This principle likewise applies to production sharing agreements. One of the manifestations of compliance with the principle of good faith in production sharing contracts is the transfer of technology. In this context, technology refers to a set of knowledge, products, processes, tools, methods, and systems that are employed in the creation of goods or the provision of services. Contract law is one of the fields in which the principle of good faith, as a standard of customary and fair conduct, plays an active and effective role, and its observance is emphasized throughout all the different stages of the contractual process.

Conclusion: Although the observance of the principle of good faith constitutes a reciprocal obligation incumbent upon both parties to the contract, in this category of contracts, due to the lack of adequate legal safeguards and the insufficient protection and effective observance of intellectual property rights by the other party, the contractor, in practice, lacks the necessary willingness to transfer and make available technology to the host country.

Background and Aim E-citizen training is one of the most important goals of educational systems; in the meantime, considering the ethical dilemmas in cyberspace and electronic media, attention to ethical standards in e-citizen training should be given more attention than before. So, the purpose of the present study is to identify ethical standards in e-citizen training for learners.

Methods: The approach of the present research is qualitative and its method is synthesis research. The research population is all articles (137 articles) that have been presented in specialized and scientific databases from 2015 to 2025 on ethical criteria in e-citizen education. The research sample is 25 articles, which were selected purposefully based on thematic monitoring, theoretical saturation of data. The research data were collected from qualitative analysis of the documents under study.

Ethical Considerations: In writing the article, ethical aspects including preserving the originality of the texts, honesty, and trustworthiness have been observed.

Findings: During the data analysis, indicators and ethical components in the requirements of e-citizenship for learners were organized into four dimensions, 11 axes, and 56 categories, including the dimension of ethical awareness of e-citizenship (including knowledge of citizenship rights in the digital domain, knowledge of e-citizen identity, knowledge of methods for recognizing information sources and electronic information); ethical attitude of e-citizenship (including netiquette in cyberspace, e-citizenship commitment, and respect for the rights of e-citizens); ethical action of e-citizenship (including ethical participation in the electronic domain, protection of privacy in the digital environment, ability to use digital citizenship rights); and ethical-centered method of e-citizenship (including ethical-centered discourse and ethical-centered exploration).

Conclusion: The results indicated that in educating electronic citizens, in addition to cognitive criteria, attention to attitudinal and ethical contexts must also be considered. This emphasis paves the way for transformation in electronic citizenship education.

Background and purpose: Improving academic performance and the factors affecting it among students is one of the important goals of the educational system, therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of moral intelligence training on social competence and academic performance of secondary school students.

Ethical considerations: Verbal consent of the participants was obtained and they were assured about the confidentiality of the information.

Method: The present study was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test study with a control group and a follow-up period. The statistical population included all female high school students in Tehran's third district in the academic year 2023-2024. Thirty of the eligible individuals were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two groups (15 experimental and 15 control groups). The data collection tools included Parandin's Social Competence Questionnaire (2006) and Dartaj's Academic Performance Questionnaire (2004). The moral intelligence training program was implemented in groups over 11 sessions on the experimental group; while the control group did not receive training. SPSS version 22 software and analysis of variance with repeated measures between groups were used to analyze the data, observing statistical assumptions.

Results: The results showed that there was a difference between the average scores of social competence and academic performance of high school students in the post-test and follow-up stages compared to the pre-test stage, and these results remained stable until the follow-up stage (P<0.01); Therefore, successful intelligence education improved the social competence and academic performance of high school students.

Conclusion: Based on the results, the moral intelligence educational method can be used as an effective and influential educational method in improving the psychological and academic status of students.

Background and Aim: The professional ethics of university faculty members plays an important role in advancing the educational goals of the higher education system. In the meantime, it is important to consider creating a tool for measuring the professional ethics of faculty members that, while paying attention to the cultural foundations of the country, includes various educational, organizational, individual, social, and research dimensions. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to develop and validate a tool for measuring the professional ethics of university faculty members.

