From the perspective of Islam, moral development has a subtle and vast meaning and a lofty and valuable position. As viewed by Islam, “Upbringing and growth” are to end in “moral growth and education” and the goal of Islam is to get the mankind to an ethical and valuable position

Please cite this article as: Kianimoghadam AS, Bakhtiari M. Socio-Moral Development of Preschool Children. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(3):1-6. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i3.30434

Background and Objective: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women, which can cause psychological problems for people suffering from it. The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of group spiritual therapy on facilitating post-traumatic growth process in patients with breast cancer.
Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population of the study included all the women with breast cancer in Urmia in 2017. Using convenience sampling, 30 of them were selected and randomly assigned to the experimental (no=15) and control (no=15) groups. The experimental group underwent 12 sessions (each 90 minutes) of group spirituality therapy. The control group received no treatment. The data collection instrument used in this study was Post-Traumatic Growth questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). In this study, all the ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Results: The findings showed that group-based spiritual therapy had a considerable effect on facilitating the post-traumatic growth process in women with breast cancer. In other words, this intervention could improve the post-traumatic growth process in the experimental group (P<0/05).
Conclusion: The results of this study pointed to the effectiveness of group spiritual therapy in facilitating the post-traumatic growth process in patients with breast cancer. Therefore, spirituality therapy can be used as a method for the growth and improvement of patients with breast cancer.

Please cite this article as: Mehraban Sh, Khalilzadeh N, Sharifi M, Asmari-Bardezard Y. The Effectiveness of Group Spiritual Therapy on Facilitating the Post-Traumatic Growth Process in Women with Breast Cancer. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(3):7-17. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i3.24105

Background and Objective: Ethics have a high positions in religious teachings, and today they are considered in consumer behavior. The present study was an attempt to investigate the role moderating of religiosity in consumers’ ethical behavior.

Methods: This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey-based in terms of method. The statistical population of the study included all food consumers in Isfahan in autumn and winter in 2016. Participants the Cochran’s sampling formula was used considering the unlimited number of participants. 196 participants were accordingly selected by random sampling method and taking into account 0.07 error level. The instrument used for collecting data was a standard questionnaire. The reliability of questionnaire was analyzed using Cronbach’s alpha, which was found to be 0.852 and confirmed. In this study, all ethical considerations have been observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Results: The results indicated that attitude, subjective norms, ethical norms, descriptive norms and perceived behavioral control have a significant effect on ethical behavior intention, and ultimately, the moderating role of religious bias was approved.

Conclusion: Despite the fact that Iranian society is a religious community, consumers, regardless of any tendency and religious prejudice, tend to behave ethically, and this is more rooted in the norms governing the individuals. In this regard, it is important to examine the norms affecting the patterns of consumer ethical behavior.

Please cite this article as: Nikraftar T, Hosseini E, Agheli M, Moslemi-Kaviri M. Investigating the Moderating Role of Religiosity in Consumers’ Ethical Behavior: A Case Study of Food Consumers in Isfahan. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(3):18-30. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i3.24966

Background and Objective: The importance of spirituality and spiritual growth in humans has attracted increasing attention of psychologists and mental health professionals over the past few decades. Also, motivational factors in cognitive involvement influence the learning process. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the predictive role of demographic, cognitive, emotional and spiritual intelligences in motivation for academic achievement in female students.

Methods: This is a causal-comparative descriptive study. The statistical population of the study included all female students aged 12-13 in Tehran. The sample population consisted of 280 girls, who were selected by multistage sampling from public schools. Data were collected using Wechsler Intelligence Test (Fourth Edition), Hermes Motivation for Academic Achievement Questionnaire, Nasserian Spiritual Intelligence, and Socioeconomic Status Questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using regression analysis. In this study, all ethical issues have been addressed and the authors of the article reported no conflicts of interest.

Results: The results showed that there was a direct and significant relationship between motivation for achievement and cognitive, emotional and spiritual intelligences; at 99% level of confidence, P less than 1%; meaning that with an increase in the independent variables, i.e., cognitive, emotional, spiritual intelligences, the level of motivation for progress also increased.

Conclusion: According to the results, cognitive, emotional and spiritual intelligences had a significant effect on students' motivation for academic achievement and with an increase in each of these variables, the level of motivation for achievement also increased in the students.

