Tārīkh-i pizishkī i.e., Medical History

در شماره 46 (دوره 13، پاییز 2021) مجله علمی تاریخ پزشکی مقاله‌ای پژوهشی تحت عنوان «عُرَیب بن سعد قُرطُبی؛ حکیم مسلمان زنان و اطفال» توسط نگارندگان محترم محبوبه فرخنده‌زاده و سیده‌نرگس تنهایی منتشر گردید (1). در ابتدا لازم است به دلیل انتخاب موضوع بااهمیت این مطالعه و دستیابی به نتایج بسیار خوب از نویسندگان این مقاله تشكر نماییم. با توجه به اهمیت مطالعات تاریخ پزشکی در پژوهش‌های پزشکی، چند نكته در رابطه با مطالعه مذکور با تأکید بر عنوان این مقاله  قابل ذکر می‌باشد.

نویسندگان در عنوان مقاله عُرَیب بن سعد قُرطُبی را حکیم مسلمان زنان و اطفال نامیدند. در واقع اطلاق حکیم به این دانشمند سؤالات متعددی در ذهن خواننده ایجاد می‌نماید. آیا حکیم الزاماً همان طبیب است؟ آیا در گذشته تمام طبیبان حکیم بودند؟ آیا هدف نویسندگان در این مقاله نشان‌دادن ارتباط بین حکمت و طبابت با شخص مورد نظر بوده است؟ یا بررسی دانش طبابت و ‌تخصص ویژه این طبیب؟

بررسی منابع و متون معتبر نشان می‌دهد که صفت حكیم از حروف «ح ك م» مشتق شده كه در اصل به معنای منع و بازداشتن برای اصلاح بوده و حكمت نیز به حق رسیدن با علم و عقل است (2). برخی نیز دو معنای «دانا و صاحب عدل و حکمت (فرزانه)» و «استواركننده كارها (محكم كار)» (3) را برای حکیم در نظر گرفتند، به طوری که در معناى اول حكیم، بر صفتى ذاتى؛ و در معناى دوم بر صفتى فعلى دلالت دارد و در این ارتباط معنایی، تنها از صاحبِ علم و حكمت کارِ استوار صادر می‌گردد (4). همچنین واژه حکمت را در زبان عبری «حُخْمَا=Hokhmah و به زبان انگلیسی «Wisdom» معنا کرده‌اند و دارنده حکمت را «حکیم» می‌گفتند که در زبان عبری «حاخام=Hakhmah» نامیده می‌شد (5). در فرهنگ معین حکیم به معنای دانشمند، فیلسوف و طبیب آمده است (6). برخی حکمت را علم محکمی که همراه با استواری در عمل باشد معنا کرده‌اند (7).

«در گذشته مجموع دانش‌های زمان را حکمت می‌نامیدند و حکیم کسی بود که به همه این علوم احاطه داشت. ارتباط علوم با یکدیگر و سیر مطالعاتی طالبان علوم به شکلی بود که معمولاً متخصص هر فن و دانش از دیگر علوم مطرح در زمان خود، آگاهی داشت و با یک جهان‌بینی کامل در حیطه تخصصی خود مشغول به کار بود» (8). بر این اساس پزشکی در ابتدای دوره تمدن اسلامی با بسیاری از علوم زمان و به خصوص فلسفه ارتباط نزدیکی داشت؛ فلسفه دربرگیرنده همه دانش‌ها بود و یک پزشک که علوم مختلف از قبیل فقه، منطق و کلام، فلسفه، طبیعات، نجوم و حتی هندسه و موسیقی را می‌آموخت، به‌ عنوان یک «فیلسوف» شناخته می‌شد (10-8). ارتباط بین حکمت و طبابت چنان زیاد بود که به فیلسوف و طبیب هر دو حکیم می‌گفتند، چون در همه علوم زمانه سرآمد بودند، مانند ابن رشد و ابن‌سینا (۹).

از آنجایی که بسیاری از طبیبان به خصوص در قرون اولیه اسلامی در تمامی علوم مهارت داشتند و در زمره حکیمان قرار می‌گرفتند، الزاماً شاید حکیم را بتوان همان طبیب دانست، چنانکه در طول تاریخ اسلام اکثر حکیمانی که در انتشار و انتقال علوم نقش به سزایی داشتند، طبیب نیز بودند (۹)، اما با توجه به معانی حکیم و علومی که فرا می‌گرفتند، به خصوص فلسفه و حکمت که سرآمد همه علوم بودند، شاید نتوان «قرطبی» را یک حکیم دانست، چراکه در مقاله مذکور برخی از علوم همچون تاریخ، ادبیات و پزشکی و ستاره‌شناسی به وی نسبت داده شده، ولی سخنی از فلسفه، حکمت و سایر علوم به میان نیامده است. همچنین در محتوای پژوهش نیز نسبت حکیم به «قرطبی» اطلاق نشده و از وی با القابی همچون «دانشمند، پزشک و طبیب» نام برده شده و فقط در عنوان مقاله «حکیم مسلمان» آمده است، ولی اگر حکیم را به معنای دانشمند و فرزانگی و طبیبی که در حوزه‌های تخصصی خاص تبحر داشته و سرآمد زمانش بوده، در نظر بگیریم، شاید اطلاق «حکیم» به ایشان مناسبت داشته باشد.

به نظر می‌رسد هدف نویسندگان در این مقاله بیان ارتباط بین حکمت و طبابت و یا حکیم‌بودن عُرَیب بن سعد قُرطُبی نبوده که اگر اینچنین بود، مطلبی در این زمینه ارائه می‌شد و درست‌تر این بود با توجه به واژه حکیم در عنوان مقاله، به این موضوع هم اشاره می‌شد. در واقع هدف اصلی نویسندگان مقاله، بررسی دانش طبابت و ‌تخصص ویژه این طبیب بوده است نه بررسی حکمت و فرزانگی این دانشمند.

زمینه و هدف: داروشناسی یکی از علوم پزشکی است که سابقه طولانی در سرزمین مصر دارد. به همین منظور در شماره 39 (دوره 11، سال 1398) مجله علمی تاریخ پزشکی مقاله‌ای تحت عنوان «داروشناسی و روش‌های درمان دارویی در مصر باستان» در صفحات 89 تا 95 توسط نگارندان محترم محمدرضا رجب‌نژاد، احمدرضا پاکزاد و پردیس پاکزاد منتشر گردیده که علیرغم بررسی داروشناسی در مصر باستان، به نظر می‌رسد دچار اشکالات در برخی موارد است. این پژوهش یک مطالعه تحلیلی ـ انتقادی است که با بهره‌گیری از منابع کتابخانه‌ای به بررسی و ارزیابی مقاله مورد نظر می‌پردازد، لذا هدف از انتشار این پژوهش، بررسی مقاله «داروشناسی و روش‌های درمان دارویی در مصر باستان» از نظر ساختاری و محتوایی و روشی می‌باشد.

زمینه و هدف: من با علاقه مقاله اخیر با عنوان «تأثیر تغذیه بر پیشگیری از بیماری‌ها در اندیشه‌های علی بن عباس اهوازی (384-319 ق.) نوشته «ریحانه‌السادات دباغی، سیدعبدالله محمودی و همکاران» را که در مجله تاریخ پزشکی، دوره چهاردهم، شماره چهل و هفتم سال ۱۴۰۱ منتشر شده است را مطالعه نمودم. در ابتدا از نگارندگان این مقاله برای زحمات ارزشمند آن‌ها کمال تشکر را دارم. بی‌شک این مقالات در راستای احیای میراث مکتوب پزشکی و بازشناسایی تاریخ پزشکی تمدن بزرگ ایرانی اسلامی تأثیر به سزایی دارد. در این مقاله سعی شده است تا با نقد مقاله مذکور ابهاماتی که در مورد علی بن عباس مجوسی وجود دارد، مورد توجه قرار گرفته و همچنین با توجه بیشتر به محتوای مقاله و اهمیت تأثیر تغذیه بر پیشگیری از بیماری‌ها، پیشنهاداتی در جهت مطلوبیت بیشتر آن برای خوانندگان ارائه گردد.

Background and Aim: "Alī ibn Abbās Maǧūsī", the famous physician of the fourth century AH, although he became world-famous for his precious book, but little is known about his biography. Therefore, the present study examines some ambiguities about "Alī ibn Abbās Maǧūsī".

Methods: This research is a summative qualitative content analysis based on the review of several manuscripts of the book Kāmil al-Ṣināʿa al-Ṭibbīya (Royal Medicine) and primary historical sources. In addition, electronic sources have been searched for these keywords: "Alī ibn Abbās Maǧūsī", Kāmil al-Ṣināʿa al-Ṭibbīya, Aḍud al-Dawla.