Methods: The research method in the quantitative part is descriptive-survey and the correlation analysis method is variance-covariance matrix analysis. The target population of  the present study was faculty members and students of Birjand University, who were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling method, 310 students from different undergraduate, master's and doctoral programs.

Ethical Considerations: In writing the article, ethical aspects including preserving the originality of the texts, honesty, and trustworthiness have been observed.

Findings: Factor analysis using principal component analysis and principal component rotation revealed 5 dimensions including the individual ethics dimension with the highest share of explaining the total variance (35.87), the organizational ethics dimension with a share of about 24 percent in explaining the total variance, the ethical dimension in the educational process with a share of 18.5 percent in explaining the total variance, The socio-cultural ethics dimension was identified with 4.5% of the total variance explained and the research ethics dimension with about 4% of the total variance explained. These 5 main factors explain about 87% of the variance in the professional ethics of university faculty members with 74 items. 

Conclusion: The results showed that the professional ethics of university faculty members were organized into five axes: individual, organizational, educational, social, and research. Therefore, this issue should be considered when preparing a charter of ethics for faculty members.

Background and Aim: Identifying the effective and influential factors in improving school interest is one of the most important and fundamental duties of every educational system’s administrators. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of moral intelligence and social support in predicting the level of school interest among elementary school students.

Methods: Within the framework of a descriptive-correlational study, from among all fifth- and sixth-grade female elementary school students in District 1 of Karaj during the academic year 2024-2025, 120 individuals were selected via convenience sampling. They completed the Moral Intelligence Questionnaire by Lenick and Kiel (2011), the Social Support Questionnaire by Vaux et al. (1986), and the School Interest Questionnaire by Bahari et al. (2021/1400). For data analysis, Pearson correlation and simultaneous multiple regression were conducted using SPSS software version 22.

Ethical Considerations: After obtaining permission from the Education Department and explaining the objectives to participants, verbal consent was obtained, and confidentiality of the information was assured.

Results: Results showed that moral intelligence (r = 0.715) and social support (r = 0.369) had a significant positive correlation with students’ school interest. Regression analysis revealed that both moral intelligence and social support significantly and positively predicted the level of school interest among elementary students.

Conclusion: Based on the findings, moral intelligence and social support play a significant role in enhancing students’ school interest. Therefore, integrating the teaching of moral intelligence and social support into school curricula is recommended.

Background and Aim: One of the anxiety diseases that in its severe stages causes the patient to become grounded is obsessive-compulsive disorder. Experts in psychology and related sciences have expressed ways to treat or reduce anxiety and consequently increase the quality of life of those suffering from this disease, but, given that discussions about the perfection of the material world of man and mental peace for mankind have always been important, this study attempts to examine the role of Islamic law and the principles of its inference in this regard. The main goal of the current research is to explore the possibility of using and applying the principle of status Quo Ante, which is one of the important principled topics in helping to treat and reduce anxiety in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Method: This research has been conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing upon authentic narrative sources and jurisprudential principles related to the role of the principle of Istishab (Status Quo Ante) in assisting individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Ethical Considerations: In the present research, adherence to honesty in quoting information, as well as avoidance of bias and prejudice in analyzing this information, has been taken into consideration.

Results: In cases where it is possible to identify a definitive previous state for obsessive-compulsive disorder, and the afflicted individual can ascertain this definitive prior state -thereby fulfilling the pillars of Istishab (i.e., prior certainty and subsequent doubt)- and where a direct legal or jurisprudential effect, such as non-impurity or non-liability, is contingent upon applying this principle, it is possible for the individual to utilize the principle of Istishab to clarify their duty, eliminate mental doubt and hesitation, and reduce anxiety.

Conclusion: The Principle of Status Quo Ante can remove the person from the state of wandering and agitation, so it can help to reduce the anxiety of people with OCD. A person with this principle can determine his duty as an action and use it to eliminate intellectual doubt and reduce his anxiety.