Please cite this article as: Mousavi SE, Salek-Ebrahimi L, Ahmadi GR, Belal-Habashi S, Masjedi-Arani A, Kianimoghadam AS. The Predictive Role of Demographic Variables, and Cognitive, Emotional and Spiritual Intelligences in Motivation for Academic Achievement in Female Students. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(3):31-43. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i3.24534

Background and Objective: Patience is one of the self-regulatory methods that lead to psychological balance. Self-regulation refers to the power to use strategies that, in contrast to internal stimuli or environmental stimuli or extreme pleasures, prevent a person from balance. The main objective of the current study was to study the relationship between the styles of attachment to God, patience, self-esteem in undergraduate students of the University of Tehran.

Methods: This is a post-vent study. The statistical population of the study included all undergraduate male and female students of the University of Tehran out of whom 169 (84 males, and 85 females) were selected using cluster sampling method from departments of Human Sciences, Technology and Engineering, Basic Sciences and Arts. Cooper-Smith’s questionnaire of self-esteem, Rowatt and Kirkpatriok’s Relation with God Inventory, and Ghobari-Bonab’s Reaction to Daily Events and Occurrences Questionnaire were used in the present study. One-way multivariate analysis of variance (Manova), t-test, and multiple regression analysis were used for data analysis. In this study, all the ethical considerations have been observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Results: The results of data analysis showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between secure attachment to God and patience. In addition, secure attachment to God was a significant predictor of self-esteem in the students. Female students had a higher level of patience than males. In addition, students in Human Sciences obtained higher scores in secure attachment compared to the students of other fields of study.

Conclusion: God does not leave people alone in the midst of adversity, and He is always with them, and this strengthens their relationship with God and enhances the secure attachment between people and God.

Please cite this article as: Ghobari-Bonab B, Nosrati F, Bozorgi MR. Studying the Relations between Attachment Styles to God Patience, Self-esteem among Undergraduate College Students. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(3):44-60. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i3.23035

Background and Objective: There is evidence to show that academic success has an important role in keeping cultural and scientific innovations up to date. Different variables affect academic success and predict it. Accordingly, the present study is an attempt to evaluate the relationship between personality traits and the academic success of the students of dentistry, as mediated by spiritual intelligence, in Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Tehran, Iran).

Methods: The present study is descriptive correlational. The statistical population included the students of dentistry in Tehran University of Medical Sciences in the academic year of 2016-2017, out of whom 214 students were randomly selected. The data collection instrument included standard questionnaires. Content analysis was used for analyzing validity of the questionnaire based on the views of experts in educational sciences. Reliability of the questionnaire was also examined using Cronbach’s alpha, which was found to be 0.85 for the spiritual intelligence questionnaire, and 0.82 for the personality traits questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported to conflicts of interest.

Results: The findings showed that the direct effects of Neuroticism (-0.29), Openness to Experience (0.35) and Conscientiousness (0.38) on the academic Success were significant (P<0.01). Also, the indirect effects results tested by the Sobel test showed that the indirect effect of Neuroticism (-2.22), Agreeableness (2.90), Openness to Experience (2.28) and Conscientiousness (3.13) on academic success, as mediated by spiritual intelligence, were positive and significant at 95% level of significance.

Conclusion: Based on the findings, in order to enhance students' academic success, attention should be paid to personality traits and spiritual intelligence.

Please cite this article as: Jafari S, Mollaei Z. The Mediating Role of Spiritual Intelligence in the Relationship between Personality Characteristics and Academic Success in the Students of Dentistry in Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(3):61-73. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i3.25242

Background and Objective: Previous studies have confirmed the effect of reality therapy and spiritual-religious therapy based on Islamic teachings on enriching relationships and resolving marital conflicts, but no research has been conducted to compare effectiveness of these two therapeutic approaches on the two variables of quality and meaning of life in divorced female heads of households.

Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with a posttest design. The statistical population included divorced women as heads of households, who were invited to cooperate in the study and were randomly assigned to three groups of reality therapy (30 people), spiritual-religious psychotherapy based on Islamic teachings (27 people) and control group (25 people). The dependent variables of the study were quality and meaning of life, which were measured by Life Meaning Questionnaire (PMI) and Walton Quality of Life Questionnaire. In this study, all the ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Results: The results of one-way analysis of variance and the James-Howell post hoc test showed that both independent experimental variables had significant effects on the dependent variables compared to the control group, but there was no significant difference between the two experimental groups.