Ethical Considerations: In the present study, the ethical aspects of library study including originality of texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Results: The four ambiguities raised in this study have been solved by referring to the historical sources of the Middle Ages and also some existing manuscripts as follows: the lack of a nickname for "Alī ibn Abbās" arose from Iranian customs and none of the studied manuscripts introduced "Alī ibn Abbās" to be from Ahwaz. The religion of "Alī ibn Abbās" can be considered Islam according to the phrases appropriate to the popular culture of Muslims, but the lack of blessings on the Prophet (peace be upon him) in some manuscripts can reinforce the suspicion that he was a Magian. In mentioning Aḍud al-Dawla, it can be said that the time of writing and private release and the time of public release of this book were not united.

Conclusion: The evidences presented in this study to answer the ambiguities, have been able to provide accurate, complete and logical answers to some extent. It seems that such researches can provide a documentary and scientific basis for historical studies, especially in the Islamic period.

Please cite this article as:

Moallemi M, Shakeri T, Jokar A. Investigating some Ambiguities about "Alī ibn Abbās Maǧūsī" (Haly Abbas). Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e1.

Background and Aim: Recognition of medicinal plants is as old as human culture. Since the beginning of human societies, the use of herbs as a medicine has been common. Given the country's rich historical and cultural history, there is great potential in this area and locals have learned and applied such knowledge throughout their long lives in Iran.

Methods: This study was conducted to determine the interest and knowledge of local people about using native medicinal herbs in Jubon village. The research method was descriptive-analytical and survey and the main research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire. Its content validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test of 0.933.

Ethical Considerations: In this study, criteria concerned with moral principles as confidentiality, personal satisfaction and freedom of participants in cooperation or non-cooperation during the study process have been observed.

Results: The results showed that locals are interested in the use of medicinal plants and always prefer the use of medicinal herbs and especially natural herbs over chemical drugs. Also, the perception of people born or living in different neighborhoods of the village was different from the native medicinal plants.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that rural people can always take care and prevent disease by using medicinal plants in their feed and foods.

Please cite this article as:

Ghadimi Joboni M, Ghavam M. Investigating Interest and Understanding the Use of Native Medicinal Plants by the People of Jubon Village of Guilan Province. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e2.

Background and Aim: To know myths and symbols is a scientific tool for understanding the culture, thinking and customs of human beings from ancient times. The purpose of this research is to study and recognize the background and origin of Simorgh as a medical symbol of Iranians.

Methods: In this study by a descriptive approach and determining the keywords of medical symbol, Simorgh, snake, phoenix, Angha, Homay pezeshk, bird therapist and ancient Iran, valid scientific databases, articles and ancient sources of medical history were examined. The collected information was presented in a regular format after coding, classification and analysis.

Ethical Considerations: This research has been done only by relying on library resources and the principle of fidelity and honesty of quoting the used texts, the originality of the sources and avoiding bias in referring to texts or analyzes, has been observed.

Results: Symbol and myth are closely related to each other. Myth is the area of symbols and the symbol gives meaning to myth. The snake and the staff of Kaduse (the most important element of the medical symbol of the world which has been chosen as a symbol of medication) have Iranian origins and have been accepted by other nations due to the influence of Mithraism in Rome, Greece and its conversion to Christianity. In ancient Iranian mythology, Simorgh was considered a symbol of superiority, healing and the symbol of the kingdom. The combination of animal species in Simorgh, each have been a symbol of one of the four elements of nature, can be influenced by the immortality of life and help.

Conclusion: The results of this study show that medical knowledge had a special place in ancient Iran. In the ancient cultural heritage of Iran, the symbols have a history of several thousand years that have been associated with medical science, herbs and surgery. Therefore the symbol of Simorgh as a symbol of medication was unveiled in Iran to show the originality of Iranian culture and civilization especially in the field of medicine.

Please cite this article as:

Jafari F, Khabiri M, Hashemi N, Hashemimehr SM. Studying and Recognizing the Background and Origin of Simorgh as a Medical Symbol of Iranians. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e3.

Background and Aim: Nutritional modification has played an irreplaceable role in preventing and treating diseases in all medical periods. The study and analysis of the role of nutrition in maintaining health in the works of Haly Abbas (930-994 AD) are some of the main objectives of the present study.

Methods: In the present review study, the most critical views and opinions of Haly Abbas in the field of nutrition and its role in disease prevention are collected based on the reference book " Kitab al-Maliki " and reputable databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Science direct and finally According to the objectives and questions of the research, it was analyzed.

Ethical Considerations: This study approved with the Ethical Committee of Arak university of medical sciences by code IR.ARAKMU.REC.1399.158.

Results: Haly Abbas considers diet modification as the first step in preventing and treating diseases. He believes that physicians should know the temperament of foods, beverages and the nature of the body. Classification of foods and their recommendations based on profession, nature, health conditions and diseases are among the other scientific features of the book.

Conclusion: The choice of food type based on individual characteristics is another manifestation of the concept of nutritioninomics in Haly Abbas's works. Also, Tali's characteristics and opinions are not dissimilar to today's food pyramid. The classification of foods is written in a more regular and accurate book than Al-Hawi Rhazes's book and more practical than Avicenna's Canon book. Evolution is well seen in Haly Abbas's nutritional views of his predecessors, such as Rhazes and his undeniable effectiveness on the beliefs of later physicians.

Please cite this article as:

Dabaghei RS, Shamsi M, Changizi-Ashtiyani S, Rajabnejad MR, Mahmoddei SA. The Effect of Nutrition on Disease Prevention in the Thoughts of Haly Abbas (930-994 AD). Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e4.

Background and Aim: The land of Sistan, due to its proximity to the border areas, in the Qajar era, has been a gateway for some infectious diseases and its inhabitants have been affected by the pain and suffering of these diseases. Foreign governments, such as Britain and Russia, pursued the social and health issues of Sistan with sensitivity in pursuit of their colonial goals and their confidential documents prove it.

Methods: The present study intends, with a descriptive-analytical approach and using library and archival sources, explain the health situation of Sistan in the Qajar and the first Pahlavi period.

Ethical Considerations: In compiling this research, the principle of trustworthiness and honesty of citing the used texts, originality of sources and avoiding bias in referring to texts or analyzes have been observed.

Results: The findings of the present study showed negligence of Qajar rulers and lack of health facilities and on the other hand, Sistan's proximity to Afghanistan has been effective in disrupting its health status. In addition, people's superstitions and traditional methods of treating diseases made Sistan a suitable bed for the prevalence and spread of the disease of infectious diseases such as cholera and plague. Meanwhile, the British government was forced to establish a hospital in Sistan in order to protect its interests. In the first Pahlavi era, with the evolution of the health care system, the sending of troops and services to this region gradually began and with this measure, the death rate due to diseases was reduced.

Conclusion: Treatment methods were popular in Sistan during the Qajar era, as in other parts of Iran, based on experience and ancient traditional medicine. The new treatment was carried out by the Russian and British consulates for more influence and control in this area. After that, in the first Pahlavi era, with the prosperity of some cities in eastern Iran and the construction measures of Reza Shah and the provision of health facilities, medical and health equipment were gradually sent to Sistan and health and treatment centers flourished.

Please cite this article as:

Oveisi A. Explaining the Health Status of Sistan in the Qajar and First Pahlavi Periods. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e6.

Background and Aim: Pulmonary diseases are one of the most common occupational diseases caused by many factors such as lifestyle, work environment conditions, rate and severity of exposure. In addition to these factors, individual of physical conditions also plays an important role in the initiate, spread or worsening of these diseases. One way to measure, the innate ability of individuals to deal with occupational pathogens is to determine temperament. It is possible to predict the degree of their inherent vulnerability to workplace pathogens by determining workers' temperaments prior to job allocation, and thus reduced the severity of occupational injuries, Lung injuries are one of the most important occupational injuries in cement factories. The aim of this study was to compare the pulmonary function in different temperaments of cement factory workers.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive-comparative study. It done with the participation of 92 qualified workers of Mehriz Cement Factory. In addition to determining workers' temperaments, pulmonary function indices including vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory flow of 25-75% (FEF 25-75%) also evaluated. ANOVA and Tukey tests used for statistical analysis of data.

Ethical Considerations: The Ethics Committee of Payam Noor University has approved the present study with code IR.PNU.REC.1398.116.

Results: The results of statistical tests show that all variables (VC, FEV1 and FVC) except EF 25-75% were significant. Pulmonary indices of VC, FEV1 and FVC in warm temperaments were significantly higher than cold temperaments.

Conclusion: According to the results, cold temperaments are more likely to have respiratory and lung problems than hot temperaments. Therefore, more care must take in employing cold temperaments workers.

Please cite this article as:

Dashty Khavidaki MH, Minaeifar AA, Rassekh F, Baghiani M. Comparison of Lung Function in Different Temperaments of Workers. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e7.

Background and Aim: Sadr al-Muta'allehin Shirazi is one of the great philosophers of the Safavid era. He, who had a reasoning-mystical thinking, strongly criticized the Sufis of those days, who were considered a serious threat to the physical and mental health of the Safavid society and since he was a Sufi thinker, in order to maintain the physical and mental health of the people. And the religious culture of the society of that time tried to defend Sufism and reject the dry Sufis and by expressing reasoning and mystical intuition, it caused the creation and strengthening of Shiite Sufism within the framework of religious health.