Background and Aim: Given the excessive use of chemical fertilizers as a strategy to increase crop yields and its negative impact on the environment, human health, and biodiversity, examining the ethics of chemical fertilizer use and its effect on sustainable crop production and controlling environmental damage appears essential.

Methods: In terms of its purpose, this research is applied, and methodologically, it is a descriptive-analytical study. By searching library resources and databases, the necessary information related to the ethics of chemical fertilizer use in crop production has been examined and analyzed.

Ethical Considerations: In this study, ethical aspects in the library research, including the authenticity of texts, honesty, and trustworthiness, have been taken into account.

Results: The imbalanced use of chemical fertilizers and the serious threat to biological ecosystems require re-evaluation from an ethical perspective and through the lens of balancing short-term benefits (such as economic profit) with long-term consequences (such as environmental degradation and human health). Furthermore, farmers' lack of awareness and the inequality in access to quality fertilizers between smallholder farmers and large agricultural companies highlight the ethical issue of fertilizer use.

Conclusion: To safeguard environmental health and the well-being of crop consumers, adhering to the precautionary principle in agricultural policymaking is essential. Proposed solutions include clarifying the ethics of fertilizer use in modern agriculture, promoting organic fertilizers, utilizing precision technologies (such as smart farming) for optimal application, and educating farmers about sustainable practices. Ultimately, establishing stricter regulations and fostering international cooperation to mitigate the negative effects of fertilizers is not only an ethical obligation but a necessity for preserving human health and ensuring the survival of sustainable agriculture.

Background and Aim: The processing of individuals' data by artificial intelligence in the health sector is closely linked to the necessity of preserving their privacy. Accordingly, the aim of the present article is to examine, on one hand, ethical challenges such as informed consent, inequality and discrimination, and lack of transparency and explain ability, and on the other hand, legal challenges such as the legal personality of therapeutic robots, unauthorized access and breach of patient data confidentiality, and secondary use of data, in the realm of protecting patients' personal health data.

Methods: This article, using a descriptive-analytical method and library resources, examines the ethical and legal challenges of protecting patient health data in smart healthcare.

Ethical Considerations: In all stages of writing this research, the originality of texts, honesty, and trustworthiness have been observed.

Results: Protecting patient health data is an essential matter in the field of smart healthcare. Based on this, the European Union has made the first efforts to enact protective laws in the form of data protection regulations in 2016. However, in Iranian law, the issue of data protection has not been specifically addressed, and it seems that enacting data protection regulations, especially health-centric data regulations, as soon as possible, is a necessity.

Conclusion: Since artificial intelligence is an emerging phenomenon in various domains such as legal and medical sciences, different countries are striving to enact relevant regulations. The complexity, technicality, and specialized nature of artificial intelligence have created numerous ethical and legal challenges, such as the issue of the possibility of recognizing an independent legal personality for therapeutic robots, the potential breach of patient health data by medical centers, and the use of discriminatory data in patient treatment, matters that had not been raised in legal science before.

Background and Aim: Considering the vital role of teachers in the educational system, examining the factors that enhance their job engagement is of particular importance. The purpose of the present research is to model the effect of ethical leadership and psychological empowerment on job engagement based on the mediating role of teachers' professional ethics.

Methods: This research employed a descriptive (non-experimental) method and a correlational design using structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population consisted of all primary school teachers in Ardabil city during the 2021-2022 academic year, totaling 3,450 individuals. Due to COVID-19-related limitations, convenience sampling was employed. A total of 390 questionnaires were distributed, of which 374 were fully completed and returned. Data were collected using the Ethical Leadership Questionnaire by Brown et al. (2005), the Professional Ethics Questionnaire by Petty (1990), the Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire by Spreitzer (1989), and the Job Engagement Questionnaire by Schaufeli et al. (2006). Hypotheses were tested using Lisrel software and structural equation modeling techniques.