Conclusion: Significant effect of reality therapy and spiritual-religious therapy based on Islamic teachings in comparison with the control group on the quality and meaning of life in divorced female heads of households was confirmed in this quasi-experimental study, although no significant difference was observed between the two approaches.

Please cite this article as: Imanifar HR, Mahmoudi S. Comparing the Effect of Reality Therapy and Spiritual-Religious Psychotherapy Based on Islamic Teachings on the Quality and Meaning of Life of Divorced Female Heads of Households in Fasa City. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(3):74-88. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i3.25231

Background and Objective: Nurses seek to develop their professional knowledge through theorizing. The philosophical viewpoint dominating the nursing theories is based on Western thought and Iranian mysticism and wisdom are unknown concepts in nursing. For developing a nursing theory, there is first a need to define the main nursing concepts, i.e. human, environment, health and nursing. The aim of this study was to synthesize the concept of environment through an analytical review of the literature on Iranian mysticism and wisdom.

Methods: This is a library-based study carried out using Ryan-Wenger’s Concept Synthesis. For this purpose, first the components of the concept proposed by Walker and Avant were inductively selected as predetermined classes and, then, after reviewing one third of the selected literature, the nature of the cases to be placed in each class was deductively determined. In this study all the ethical considerations were observed and the author did not report any conflict of interests.

Results: Based on the results, ‘manifestation’ and ‘existential orders’ were defined as the antecedents, ‘order of the creations’, ‘essential movement’, ‘temperament’, ‘sacred predisposition’ and ‘cosmic order’ were defined as the attributes and ‘balance/imbalance’ and ‘harmony/disharmony’ were the outcomes of the concept of environment.

Conclusion: The concept of environment in the Iranian mysticism and wisdom has a dynamic nature and includes physical/nonphysical creations including human beings; every single component inside it is affected by the whole. This is a more comprehensive definition of nursing compared to the current humanistic definitions in nursing theories, which are mainly individualistic and humanistic; it sees the nature of human being along with other creatures and the Creator and taking into account the influence of creations on each other’s health.

Please cite this article as: Nikfarid L. The Concept of Environment Based on Iranian Mysticism and Wisdom, Toward Development of a Nursing Theory. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(3):89-106. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i3.26380

Background and Objective: One of the manifestations of the unavoidable treatment of organizations with the employees is retirement and its effect on the political culture and spiritual health of the individuals. Considering the control organization practice over all aspects of human life, the present study attempts to examine whether the Law Prohibiting the Employment of the Retired Persons has an instrumental view of human and what effect this law has on the political culture and spiritual health of the employees and their families.

Methods: The present study is qualitative, which was conducted using content analysis. The statistical population of the study included 246 employees of the Kharg Oil Base, out of whom 50 were selected by random sampling. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with the researchers. The interview questions were focused on the perceptions and feelings of the retired about this phenomenon and the effect of Law Prohibiting the Employment of Retired Persons on the political culture and their and their families’ spiritual health.

Results: The results of analysis revealed four main themes including the functions of retirement, instrumental view of the retired, the cultural position of old age, and the importance of spirituality in human development, and 16 subthemes.

Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that the Law Prohibiting the Employment of the Retired Persons causes mental crisis in the retired and this crisis endangers their spiritual health and that of their families and influences their political culture.

Please cite this article as: Omrani Gh, Malaekeh SH, Mirtorabi SS. The Instrumental View of the Retired by the Bureaucratic System and its Effect on their Political Culture and Spiritual Health: A Case Study of the Law Prohibiting the Employment of Retired Persons. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(3):107-121. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i3.27221

Background and Objective: In the age of globalization, all aspect of education, especially sex education, will undergo changes. There are many threats in the case of inappropriate use of the concepts related to sex education. Therefore, the goal of this study was to explore the main elements of sex education in the age of globalization with an emphasis on Islam to present a data-based model.

Methods: In this qualitative study, Grounded Theory method was used. Data were collected by studying the upstream documents and semi-structured interviews. The statistical population included 25 researchers in the field of education, who were selected using targeted snowball sampling method. The collected data were analyzed using Corbin and Strauss’ constant comparison method. In this study, all the ethical considerations have been observed and the authors reported no conflicts of interest.