Methods: The main materials of this research are Mulla Sadra's scientific works and historical sources of the Safavid era. New research on the influence of Mulla Sadra on the social situation of the Safavid era has also been used. The present research has dealt with the mentioned subject with historical-analytical method and in it; library resources have been used as a method of data collection.

Ethical Considerations: From the beginning to the end of the article, the principle of honesty and trustworthiness has been observed.

Results: Mulla Sadra considers some of the words of Sufis as a deadly poison for the perfect health of body and soul. The feedback of his wise and healthy thinking can be seen in the book "Kasr Asnama al-Jahiliyah". In the mentioned book, he has defended a healthy religion against the entry of false and destructive beliefs; Beliefs that, following lusts and carnal illusions, negate the practice of the appearances of the Shari'a and threaten the mental health and cultural health of the community. He has directed most of his criticism and attacks at the "Sufis of his time" and, in fact, criticizes the Sufis and claimants of Sufism's appearance and considers them to be detrimental to the health of the people of his time.

Conclusion: This study shows the serious impact of Mulla Sadra's teachings on the health of body and soul of Safavid society in contrast to the group of Safavid Sufis who, with their special beliefs and practices, have diverted the path of physical and mental health with outward and sometimes contrary etiquette to Islam. Results. Mulla Sadra protests against those who start austerity before knowing the rulings and introduces associating with such a person or with his followers causes mental depression and death of the soul.

Please cite this article as:

Naghipourzadeh Mahani M, Jalali I, Khorasani Parizi E. The Effect of the Teachings of Mullasadra on Health Protection in Safavid Era (In the Light of Scientific Confrontation with Sufis). Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e8.

Background and Aim: Persian medicine is based on the philosophical-empirical view of the four elements, their qualities and their manifestation in the human body's physiological structure in the form of Akhlat. In Persian medicine, knowledge is a well-written collection with a scientific style and method based on humoral medicine and clinical evidence principles. Part of the measures related to clothing and fabrics for their protective role in protecting the human body against climatic and natural factors has been written in Persian medical texts.

Methods: This research method is a descriptive-analytical study based on library resources and has tried to explain Persian physicians' various opinions about clothing and its types, preventive considerations and its benefits for the treatment of diseases and improve health.

Ethical Considerations: Honesty and fidelity were observed in presenting the report and publishing the materials.

Results: By examining Iranian medicine texts, different clothing types and their benefits were determined. Different types of clothing were used for different seasons of the year. Considering the importance of this issue, this study was conducted to raise awareness of the diversity of clothing and fabrics to maintain human health and wellness by examining Iranian medicine texts.

Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be said that human health depends on the correct choice of clothing by climatic and natural conditions.

Please cite this article as:

Hossein Hashemi Z, Kasiri M, Montazerolghaem A, Boosaidi F. An Overview of Clothing Considerations from the Perspective of Persian Medicine. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e9.

Background and Aim: Case studies require some detailed data and statistics that are very rare before the last century in the history of medicine. However, from the mid Qajar dynasty onward some works include detailed reports about health affairs of society. Such writings are generally Qajar statesmen memories or autobiographies. The ongoing research, based on the aforementioned sources, excavates Apoplexy casualties among statesmen during the final fifteen years of Naser al-Din Shah’s rulership (R. 1264-1313/ 1848-1896) and by focusing on patients’ diet, daily exercises and hereditary characteristics, it tries to make clear the reason for the spread of apoplexy during those years in comparison to thirty years ago.

Methods: The research data is based on library studies and has been prepared through Qajar diaries and travelogues. The research method is descriptive-analytical.

Ethical Considerations: Truthfulness and fidelity have been observed in reporting and references.

Results: Our findings show, death toll rise by apoplexy among the said social class was due to meat diet and unbalanced economic-social development.

Conclusion: This study shows how diet and aging of the Statesmen, combined with and unbalanced economic-social development in the late Naser al-Din Shah’s period, has increased the rate of stroke among the royal members and statesmen or their families. During this period, while the transportation system changed, the health centers have offered no solution to people to care about their health amid such transformation.

Please cite this article as:

Daneshyar M. Apoplexy among Qajar Statesmen and their Families (1298-1313 A.H/ 1880-1896): Causes and Contexts. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e10.

Background and Aim: One of the most important philosophical issues from ancient times to the present has been the issue of the senses. Ancient Greek philosophers, especially Plato and Aristotle, spoke extensively about the senses. In two Thesis Aristotle has explained the outward and inward perception of knowledge about the soul and the senses and the senses. Aristotle believes in the knowledge of the data of the apparent powers of the soul (sense of touch, sight, taste, hearing and taste) and it requires the coordination of sensory perception with reason. Among the perceptual powers of the soul, the common sense has a special status to which functions such as the perception of common and transcendent sensations and the recognition of aspects of the difference between objects and the perception of feeling are attributed to it. Although the topics of Aristotle's psychology have always been of special interest to thinkers, there are still questions about the relationship and interaction between the soul, the senses of appearance and common sense, and the power of thought, which can only be studied carefully by top.

Methods: This article is written based on descriptive analytical method.

Ethical Considerations: From the beginning to the end of the article, the principle of honesty and trustworthiness has been observed.

Results: The importance of the special place of sensory perception in creative knowledg and the communication and interaction between the ego, external senses and common sense and the intellect are among the achievements of this article.

Conclusion: In this article, we have tried to introduce Aristotle's opinions with more order and accuracy and present the opinions of her commentators in a comprehensive manner at a glance.

Please cite this article as:

Razmi F, Fayazbakhsh N, Abbasi B, Darabi AR The Role of the Senses in Epistemology by the Emphasis on Aristotle's Theory Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e11.

Background and Aim: The World Health Organization (WHO) has been advising on the development and use of traditional medicine for about 30 years due to the lack of access to basic health services for many people and has been welcomed by many countries; Unfortunately, despite the fact that more than a decade has passed since the revival of the traditional medicine in the country, it has not yet achieved the necessary and sufficient growth and prosperity-including its correct and complete integration in the body of the health system. The purpose of this descriptive - analytical article is to identify and taking model of the growth factors of this medicine - as the dominant medical system - in the era of Imam Reza (a) (183-203 AH) - according to the coincidence of its with the period Islamic civilization.

Methods: This article has been written in a review and purposefully with specific criteria through searching historical sources and some domestic and international scientific databases such as SID, Google Scholar with related keywords without applying time limits.

Ethical Considerations: In the current research, the ethical aspects of library study, including the authenticity of texts, honesty and trustworthiness, have been observed.

Results: Four factors can be counted as the main factors of the growth and flourishing of (traditional) medicine in the Razavi era (a); The role of the government of the time, the guidance of the religious leader of the society, the position of main scientific and hospital centers such as Jundi Shapour University and finally, the role of prominent non-Muslim Christian and Indian professors and physicians.

Conclusion: Acceleration to the growth of Iranian traditional medicine in the present conditions, including the integration of its valuable experiences into the health system, needs more support from governments, explaining and promoting the general health policies communicated by the Leadership in this regard (paragraph 12), the expansion of health cares or faculties and medical beds allocated to traditional medicine in hospitals and greater interaction with leading medical professors of other countries (Including India and China) to use their useful experiences.

Please cite this article as:

Zarvandial M, Qaraati M, Kolangi F. Investigating the Factors of Growth and Prosperity of (traditional) Medicine During the Imamate of Imam Reza (a). Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e12

Background and Aim: The science of combining simple drugs and making a new product is called Qorabadin. The main reason for the emergence of Qorabadins was the lack of treatment of some diseases with a single drug, prevention of side effects of some drugs, and greater drug effectiveness. Despite the importance of Qorabadin in medicine, analytical study of the content of books related to them has received less attention. One of the hidden angles that should be considered in the study is the issue of medical education. Qorabadin Salehi is one of the most prominent Qorabadins that can be studied from the perspective of medical education and adapted to the new principles of medical education Written by Saleh Ibn Mohammad Ibn Mohammad Saleh Ghaeni Heravi, an Iranian physician and pharmacist of the twelfth century (AH), which was written in 1180 (AH) and this study, its content has been studied and analyzed.

Methods: This research has been studied in a descriptive-analytical manner with a medical education approach and a library method. Books, articles, and manuscripts are some of the tools used to collect information in this study. Also, by searching in external databases such as google scholar, web of science, pub med, Scopus, and internal databases such as Noor Magaz, Magiran, (SID) University Jihad Scientific Information Center Database, the necessary information was collected to compile.

Ethical Considerations: Honesty and trusteeship were observed in reporting and publishing content and the quotes presented with the source used.

Results: Qorabadin Salehi has an educational program including purpose, content, and teaching methods. In the introduction, the author indirectly explains the purpose of writing the book in full accordance with today's society's needs; It then presents content appropriate to the intended objectives and teaches its experiences to the audience through methods such as problem-solving and clinical reasoning in the form of anecdotes. These anecdotes are important in research.