Ethical Considerations: In this study, the principles of authenticity, honesty, and integrity were strictly observed. All participants were informed about the objectives of the research and provided their responses to the questionnaires with full awareness and consent.

Results: The results indicated that ethical leadership influences job engagement through the mediating role of teachers’ professional ethics. Psychological empowerment also impacts job engagement via the mediating effect of professional ethics. Additionally, ethical leadership was found to have a direct effect on both job engagement and professional ethics. Similarly, psychological empowerment had a significant effect on both job engagement and professional ethics. Finally, professional ethics itself had a significant impact on teachers’ job engagement.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that professional ethics serves as a significant mediator, enhancing the influence of ethical leadership and psychological empowerment on teachers’ job engagement.

Background and Aim: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction, verbal and non-verbal communication, and repetitive behaviors. In many societies, including Iran, individuals with this disorder face fundamental challenges in accessing their basic rights, such as education, treatment, employment, and decision-making. The aim of the present study is to examine the legal and ethical dimensions related to autistic patients in Iran and to align them with international legal systems.

Methods: This study was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method through a library research approach. For the comparative analysis, Iran's regulations were compared with the laws of the United States, the United Kingdom, and international documents, including the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Data were collected and analyzed from legal texts, scientific research, and valid international documents.

Ethical Considerations: The ethical principles of research, including respect for authors' rights, avoidance of plagiarism, impartiality in analyses, and observance of the human dignity of patients, have been observed. During some stages of writing, artificial intelligence tools were used for structural editing; however, the scientific and final responsibility for the article lies with the author.

Results: The research findings indicate that the Iranian legal system faces significant gaps in the areas of education, specialized treatment, informed consent, guardianship, and access to services for autistic patients. Additionally, the disregard for the human dignity and autonomy of these patients in policymaking is considered one of the major ethical challenges. In contrast, some countries have been able to provide more effective support by enacting specific laws and adopting a differentiated approach.

Conclusion: To achieve therapeutic, social, and ethical justice for patients with autism spectrum disorder, it is essential to revise laws, strengthen supportive decision-making models, and develop interdisciplinary policies based on international approaches.

Background and Aim: The university is a pivotal institution that, by adhering to ethical values, protects society from the harm of deviation and paves the way for future dynamism and development. The present study was conducted with the aim of presenting a model of an ethics-oriented university using a grounded theory approach. 

Methods: This study was conducted as a qualitative research with a grounded theory approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 21 university professors and academic experts in the field of ethics in higher education, using a purposive snowball sampling method. After conducting three stages of open, axial, and selective coding, 149 concepts, 17 categories, and 5 dimensions were obtained.

Ethical Considerations: In this study, the authenticity of the texts, honesty, and trustworthiness were observed, and the participants responded to the questionnaires with awareness of the research objectives.

Results: The findings of the present study show that the components of an ethics-oriented university in higher education consist of 5 key factors: causal factors (individual factors, organizational factors, social and environmental factors, and environmental factors and digital technology), contextual factors (cultural-historical contexts, political-legal contexts, socio-economic contexts, and scientific-technological contexts), intervening factors (structural intervention and socio-cultural intervention), strategic factors (management and governance factors, educational and research factors, structural and infrastructural factors, international factors, and economic factors), and consequences (individual consequences and social consequences).

Conclusion: The findings of this study may attract the attention of university policymakers and encourage university administrators to promote academic and practical advancement by familiarizing faculty members and students with the issue of ethics in the university.

Background and Aim: Ethical codes can be regarded as tools that help create a framework for collective responsibility in tourism and enable effective and efficient performance in this field. In this regard, the present article was done with the aim of modeling ethical codes in the tourism context of Kashan and assessing the degree of tourists’ adherence to them.

Methods: The research method of this article is descriptive-analytical and based on field studies. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 72 items, whose validity was confirmed through face validity based on expert opinions, and whose reliability was verified using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.784. Descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted using SPSS software, and structural equation modeling was performed in AMOS software.