Conclusion: During the Islamic civilization, several Qarabadins have been written. Gharabadin Salehi can be applied to many principles and foundations of medical education. Qorabadin Salehi 1. has an educational program including the purpose, content and methods of education; 2. It is written with the view of social education; 3. Has used educational methods such as clinical reasoning and problem solving in education.

Please cite this article as:

Ehsanian H, Mohagheghzadeh A, Ghaffari F. A study of Qorabadin Salehi's Textology with a View to Medical Education. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e13.

Background and Aim: Disease and how to deal with it has always occupied the human mind. The medical contents of the "Nippur" clay tablets indicate that the subject of medicine and medicine had a special place among the inhabitants of the Mesopotamia region (Babylon, Assyria, Sumer and Elam) in 3000 BC. The oldest surviving medical records are from the late third millennium BC in Sumerian, containing 12 medicinal versions. In addition to the Sumerian tablets, several tablets in the Akkadian language have been obtained which are about medical diagnoses and explain the method of treatment, and also show that they were familiar with the anatomy of the body and used terms for various organs of the body. The purpose of this article is to study the subject of medical science in Mesopotamia and to show what methods of treating Mesopotamian physicians in ancient times in the treatment and treatment of diseases and were they familiar with the anatomy of the body at that time?

Methods: The research is based on historical-descriptive method and the authors of this article have compiled the library method.

Ethical Considerations: In reference to texts and sources, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Results: The findings show that they had names for kidney, spleen, intestine, lung, blood and brain and this indicates that they were familiar with these organs of the body. By studying the tablets, we also find that they used a variety of plants, minerals, and animal components to make medicine.

Conclusion: Mesopotamian tablets show that they were aware of the anatomy of the human body and had letters for each part. They wrote their observations of the patient's symptoms on their tablets and guessed the disease, and performed various treatments for various ailments, such as bandaging, oil massage, using pills, syrups, drops, sprays, and surgery.

Please cite this article as:

Sharifian F, Fekripour K, Heidarpour A. Anatomy, Medications and Treatment in Mesopotamia (Based on Mesopotamian Tablets). Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e14.

Background and Aim: One of the main duties of governments is to ensure public health. The realization of such a thing, in addition to the responsibility of the various elements of the government and their efforts and coordination to perform this task, depends on the cooperation of different social strata with the policies implemented by the government. One of the common health problems in Iran that required the responsibility and cooperation of the government and the nation to deal with it was the spread of infectious diseases, including smallpox. Therefore, in the present study, the performance of various institutions of the first Pahlavi government and the general public and the extent of their cooperation in the fight against smallpox in Fars province is examined.

Methods: This article is a descriptive-analytical method based on unpublished documents of the Documentation Center and the National Library of Fars and other documents and historical sources.

Ethical Considerations: In the current research, the ethical aspects of library study, including the authenticity of texts, honesty and trustworthiness, have been observed.

Conclusion: In the first Pahlavi period, with the approval and implementation of the law on general and free inoculation, the establishment of fixed and mobile inoculation stations in different parts of the country and encouraging and threatening people to strike inoculation in children, the number of patients with this disease and the resulting mortality was sown vigorously, but due to the lack of sufficient facilities and facilities, lack of inoculation officers, lack of cooperation of the people due to ignorance and distrust of the government, as well as lack of cooperation of some the village's headmans, local rulers and inoculation officers, smallpox completely Could not be rooted.

Please cite this article as:

Bakhtiari M. Investigating the Performance of the Government and the People in Dealing with Infectious Diseases in the First Pahlavi period (Case Study: Smallpox in Fars Province). Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e15.

Background and Aim: A few years ago, due to the efficiency of the Safavids in Iran (1502), a global disease called syphilis or Atashak spread throughout Europe and spread to Iran in a short period of time. The current research has been carried out with the aim of investigating and explaining the status of syphilis disease in the Safavid period and relying on the sources of that period.

Methods: The main tool of this research is the data of historical sources of the Safavid era, which includes medical texts, Ferangian travelogues and the works of historians of the Safavid period. The research method in this research is historical-analytical and information collection is done by library method.

Ethical Considerations: Honesty and trustworthiness have been observed in reporting and publishing.

Results: Iranian medical society in the Safavid period started its efforts to recognize this disease from the time of the introduction of syphilis to Iran and in this regard prescribed drugs and methods for the treatment of syphilis. Some special doctors did not just prescribe medicine and wrote down their findings and the medical community to inform their contemporary society about the methods of treating syphilis and to pass on their achievements to future generations.

Conclusion: Syphilis is a fast-spreading disease that is generally transmitted through sex, shared items and public bathrooms. The use of Chinese beech, mercury, prescription of a special diet and constant washing of the body were the most important ways recommended by the doctors of the Safavid era to treat syphilis. It seems that the treatment methods of the doctors of that period were useful and effective for the control and treatment of syphilis.

Please cite this article as:

Mehmannavaz M. Analyzing the Status of Syphilis in the Safavid Period. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e16.

Background and Aim: Due to its antiquity, medical science has left achievements in every land, and the holders of this knowledge have long had methods for transmitting their achievements. One of the important goals of this research is to; After the writing of medical topics by physicians and the spread of medical works in the Islamic era, what texts did students use in teaching therapeutic profession? And can we refer to a method or measure in teaching and learning in these textbooks, or have the medical works all had a specific content, design and format? Another important point is which works were considered among pharmacy and pharmacology students and what texts did the professors use to test the skills of medical students?

Methods: The present research, by identifying important medical and historical sources and arranging and processing the data extracted from them, has described and analyzed the contents and in new researches and classical texts, has sought to identify the unknowns related to educational materials.

Ethical Considerations: In reference to texts and sources, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Results: The findings of this study indicate that from the first centuries of the Islamic period, important works were considered by professors and students, some of which were translated texts that were pre-written for years or centuries or were written by the best physicians of that period.

Conclusion: In the Islamic era (Golden Age) due to the importance and comprehensiveness of some medical works, these writings or translations were introduced as textbooks at different levels of education and because it was necessary for students to learn and master the topics discussed in them; Apart from using some methods in facilitating education, students in different fields of medicine were sometimes tested to know the skills of scholars based on specific texts.

Please cite this article as:

Kavyani Pooya H. Textbooks of Medical Students in the First Centuries of Islam. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e18.

Background and Aim: The process of changing the administrative, social and economic structure of Iran in the Pahlavi I era tended towards modernization. The health and medical structure of Iran underwent fundamental changes during this period. Institutions in charge of health were managed under the supervision of the General Directorate of Health and later the General Directorate of Health. Schools of dentistry, pharmacy, school of medicine and school of midwifery were managed under the supervision of the medical school. Hospitals and other medical centers continued to work under the supervision of the Health Department, and with the establishment of the Ministry of Health in 1320, the person in charge of public health was transferred from the General Department of Health to the Ministry of Health. These changes were aimed at modernizing Iran's medical structure.

Methods: This research, using the descriptive-analytical method and using library sources, seeks to find an answer about the bureaucratization of the medical structure of Iran during the Pahlavi I era period.

Ethical Considerations: This research was conducted solely by relying on library sources and archival documents, and the principles of trustworthiness and honesty of citing the used texts, originality of sources and avoiding bias in referring to texts or analyzes were observed.

Results: During the Pahlavi I era, structural reforms were carried out in political, administrative, economic and cultural fields and these reforms were more manifested in the field of consolidating and modernizing health and medical institutions in Iran. Renovation and consolidation of health institutions in Iran during the  Pahlavi I era not only led to the improvement and increase of the efficiency of these institutions, but also continued to a higher trend and in the  Pahlavi II era, this process continued and more institutions and organizations were established in this field.

Conclusion: It seems that by consolidating institutions such as (school of pharmacy, school of dentistry and school of midwifery) in an institution such as medical school and administration of hospitals under the supervision of the General Directorate of Health, the institutions in charge of health and medical sciences were organized.

Please cite this article as:

Ahmadi M, Aghamiri SS, Sadeghi S. Bureaucratization of Iran's Health Structure during the Pahlavi I Era. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e19.

Background and Aim: Knowing the scientists and sages of Islamic Iran who are the spiritual assets of our vast country, undoubtedly helps to move in the direction of scientific and cultural progress of our country.

Methods: This research is a review study that uses more than 10 books and articles and reputable scientific journals and search sites: PubMed, Magiran, SID, Google Scholar and was examined with the following keywords: "History of medicine in Ira", "Wise people who wrote in Persian", "physicians of the Qajar period", "Malek al-Ataba Gilani" and "Philsof-al-Dawlah Rashti". In this article, different dimensions of the scientific, cultural and social personality of Malek al-Ataba Gilani are mentioned.

Ethical Considerations: In referring to the texts, honesty and fidelity (in quoting the used texts) and avoiding bias in inferring from the texts have been observed.