Ethical Considerations: Data collection was carried out with respect to confidentiality and anonymity of the participants.

Results: The investigation of tourists' adherence to the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism indicates a satisfactory performance, given the significance level of less than 0.05 and the positive confidence intervals. The prioritization of tourists' adherence to ethical codes assigned the highest performance to the Liberty of tourist movements index, with a factor loading of 0.97. Furthermore, Mutual understanding and respect between peoples and societies ranked tenth in explaining tourists' performance regarding adherence to the ten Global Codes of Ethics, with a covariance value of 0.29.

Conclusion: The promotion of ethical codes of conduct, as a crucial subject in sustainable and responsible tourism, not only enhances the quality of services provided but also reflects the commitment of industry stakeholders to sustainability. Consequently, this leads to maximizing the benefits for active sectors within the tourism industry while minimizing its potential negative impacts.

Background and Aim: Land registration systems in contemporary societies play a pivotal role in ensuring legal and economic security. Among them, the German registration system holds a distinctive position due to its reliance on the constitutive (real) registration approach and is regarded as a model for other jurisdictions. The present study aims to analyze the effect of registration on property ownership within the German legal system and to examine its underlying legal and ethical foundations.

Methods: This research employs a descriptive–analytical method, based on the study of legal documents and statutory provisions, particularly the German Civil Code and the country’s land registration regulations. Data were collected through library research and interpreted using content analysis.

Ethical Considerations: In preparing this article, the principles of research ethics, including academic integrity in citation and preservation of textual authenticity, have been strictly observed.

Results: Under German law, the official registration of real property in the land register constitutes an indispensable condition for the creation and transfer of ownership rights; without it, proprietary rights cannot be established. Beyond securing legal certainty and judicial efficiency by reducing disputes, the German registration system is founded upon ethical principles such as transparency, public trust, justice, and utility.

Conclusion: In German law, through a coherent registration mechanism combined with the constitutive system, the registration of real property and the entry of the owner’s name lead to the transfer of ownership rights and facilitate legal transactions. As the outcome of this study, and in view of the objectives and foundations of legislation in the field of land registration and its necessity for legal security, public morality, and judicial health, it is essential to recognize the constitutive effect of registration and entry into the land register. Undoubtedly, the application of this model in other countries, including Iran, cannot be achieved solely through legislation but requires the establishment of adequate legal, technical, and supervisory infrastructures.

Background and Aim: The present study, relying on the "Theory of Divine Nearness", seeks to explain the elements of the religious education curriculum based on moral teachings.

Methods: In this qualitative research of the "observational inquiry" type, the method of collecting and analyzing documents was used. After studying the theory of divine nearness, its implications in the curriculum elements were extracted and analyzed in a guided and reflective manner.

Ethical Considerations: In conducting the research, scientific integrity and accurate citation were observed; distortion of religious concepts was avoided; transparency in the logic of inference and respect for valid readings were maintained; generalizations were made by mentioning theoretical limitations and requirements.

Results: The results showed that the goals of the religious education curriculum based on the moral teachings of the theory of divine nearness should be monotheistic, goal-oriented, and strengthen the relationship between the body and the soul in the path of evolution, focusing on self-development and individual behavior. The teaching-learning method should be interaction-oriented, with an emphasis on spiritual experientialism, reflective learning, and critical religious thinking, and the use of sacred models and the manifestation of the perfect human being. The content should be semantic, transcendental, integrated, and multi-dimensional, centered on moral behavior, personalized with the possibility of understanding and experiencing nearness, problem-oriented, and responsive to real needs. The environment should be flexible and multipurpose, inspired by local cultural and religious signs, with psychological security and unconditional acceptance, and based on self-study. Curriculum evaluation should be carried out with an emphasis on intention and motivation in assessing actions, continuous and process-oriented, with an emphasis on moral-spiritual signs, and by using moral self-evaluation and other evaluation, and by using qualitative tools such as narrative writing and reflection.