Results: Hakim Malek al-Ataba Gilani is one of the great scientists of Iran in the 13th century AH. After years of studying and gaining scientific and practical skills in the presence of the sages and elders of his time, he was able to enter the court of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar as a physician. "hefz al-sehe naseri" the most famous book of the Philsof-al-Dawlah Rashti is a valuable relic of this world with action, which is a complete course of acquaintance with the six essentials or "Setteh-e-zarurieh" and Lifestyle modification.

Conclusion: There have been many sages and grandee in our country who, in order to move and progress faster in the scientific path of our country, we should get acquainted with their lives and works and learn valuable lessons from their manners like Philsof-Al-Dawlah who lived for 123 years and was physically and mentally healthy until the last years and days of his blessed life.

Please cite this article as:

Salehi S, Kolangi F, Sepehrikia S, Qaraaty M. Malik al-Ataba Gilani or Philsof-al-Dawlah Rashti Hakim of Persian Medicine. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e20.

Background and Aim: The process through which human life begins and the path that goes into becoming the perfect human, in medicine, religious, philosophical and theological views have been taken into consideration and Each has tried in different ways to illuminate this process and path; The importance of clarifying this process and path, especially in medicine, is felt more and more because of  the development of new technologies that have provided constructive solutions to reproduction and assisted reproductive technologies. Except for the effort that scientists and physicians have made in this regard, it seems that not only can this process and path be clarified by matching process and path, which is explained on philosophical basis, but these new technologies will have philosophical basis and endorsement, in which case giving them more power is followed by scientists and physicians and can help them make better decisions.

Methods: This research method is a descriptive-analytical study based on library resources and has tried to analyze new technologies of reproduction based on Avicenna’s philosophical and medical basis.

Ethical Considerations: Honesty and fidelity were observed in presenting the report and publishing the materials.

Results: In this article, I tried to survey and analyze new technologies of reproduction and assisted reproduction based on Avicenna's philosophical perspective.

Conclusion: Briefly, there is no opposition between new technologies of reproduction and philosophical and medical standpoint of Avicenna.

Please cite this article as:

Golzar Esfahani M, Hajhoseini M. Engineering the Beginning of Human Life in Modern Medicine and Avicenna's Philosophical Perspective. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e22.

Background and Aim: The revival of a nation's material and spiritual identity requires the revival of that nation's historical heritage, and manuscripts are part of this valuable heritage. Mifṭāh al-Aṭṭārīn is one of these valuable books that have been written about science of simple medicines and Pharmacology. This article was attempted to introduce this book and its author and also investigate why it and its author has remained anonymity in the Iranian scientific community.

Methods: The present research has been done with a descriptive-analytical approach and based on the collection of research files from library studies.

Ethical Considerations: During this research process, while referring to the mentioned context, not only has it been tried that the principle of fidelity and loyalty as well as originality of resources to be taken in account, but it also has been tried to avoid bias in referring to the texts or analyzes.

Results: The book of Mifṭāh al-Aṭṭārīn, written by Sa’d al-Din Marghīnānī, which was written between the seventh and ninth centuries AH, consists of two articles. The first article contains information about the science of pharmacy and the second one describes separately simple medicines. This article was been introduced this book and its author and also investigated the political, social, religious and even geographical conditions of that time.

Conclusion: The present article has considered the political, social and scientific situation in the Islamic lands after the Mongol invasion, as the reason why the book and its author remain unknown, because the Mongol domination, on the one hand, led to the stagnation and lack of dynamism of the scientific fields, and on the other hand, due to the lack of integration, political stability and security, caused the rupture of communication between them.

Please cite this article as:

Mohseni Seifabadi M. Introducing Book of Mifṭāh al-Aṭṭārīn by Sa’d al-Din Marghīnānī and Investigating the Causes of Its Anonymity. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e23.

Background and Aim: The Seljuks were the founders of the first tribal government in the Islamic period from 431 to 552 AH. They ruled over a large part of the Eastern Caliphate, including Baghdad. The need for treatment of the kings and courtiers, as well as the troops, which was one of the important pillars of the Seljuk army, necessitated the referral to medical and experienced physicians. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the situation of medicine and physicians in the era of the Great Seljuk based on the sources of that period.

Methods: The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and in the method of library and documentary.

Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Results: 1. Skilled physicians such as Abu al-Barakat and Ibn Talmiz, Abu Ruh al-Jorjani and Sayyid Ismail Jorjani, who had been trained by great masters such as Ibn Sina, Sa'id ibn Bahbaullah and Ibn Abi Sadegh; 2. Attention of kings and ministers to the repair and construction of hospitals and endowment of income from renting shops and gardens in order to pay for patients in hospitals and medical education; 3. Compilation of many medical books at this time and also compilation of medical books in Persian for the first time by Abu Ruh Jorjani and Seyed Ismail Jorjani; 4. Another prominent feature of this era, which is emphasized in the sources, is the existence of mobile hospitals.

Conclusion: Following the growth and development of medicine, which had accelerated since the Alboye period, it enjoyed great growth during the Seljuk period for the following reasons: the presence of skilled physicians, the attention of kings and ministers to the repair and construction of hospitals and medical education, authorship and compilation of important medical books and the existence of mobile hospitals.

Please cite this article as:

Taherkhani N, Fathi K, Delrish B. Medicine and Physicians in the Era of the Great Seljuks (431-552 AH). Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e24.

Background and Aim: Qājār's physicians, who were inheritors of their predecessors' traditional medicine, had a low level of knowledge regarding diagnosis; relying on their experience, they treated through trial and error. There was not any specific association to supervise physicians' performance and issue medical license. Things changed gradually with the beginning of Nāser al-Din Shah's reign and Amir Kabir coming to power. Testing and selection of doctors were then put on the agenda by the professionals. The plan, however, was not coherently pursued until constitutional revolution and the national consultative assembly formation allowed it to be legalized. Hence the physicians were examined within a special framework and medical licenses were issued for them according to the criteria of Education Department. After in Dar al-Caliphate, the plan was implemented in other provinces of Iran, including Hamedan. The present article is going to study how the first certifications of doctors in Qājār era were issued and answer that what documents were required for physicians of Hamedan to get the license and how these certifications affected the changes in medical profession in Hamedan during this period.

Methods: Using library and documental resources and a historical and descriptive approach, this study has analyzed the subject.

Ethical Considerations: In the current study, the ethics of the library and documentary study include authenticity of the references and constancy and confidetiality of the remarks.

Results: The results illustrate that the first formal medical licenses in Hamedan have been issued by being educated in Yengi-Donyayi school of Hamedan and through the physicians' experience, selection of doctors in Education Commission and the fame among people and well-known doctors.

Conclusion: The implemention of medicine's law seems to have a positive effect on medical changing and doctors' efforts in Hamedan to acquire enough knowledge for providing modern and efficient medical services.

Please cite this article as:

Parvazi E, Ezati M. Investigating How to Issue the First Medical Certifications of Hamedan Doctors in the Qajar Era. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e25.

Background and Aim: Tabas is one of townships of south Khorasan Province that despite of huge past in history, it has been lesser recognized in view of medical sciences' history since now. In this field, surveying on live and remained works of Tabas physicians can be switch to becoming familiar with their medical opinions. In this article whilst recognition of physicians and medical scientists from Tabas in historical ages, introduces this group of scientists belonging to Islamic and Iranian's culture and civilization who have put on valuable medical works as a heritage for their own future generations.

Methods: The present survey has been accomplished by desk study and historical research with descriptive - analytic approach. To achieving the information about of the physicians in Tabas and their works, it has been referred to the historical writings' sources, listing references and scientific websites, too.

Ethical Considerations: In this study, criteria concernd with moral principles as confidentiality, personal satisfaction and freedom of participants in cooperation or non- cooperation during the study process have been observed.

Results: Region of Tabas has had a significant contribution in field of medical science in South Khorasan. Some of the physicians who were from Tabas are Mirza Yahya Tabib-e Tabassi, Mirza Abolhassan Tabib-e Tabassi, Mirza Asadolla-e Tabib, Gholamreza Amirshaibani and Hassan Majd. In section of writing works, they are included as translation of Quran verses' properties (Al-Dorr-on-Nazim fi Khavas-el- Qurna-el- Azim), Shafi-ol-Oja (translation of Taghvim-ol-Abdan)), compiling of Zobdat-ol-Alaj (Poetic medicine) and transcription of five medical manuscripts such as Alvaho-Sehha. It also was indicated that one hospital unit entitled to "Shaibani hospital" has been in the city of Tabas.

Conclusion: Regarding the findings of the study, It was showed that Tabas region has had an important role in medical education and treatment and also transmission of medical heritage to succeeding generations wherever many physicians like as Mirza Yahya Tabib-e Tabassi, Mirza AbolhassnTabib-e Tabassi and etc. were recognized in the mentioned periods. Moreover, the posterity of Tabas has done the compiling of one manuscript, translation of two books from Arabic in Persian and transcription of five manuscripts in field of medical sciences. Shaibani Hospital in Tabas has been also active to provide medical healthcare services to the public before destroying by direful earthquake on Sep 1978.