Conclusion: The theory of divine nearness provides a coherent framework for redesigning the religious education program; it is suggested that educational policymakers use this framework and conduct field research to assess its effectiveness.

Background and Aim: Organizational innovation, as one of the main factors in the success and competitiveness of higher education institutions, requires the utilization of the social and ethical abilities of organizational members. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine the effect of social capital on organizational innovation among faculty members of Payame Noor University, considering the mediating role of social intelligence and the moderating role of moral intelligence.

Methods: This study is applied in terms of purpose and correlational in nature, based on structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population consisted of all faculty members of Payame Noor University, and a sample of 389 participants was selected using the convenience sampling method. Data were collected through four standardized questionnaires: the Social Capital Questionnaire by Nahapiet and Ghoshal (1998), the Social Intelligence Questionnaire by Cron et al. (2007), the Organizational Innovation Questionnaire by Zarei (2007), and the Moral Intelligence Questionnaire by Kadim et al. (2021). The questionnaires were distributed online via the Porsline platform, and the collected data were analyzed using SMARTPLS software to assess the structural relationships among variables and to evaluate the mediating and moderating effects.

Ethical Considerations: All stages of the research were conducted in accordance with ethical principles; including obtaining informed consent from participants and maintaining data confidentiality.

Results: The findings revealed that social capital has a positive and significant effect on organizational innovation (β = 0.59, t = 18.01, R² = 0.57), and social intelligence mediates this relationship (β = 0.36, Sobel = 11.41). The direct path of social intelligence also showed a positive and significant effect on innovation (β = 0.45, t = 14.63, R² = 0.31), and social capital had a considerable impact on social intelligence (β = 0.61, t = 19.04, R² = 0.52). Moral intelligence did not have a significant independent effect; however, in interaction with social capital, it played a reinforcing role (t = 19.39). The model fit indices (SRMR = 0.08, NFI = 1.67, GOF = 0.66) indicated acceptable validity and explanatory power of the model.

Conclusion: Social capital enhances organizational innovation, with social intelligence mediating and moral intelligence reinforcing this relationship.

Background and Aim: In criminal proceedings, one of the important issues is the issue of obtaining evidence. Obtaining evidence must be carried out in accordance with ethical and legal principles and standards, and collecting and presenting criminal evidence must be carried out in a legal and ethical manner. In collecting criminal evidence, in addition to observing principles such as the principle of innocence, important issues such as preserving the honor and human dignity of the litigants, observing the legal rights of the accused, obtaining evidence legitimately, transparency and honesty are essential. This research has been conducted with the aim of explaining the ethical requirements for gathering evidence in criminal proceedings.

Methods: This article is descriptive‑analytical and has been prepared and compiled using the documentary method, library resources, and note‑taking tools.

Ethical Considerations: Honesty and trustworthiness have been observed in all stages of writing.

Results: Any violation of the rights of the litigants or their human dignity is against the law and ethics. If the aforementioned ethical and legal issues are not observed in the process of trial and obtaining evidence, the evidence presented lacks legal validity, and it is necessary for the judicial authority to refrain from accepting and citing it in such cases.

Conclusion: Given that the relationship between morality and law is considered a General-particular relationship from one aspect, it is essential that judges and judicial authorities refrain from issuing decisions and actions that are contrary to moral values in the criminal trial process, and they must strive to observe moral principles and values in addition to observing legal principles. Violation of moral principles by judicial and law enforcement authorities, in addition to being considered inherently immoral behavior, will also lead to the loss of trust in society. In the trial process, the end does not justify the means, and the judicial system should not ignore moral principles and seek to collect evidence through illegitimate means solely with the aim of punishing the perpetrator or proving his or her committed behavior. The criminal system should reach a level of excellence that does not accept illegitimate means of obtaining evidence and rely solely on evidence obtained through legitimate methods in its decisions.