Please cite this article as:

Taleb AM, Bagheri M. Role of Physician and Scientists of Tabas Region in Islamic and Iranian's Medical History. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e26.

Background and Aim: In the golden age of Islamic civilization and under the scientific movement of the Islamic world, great physicians arose. A number of medical celebrities of that era were members of the al-Abad Christian family, whose valuable services and works in medical sciences and other sciences undoubtedly had a tremendous impact on Islamic lands and even Europe. The purpose of this study is to introduce the physicians of that family and review their services to medical knowledge in Islamic civilization. Although domestic and foreign researchers have done research on some of the famous members of this family so far, the present study can in turn obvious some of the researchers' mental unknowns about this family.

Methods: This research has been done with a historical approach based on collecting information in a library manner. The research method of this article is descriptive-analytical in such a way that after filing historical sources and references, content has been classified, data analyzed and the article has been written.

Ethical Considerations: In the current research, the ethical aspects of library study, including the authenticity of texts, honesty and trustworthiness, have been observed.

Results: Studies show that medical knowledge has a high status among the Al-Ebad family. Abu Ishaq, the elder of the Al-Abad family, was engaged in the profession of pharmacy and medicine by establishing a pharmacy and a medical center in the city of Hirah. By encouraging his children and grandchildren to continue in this profession, he has encouraged them to practice pharmacy, study medicine and compile and translate medical works.

Conclusion: The results of the research show that from the womb of al-Ebad family, prominent physicians have emerged who have important characteristics and advantages such as mastery of Greek, Syriac, Arabic and Persian languages, interested in research, writing, translation and practical experiments in medicine have been. Most of the doctors of the Al-Ebad family were proficient in general medical knowledge and were also skilled in ophthalmology and usually followed medical ethics.

Please cite this article as:

Dashti R. The Role of Al-Ebad Family in the Flourishing of Medical Knowledge in the Golden Age of Islamic Civilization. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e27.

Background and Aim: The sixth century poems are usually considered as "technical poems". The poets of this era put aside simplicity and fluency of the poetry of the previous periods and used similes and metaphors in poetry to describe scientific information of that era such as astronomy, mysticism, music, medicine and especially herbal medicines, in a manner that one cannot comprehend the meaning and concept of poetry without having knowledge of these sciences. Medical information and common healing properties of plants have a wide reflection in poetry of this period. One of these medicinal herbs (herbal medicines) is poppy, whose active ingredients have been known to people and used by them through centuries under different names such as poppy, coke, opium and... The poets of this era attempted to create themes for medicinal and sleep inducing characteristics of the extract of this plant and used its taste, color and properties as the bases of advice, lyric, praise and mysticism.

Methods: The present library based research study is undertaken to utilize descriptive and analytical approaches to extract medicinal reflections of opium from Khaghani, Sanai, Anvri and Khamsa Nizami divans, and then make an exploratory and investigative analysis based on the therapeutic properties listed in scientific articles, authentic traditional medicine books as well as books on modern medicinal plants.

Ethical Considerations: In this research, the ethical aspects of library study, including the authenticity of texts, honesty and trustworthiness, have been observed.

Results: The sedative, hypnotic and antidote medicinal properties of poppy correspond to its current usage.

Conclusion: Opium was used therapeutically in the 6th century and was obtained from two plants of "poppy" and "wild lettuce". Poppy opium was referred to as "poppy" and lettuce opium was called "koke". Nowadays, there is not any "koke" opium, but wild lettuce is still used as a hypnotic agent in traditional medicine and herbal medicine books confirm its hypnotic properties.

Please cite this article as:

Mesbah M, Poordargahi E, Farzi HR, Pasbaneslam B. Scrutinizing the Poems of the Sixth Century (AH) Poets in the Area of the Herbal Medicines; Poppy. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e28.

Background and Aim: Tabiaat Modbbereh is the key to enter the gate of medicine and help maintain human health and treatment by recognizing the identity and truth of man as a creature that according to the innate mechanism designed in him leads to balance and internal regulation. Therefore, the present study has been conducted with the aim of explaining the concept of Tabiaat Modbbereh, from Ibn Sina's medical point of view and the factors affecting its strengthening and weakening.

Methods: In this research, a review uses the books of Abu Ali Sina's law and electronic search using related Persian and English keywords in valid databases of information about the concept of resourceful Tabiaat Modbbereh, and methods of weakening and strengthening it from Ibn Sina's point of view and its comparison with previous schools has been collected and studied and analyzed.

Ethical Considerations: This study approved with the Ethical Committee of Arak university of medical sciences by code IR.ARAKMU.REC.1399.157.

Results: Ibn Sina believed that medicine has two scientific and practical components that the physician in the scientific section should know the prudent nature and related matters, and in the practical part should know the methods of practice of the resourceful nature and how to help it. Regarding the strengthening and weakening of nature, Ibn Sina's mastermind considers the characteristics of Hefz al-Sehah (essential set) and the laws of cancellation, excretion, transpiration with ponds and oils and the law of cessation to be effective.

Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the knowledge of "Tabiaat Modbbereh" in different medical schools in the context of history has been "evolutionary-gradual", but Ibn Sina using the teachings of Islam based on the school Revelation and accurate knowledge of the creation and inner nature of man has been a more accurate and comprehensive knowledge of the harmonious harmony of nature with contemplative Tabiaat Modbbereh, in his works has caused the "evolutionary-faster" course of this concept.

Please cite this article as:

Rabiee J, Changizi-Ashtiyani S, Rajabnejad MR, Shamsi M, Mehranfar M. Factors Affecting the Strengthening and Weakening of the Tabiaat Modbbereh in Medical from Point of View Ibn Sina's. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e29.

Background and Aim: In the importance of traditional medicine texts in libraries, several manuscripts are found with the same structure and text related to an effect. Two versions of this manuscript, under the titles of "Al-Kafi fi Al-Teb" and "Al-Kefaye fi Elm Al-Teb", which briefly "Al-Kefaye", were also referred to in the early sources of it to "Al-Qanon al-Saghir" and attributed to "Ibn Mandevaih". There are other versions of this work entitled "Al-Qanon al-Saghir" attributed to "Ibn Sina" and this is unlikely that the version is quite similar, belonging to two authors, so it is necessary to investigate the subject and it is determined by the writer of the work, who is.

Methods: The purpose of this paper is to explain the truth, whether it belongs to "Ibn Mandevaih", or "Ibn Sina" or any separate book.

Ethical Considerations: In the current research, have been observed the ethical aspects of library study, including the authenticity of texts, honesty and trustworthiness.

Results: In historical documentation, a kind of dichotomy and in general, "Al-Qanon al-Saghir" was attributed to'Ibn Mandevaih' in early works and to "Ibn Sina" in later works. The similarity and matching of the versions in structural and content surveys is so much that each one cannot be considered as a separate book, but all of a book with different titles and belongs to a writer. In some issues between the votes of "Ibn Sina", if he seens in his authors, there is a difference or contradiction with what is presented in the versions of the study?

Conclusion: The study of historical documentation, content analysis and structural text indicates that the book "Al-Kafi fi-Teb" or "Alkefaye" belongs to "Ibn Mandevaih", which, according to two comprehensive and complete characteristics and its small volume, to "al-Qanon al-Saghir" in contrast, "al-Qanon fi Teb", Ibn Sina, which has been widely addressed by medicine. This naming has caused the sputum, which is the same "Al-Qanon" of Ibn Sina, which he wrote briefly.

Please cite this article as:

Sharififar SH, Salmani Marvast MA, Afkhami Aghda R, Tafazoli V. The Book 'Al-Qanon al-Saghir' in the Science of Medicine and its Author!. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e30.

Background and Aim: The present study is based on a manuscript called "Maintaining health or Soleimani's Letter of advice" written by an Iranian medical named Mohammad Hakim ibn Mubarak in the Ottoman court in the Sixteenth century. The main mission of this book is solutions for the prevention and treatment of plague, which has included it in the collection of cholera diseases.

Methods: To examine this manuscript, the library method and the content analysis method have been used. In this method, fidelity is observed in citing the content and Lack of bias.

Ethical Considerations: In the review of the said manuscript, it has been tried to be faithful in citing its contents and other researches used and to avoid partiality in expressing the contents.

Results: To prevent the plague, the presence of air flow in the living space, avoiding contact with others and strengthening the body physically and mentally is very useful.

Conclusion: The main goal of the physician in writing the book was strategies for the prevention and treatment of plague. The infection of this disease was spread through the air and not being exposed to the flow of polluted air and maintaining the cleanliness of the living place by incense of some fragrant plants is effective in softening the air in preventing the occurrence of the disease. Maintaining the health of the body with foods, beverages and herbal medicines is also useful in repelling the disease, and calmness and avoiding delusions and fears are very helpful in strengthening the patient's psychology in the face of the disease.

Please cite this article as:

Dadfar S, Rostami P. Plague Disease, Prevention and Treatment (Manuscript Review "Maintaining Health or Letter of advice Solaimani"). Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e31.

Background and Aim: Before having been selected as the residence of Crown Prince Abbas Mirzai, Tabriz was not in a good condition in terms of health due to various factors; in addition, the process of its fall intensified in the Qajar era. Despite the favorable weather conditions, the city was not in a good position in the field of urban health. Contrary to the presence of many skilled physicians familiar with conventional and modern medicine, their presence also the applying new medicine did not have much effect on improving the situation due to the prevalence of superstitions and infectious diseases as well as the lack of hospitals.

Methods: The main material of the current study is the data from historical sources, particularly, European travelogues. European travelers were always present in different aspects of Iranian social life as political-military delegations and tourists since the early Qajar era; therefore, they depicted them in their travelogues. Besides, it is attempted to use recent research in the field of health and medicine status during the Qajar period. The method used in this paper is descriptive-analytical and it was carried on through data collection by library method.

Ethical Considerations: During the writing of this article, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Results: According to the available information, despite the favorable weather conditions, the absence of pollutants and gradual familiarity with modern Western medicine, there was a lot of problems in field of health due to factors such as the prevalence of infectious diseases, lack of hospitals, the prevalence of superstition and the decline of civilization.

Conclusion: In the present article, first, the health status of the city is discussed, and then, doctors and medical centers are examined to evaluate the positive and negative factors affecting the health status of Tabriz in the period between the rise of Qajar and the Persian Constitutional Revolution. The findings indicate a serious disregard for personal and public health, which has been exacerbated by the problems caused by the spread of some infectious diseases, natural disasters and famine. On the other hand, the continuation of the old ways along with the spread of superstitions caused not much change in the field of health and treatment despite the gradual spread of medicine and new developments.

Please cite this article as:

Rezaie M. Health Status in Tabriz from the Rise of Qajar to the Persian Constitutional Revolution. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e33.

Background and Aim: Qajar Era was the rebirth of Iranian medical knowledge in dealing with modern western medicine. In this period, Iranians' awareness of Western scientific and cultural developments caused tremendous evolutions in Iranian traditional medical knowledge by Sending students to Europe and the presence of European physicians of political and religious deligations in Iran. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the bases and various dimensions of expansion of modern European medicine in Iran and its role in the process of evolution of traditional medicine in Qajar era (1220 to 1340 AH).

Methods: This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method through library sources by useing main historical sources, travelogues, historical translated texts and recent reseaches.

Ethical Considerations: The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and in the method of library and documentary.

Results: The findings of the research indicate that, public health condition, deficiency of medical knowledge of Iranian physicians and inadequacy of Iranian government regulations to deal with the spread of infectious diseases, and also Iran's geopolitical position and competition of colonialists in Iran, caused extensive presence and activities of European physicians through delegations of European governments at Dar al-Fonun and Qajar court.

Conclusion: Investigating the activities and innovations of  European physicians in Iran during the Qajar era, including the implementation of vaccination, clinical educations through the establishment of modern hospital by European physicians in Iran, foundation of pharmaceutical laboratory and also establishment of quarantine in a modern and efficient method to control epidemic diseases, specially in the Persian Gulf region, indicates the important and fundamental role of modern medical knowledge in the evolution process of the theoretical approach of Iranian medicine and the expansion and establishment of the theoretical and practical aspects of modern European medicine in Qajar-era.

Please cite this article as:

Moosavi MS, Allahyari H. The Role of European Medicine in the Process of Evolution of Traditional Medicine in Qajar Iran (1798-1896). Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e34.

Background and Aim: Baghdad, as the capital of the Abbasid state for five centuries, has enjoyed great glory in the Islamic civilization and even the world civilization of its time. From the very beginning of the construction of Baghdad, the Abbasid caliphs paid close attention to the proper urban structure of Baghdad, so that Mansour Abbasi hired many architects, astronomers and even physicians to build this city. However, despite the efforts made, the urban structure of Baghdad progressed in such a way that it played a great role in the spread of diseases and deaths of its time. Baghdad has studied the death rate of this city in the first Abbasid period.

Methods: The main materials of this research are first-hand sources of Islamic history, which include historical sources, geographical books and medical history texts. New research on the social situation of the Abbasids has also been used in the form of articles. Research method in this research. Historical-analytical and data collection has been done by library method.

Ethical Considerations: Honesty and fidelity have been observed in reporting and publishing materials.

Results: It seems that the urban structure of Baghdad has not always led to the prosperity and prosperity of the lives of its people; Rather, the urban structure and dense and unprincipled constructions have gradually been effective in spreading pathogens and finally increasing the death rate in Baghdad during the first Abbasid period.

Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the artificial geographical context of Baghdad in the form of factors such as: urban structure (alleys, urban thoroughfares), the shape of residential buildings, streets, markets, prisons, baths, reservoirs and wells, etc. or the occurrence of accidents Because of the fire and its spread due to the wooden structure of the bridges in Baghdad, they played a great role in increasing the pathogens, which resulted in an increase in the number of deaths in Baghdad during the Abbasid period.

Please cite this article as:

Karimi Z, Kahkrand SH, Dehghan M. Investigating Impact of Baghdad Urban Structure on the Health of its Inhabitants during the (first) Period of the Abbasid Caliphate. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e35.

Background and Aim: The presence of Westerners with different goals in the Safavid period was more prominent than other dynasties. During this period, some travelogue writers with various purposes wrote travelogues that have been used in most of the researches related to Safavid history. One of the topics covered by travelogue writers is health. In this research, the intention is to analyze the views of these people to determine how reliable these books are for research on health in the Safavid period?

Methods: This research is an analytical-critical study that uses written sources of the Safavid period and foreign sources (European travelogues) to examine the views of travel writers on health.

Ethical Considerations: In the present study, the ethical aspects of library study including originality of texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Results: In this study, it was found that travel writers have different views on health and in some cases, their statements, although at the same time, were in Iran; There were many differences.

Conclusion: The study of Safavid travelogues in the field of health led to the conclusion that some travelogue writers with their political and personal goals and intentions, did not record the correct information in their works. Therefore, in quoting these sources, they should be used with more reflection and accuracy.

Please cite this article as:

Rajabnejad MR, Asadi SH. A Critical Review of Safavid Period Travelogue Writers in the Field of Health. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e36.

Background and Aim: Considering the capacity and capability of cultivation of medicinal plants in Iran and considering the special place of medicinal plants in people's culture and the increasing tendency to use natural compounds, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting their consumption and Be evaluated. In this regard, the present study was conducted by the people of Zavareh with the aim of determining the role of various social and economic indicators on the motivation and tendency to medicinal plants.

Methods: This research was conducted by survey method in 2020 using a researcher-made questionnaire with 8 demographic items and 39 specialized items. To check the validity, the questionnaire was presented to some professors and relevant experts and they were consulted and their corrective opinions were applied and for reliability, Cronbach's alpha method was used, which was approved as 0.944. The sample size was 367 questionnaires and was randomly distributed among the residents of Zavareh city. After collecting and classifying the data, statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 22 statistical software.

Ethical Considerations: In this study, criteria concerned with moral principles as confidentiality, personal satisfaction and freedom of participants in cooperation or non-cooperation during the study process have been observed.

Results: The results showed that the highest frequency belonged to the age group of 36-45 years with 37.6% and male gender. Most people in Zavareh are interested in consuming medicinal plants and prefer to use them over chemical drugs. Also, according to the findings, despite the low impact of awareness, the health of medicinal plants makes people interested in consuming Medicinal plants. The findings showed the effect of physical dimensions (infrastructure) such as price, packaging, safe place of sale, fresh and quality product, doctor's prescription and availability on the tendency of people to use and in the opinion of people reduce the price of medicinal plants with Hygienic packaging and compliance with standards and cheap bulk plants were the most effective economic factors in buying medicinal plants.

Conclusion: Therefore, informing and informing about the benefits and therapeutic properties of medicinal plants in order to expand and cultivate their use, as well as accuracy in the cost of packaging and processing in increasing the purchase and consumption of these plants seems necessary.

Please cite this article as:

Namazi Zavareh M, Ghavam M, Kiani Salami S. Individual, Social and Economic Indicators Affecting the Motivation and Interest of the People of Zavareh to Natural and Cultivated Medicinal Plants in 2020. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e37.

Background and Aim: Plagiarism or plagiarism means attributing another word to oneself. "Kitāb ul māʾ", a medical dictionary of the fifth century AH, was written by Abdullah bin Muhammad Azdi and edited and published by Hamoudi in 1996. The purpose of this study is to explore the text and content of the two works "Kitāb ul māʾ" and "Qāmūs al-aṭibbā wa Nāmūs al ʾAlibbā" to provide a logical answer to the hypothesis of plagiarism of this medical work.