Background and Aim: The intensification of contemporary environmental crises has revealed the necessity of rethinking moral foundations. In the West, theories such as Peter Singer's utilitarianism, by emphasizing the expansion of the ethical sphere to include animals and nature, have offered solutions. In the Islamic world, Ayatollah Javadi Amoli has outlined a framework for environmental ethics based on specific theological and philosophical foundations. Despite numerous studies in each of these two domains, there is still no comprehensive comparative research that simultaneously examines both Western and Islamic foundations of environmental ethics. The aim of this study is to compare and analyze the views of Peter Singer and Ayatollah Javadi Amoli to explain their points of convergence and divergence, and to provide a clear perspective for strengthening moral foundations in the field of the environment.

Methods: The present research is theoretical in nature and descriptive-analytical in terms of its method of inquiry. Furthermore, the research approach is library-based (documentary).

Ethical Considerations: Ethical aspects in this library-based study, such as principles of scholarly integrity and proper citation, have been observed.

Results: Findings indicate that Singer defines reason as a tool for calculating consequences and regulates ethical responsibility solely based on reducing the suffering of beings and maximizing benefits. In this framework, environmental rationality is equivalent to optimizing resource distribution and compensating for ecological damages. However, Allameh Javadi Amoli, by integrating demonstrative reason, revelation, and mystical intuition, establishes the concept of sacred intellect and addresses three cognitive, ethical, and practical domains. The findings suggest that overcoming contemporary environmental crises requires a transition from the paradigm of instrumental rationality toward an integrated model in which reason, illuminated by divine wisdom, and is simultaneously knowledge-generating, responsibility-creating, and justice-oriented.

Conclusion: Through a comparative examination of the position of reason in the environmental ethics systems of Peter Singer and Allameh Javadi Amoli, this study has uncovered fundamental ruptures in the rational paradigms of the modern West and Islamic wisdom. The reduction of reason to a tool for calculating profit and loss – as manifested in Singer's utilitarianism – leads to several epistemic lacunae in confronting the environment. Among the most significant of these lacunae are the reduction of the ecosystem to a quantifiable commodity and reliance solely on market mechanisms without a transformation in value foundations. However, the comprehensive Islamic model, by integrating demonstrative reason and divine revelation, offers a unified system that enables institution-building and the formulation of environmental policies in a fundamentally different manner.

Background and Aim: Moral development, as one of the important outcomes of psychosocial development, is influenced by family factors and internal processes such as cognitive emotion regulation. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in the relationship between perceived parenting styles and moral development in university psychology students.

Methods: This descriptive-correlational study examined the relationships between variables using path analysis. The statistical population consisted of all undergraduate students of Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, in the second semester of the 2023-2024 academic year. From among them, 320 individuals were selected by convenience sampling. Participants completed the Baumrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire (1973), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) by Garnefski et al. (2001), and the Lotfabadi Moral Development Questionnaire (2007). Data were analyzed using SPSS₂₆ and AMOS₂₄.

Ethical Considerations: The participants who took part in this research completed the questionnaires with awareness of the research being conducted and its objectives.

Results: The results of the path analysis showed that the authoritative parenting style had a significant positive effect, while authoritarian and permissive styles had a negative effect on moral development. The authoritative style was positively associated with adaptive emotion regulation and negatively associated with maladaptive emotion regulation, whereas authoritarian and permissive styles showed the opposite pattern. Bootstrap analysis confirmed the indirect effect of the authoritative style through both adaptive emotion regulation (β = 0.27, CI95% [0.18, 0.36]) and maladaptive emotion regulation (β = 0.14, CI95% [0.07, 0.23]). The proposed model had a good fit and indicated that cognitive emotion regulation is a key mediating pathway between parenting styles and moral development. (CFI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.067).

Conclusion: A significant portion of the impact of parenting styles on students' moral development is explained through the effect of these styles on cognitive emotion regulation strategies. This finding emphasizes on the importance of focusing on strengthening of cognitive emotion regulation skills as an effective intermediate goal in university programs aimed at promoting of moral development and providing counseling.