Methods: This original qualitative research, with the method of content analysis and data matching, was carried out between the two works "Kitāb ul māʾ" and "Qāmūs al-aṭibbā wa Nāmūs al ʾAlibbā". Similarities and textual differences were studied and detailed notes were taken. To increase reliability, second-hand resources, comprehensive library software of medicine (version one), library of Islamic history, history of Islamic Iran were used; Also the keywords "Kitāb ul māʾ", "Madyan ibn Abd al-Rahmān Quṣunī", "Qāmūs al-aṭibbā", "plagiarism", "ʿAbdullāh ibn Muhammad Azdī" in other centers and databases such as Noormags, Scopus, SID PubMed, Magiran and Google scholar were searched.

Ethical Considerations: In the present study, the ethical aspects of library study including originality of texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Results: The adaptation of this dictionary with the book "Qāmūs al-aṭibbā wa Nāmūs al ʾAlibbā" by Quṣunī, in the eleventh century AH, shows a striking similarity between the content of these two works. The only significant difference between the Quṣunī book and the Azdī book is the order of the entries. Arrange the words arrangement in "Kitāb ul māʾ" is based on the root of an abstract triad from its beginning (Fa'al-Fʿil), which is called the Eastern order. But the order of the "Qāmūs al-aṭibbā", unlike the "Kitāb ul māʾ", is from the end of the root (Lam al- Fʿil), which is called the Maghribi order.

Conclusion: This study shows that Quṣunī thoroughly copied "Kitāb ul māʾ" in his work, albeit with a change in the alphabetical order of the words appearance in the dictionary.

Please cite this article as:

Moallemi M, Shakeri T, Darabinia M. Highlighting a Plagiarism in a Medical Dictionary: Comparison between the Two Works "Kitāb ul-Māʾ" and "Qāmūs al-Aṭibbā wa Nāmūs al-ʾAlibbā". Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e38.

Background and Aim: Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the bite of Anopheles mosquitoes. This disease was common throughout the Qajar era in the country. Malaria has been persistent in some areas and sometimes the spread of its malignant form led to mass deaths. The aim of this study is to investigate the causes of its prevalence in Iran at that time.

Methods: This research is written in descriptive and analytical method. By referring to libraries and reviewing historical sources (especially travelogues and memoirs) data related to the spread of malaria in Qajarian Iran and common causes and treatment methods of this disease have been collected and noted and then sorted, analyzed and processed.

Ethical Considerations: In this research while referring to texts and sources, honesty and trustworthiness have been taken into consideration.

Results: The results of this study showed that malaria was widely distributed in the country and both nature and humans have played a role in its spread. Swampy areas and improper use of water were the main reasons for the spread of this disease, but people unknowingly considered factors such as bedbug bites and planting crops such as rice and dates to be effective in its emergence. They resorted to traditional methods of treatment to deal with the disease and benefited from the availability of quince.

Conclusion: In the high prevalence of malaria in the country, both natural factors and human behaviors such as lifestyle and economic activities, especially agriculture has been effective. Health problems and lack of medical services had also made malaria the most common disease in Qajar Iran.

Please cite this article as:

Amiri Z, Azimzade Tehrani T, Motavali Haqiqi Y, Sepehri Rad O. Reflection of the Prevalence of Malaria in Travelogues and Memoirs of the Qajar Era. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e40.

Background and Aim: Foreign travelogues contain important information about the history of Iran from the Safavid era onwards. The explanation of the approach and perspective of these travelogues regarding social and health issues has not been paid much attention. The purpose of this article is to examine the health and safety situation in the Safavid era from the perspective of foreign travelogues.

Methods: The current paper is descriptive and analytical and the library method is used.

Ethical Considerations: In this paper, the originality of the text, honesty and trustworthiness are observed.

Results: From the point of view of foreign travelers, during the Safavid era, public health and the health of citizens were not in a good and favorable condition. From the point of view of health, plague, cholera, fever and syphilis were among the most important diseases of the people in this period. There was no logical and scientific treatment for these diseases. Public health was also at a low level and clinics and facilities and equipment related to it have not been given much attention by the government. The cities and localities were at a low level in terms of health and the waste in them caused air infection and disease.

Conclusion: The existence of numerous diseases and the failure to deal with them was due to the fact that experimental sciences did not benefit from this good fortune and did not reach a high position and public health was also not in a good condition due to the lack of government.

Please cite this article as:

Iranpour S, Khorasani Parizi E, Rahimi Sadegh A. The State of Health and Safety in the Safavid era from the Perspective of Foreign Travelogues. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e41.

Background and Aim: During the Safavid era, Islamic civilization grew and matured. In this period, the endowment was also greatly expanded. In this paper, an attempt has been made to examine the role of endowment in the advancement of Islamic civilization in the Safavid era by looking at the educational and cultural dimensions.

Methods: The current paper is descriptive and analytical and the library method is used.

Ethical Considerations: In this paper, the originality of the text, honesty and trustworthiness are observed.

Results: Religious instructions, knowledge, education and training are among the most important elements of the advancement of Islamic civilization. During the Safavid period, one of the factors that strengthened the mentioned elements and therefore, the Islamic civilization was the role of endowment in the expansion of schools, mosques, medical and the strengthening of religious instructions. In fact, by supporting the establishment and development of schools, mosques, shrines, libraries and religious celebrations and holidays, from a cultural and educational point of view and the attention of medicine and the establishment of hospitals the endowment provided the basis for the elevation of Islamic civilization in the Safavid era. Endowment existed in the society before the Safavids, but the difference in this period is the change of its function. With the officialization of the Shia faith in the Safavid era, the endowment institution served the new religion and adapted itself to its needs.

Conclusion: Since the field of Islamic civilization is knowledge, culture and education and in other words, one of the important factors of the growth and prosperity of Islamic civilization is the order of research and studentship and the provision of educational facilities for scientists and researchers, so it is necessary along with other functions of endowment, more attention should be paid to the support of this institution for education and culture.

Please cite this article as:

Iranpour S, Jalali I, Rahimi Sadegh A. Endowment and Elevation of Islamic Civilization in the Safavid era with a View to Educational, Cultural and Medical Dimensions. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e42.

Background and Aim: The two adrenal glands, each weighing about four grams, are located at the upper pole of the two kidneys. These two glands, like other parts of the body, can become cancerous. Common methods of adrenal cancer treatment including surgery, pharmacotherapy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy have side effects. On the other hand, the use of medicinal plants has a long history in human history. Regarding to this ancient background, the use of plants in the prevention and treatment of diseases has maintained its place in many societies and cultures. The aim of this study is to provide a list of effective plants in the treatment of adrenal cancer.

Methods: In this study, an attempt has been made to provide a list of effective plants in the treatment of adrenal cancer by collecting information published in authoritative scientific journals. The USDA database was used to learn about flavonoid compounds in plants. Finally, the Plant List Site was used to determine the families of each of the plant species found.

Ethical Considerations: In the current research, the ethical aspects of library study, including the authenticity of texts, honesty and trustworthiness, have been observed.

Results: A total of 21 plant species and 17 families were obtained that appear to be effective in treating and partially preventing the progression of adrenal cancer. These 17 families include Actinidiaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Anacardiaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Betulaceae, Celastraceae, Cucurbitaceae, Ericaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Juglandaceae, Lauraceae, Malvaceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae and Theaceae.

Conclusion: According to this review study, it seems that 21 plant species are effective in the treatment of adrenal cancer, of course, it is suggested that more extensive clinical studies be performed on each of these species to understand the possible side effects of them. It is also better to determine the nature of each plant and prescribe a plant species appropriate to each person's nature. In addition, the conditions of different people, including children and adolescents, pregnant women, athletes, the elderly and people with certain diseases, must be considered in order to use the appropriate plant species in their treatment.

Please cite this article as:

Yarmohammadi Jalali R, Abbasi SH. A Review of Some Effective Plants on Adrenal Cancer. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e21.

Background and Aim: The purpose of this study is to review the medical applications of basil based on traditional medicine sources and its proven effects in medical studies.

Methods: First, reference books and pharmacopoeias of traditional Persian medicine were studied and the mentioned applications and properties for basil were extracted. Then the proven effects of basil were then searched in medical databases including PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. Finally, Persian medicine teachings were discussed according to the available medical evidence.

Ethical Considerations: In this research, the ethical principles of library studies, including authenticity of texts, trustworthiness and honesty, have been observed.

Results: So far, several therapeutic effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, immunomodulatory and hypolipidemic effects have been proven in studies for basil. This plant also enhances memory and cognitive function and reduces anxiety. It has also been effective in some inflammatory skin diseases and acne. In a comparative evaluation, some of the applications mentioned in Persian medicine literature for this plant, have evidence in medical studies.

Conclusion: Basil as a native and available plant with medical effects in Persian medicine and proven evidence in modern studies can be considered a complementary therapy in the field of research and treatment.

Please cite this article as:

Naseri Z, Derakhshan AR, Norouzi S. Therapeutic Effects of Basil (Ocimum Basilicum) in Traditional Persian Medicine and Modern Medicine: A Narrative Review. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e32.