Results: The findings of study in the framework of a conceptual model indicate that casual conditions (the need for sexual education), phenomenon (opportunities and threats of sex education in the age of globalization), contextual conditions (time, place and method of sex education), intervening conditions (social-cultural structures including incorrect beliefs, parents' attitudes, family structure), strategies (principles and Indicators of sex education from the viewpoint of Islam) and consequences (development of all interconnected aspects of education at individual and national levels) reflect the pattern of sexual education in the age of globalization.

Conclusion: Based on the presented model, the necessity of sex education, the socio-cultural structures dominant in the Iranian community, affect the phenomenon (opportunities and threats of sex education in globalization). Therefore, the plans presented in strategies should be based on the principles and indicators of sex education from the perspective of Islam to promote all interconnected aspects of education at individual and national levels.

Please cite this article as: Shirbaigy M, Esmaeili Z, Saeidipour B, Sarmadi MR. Designing a Model for Sex Education in the Age of Globalization with an Emphasis on Islam Using Grounded-Theory Method. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(3):122-138. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i3.24141

Background and Objective: Personality traits are one of the important variables in explaining behavior. Many behavioral psychologists have been motivated to produce a variety of theories about personality. On the other hand, a wide range of characteristics and their roles in humans^, performance have been classified and introduced. Matching these two view points can provide a more precise and useful viewpoint in this regard. The purpose of this study is compare the indicators of extroversion from the perspective of psychology and Islam.

Methods: This is a review study. For extracting and analyzing the indexes of extroversion, psychological books and sources and Islamic texts i.e. the Quran and the hadiths (statements from the Prophet and Imams) were used. Then, the indexes of extroversion were compared from the perspective of Islam and Islamic texts. The authors reported no conflict of interests.

Results: All the six indicators of extroversion in psychology can be found in Islamic texts as well, but in the latter, the concept and the criteria are more accurate and extensive than those in psychological texts. The indicators of extroversion in psychology have been merely based on behavioral and psychological factors while in Islam, there is a relational triangle between human, others and God, The purpose of psychology in explaining the indicators is individual and social well-being. But in Islam, in addition to this purpose, attention to each of the indicators provides the ground for eternal salvation.

Conclusion: Without taking the theoretical and virtual dimension into account, it is impossible to achieve an explicit meaning of the indicators of extroversion. Godliness paves the way for a desirable human relationship with others and Islam provides people with the opportunity to become more extroverted through practical measures and incentives.

Please cite this article as: Khalili R, Kohsari R, Sotodehasl N. A Comparative Analysis of Indicators of Extroversion from the Perspective of Psychology and Islamic Texts. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(3):139-156. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i3.23733

Background and Objective: One way of treating harmful mental pressures is to have faith in divine mercy. Many studies have been conducted on divine mercy and cognitive aspects of mental pressures; but there is no publication about the effect of faith in divine mercy from the perspective of the Quran on the reduction of cognitive aspects of mental pressures. The purpose of this study is to explain, analyze, and prove the effect of faith in divine mercy on the reduction of cognitive aspects of mental pressures from the perspective of the Quran.

Methods: The method used in this essay is document analysis and the keywords mental pressures, stress, anxiety, depression, fear, sadness, calmness, satisfaction, happiness, and their synonyms, antonyms, and English and Arabic equivalents were used. Also Islamic resources such as the Holy Quran, Nahj al-Balaghah, al-Sahifah al-Sajjadiyyah, Usoul Kafi, Al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an, Tasnim, Mizan al-hikmah, and Jami`al-Ahadith and Jami`al-Tafasir software were used. Psychological resources such as compilations of Albert Ellis and Carl Rogers (English and Persian), academic books, SAMT organization, and the Institute of Hawzah and academic books in the field of psychology, hygiene and mental health, counseling, therapy and psychopathology were also used. The authors of this article reported no conflict of interest.

Results: Wrong beliefs about the factors involved in calmness, happiness, and comfort and unreal, wrong, and necessary expectation toward oneself, people, and social and natural conditions are the most important cognitive aspects of harmful mental pressures. These beliefs and necessary expectations can be catastrophized if they are not fulfilled or are threatened or destroyed. This catastrophizing can cause severe or chronic fear, sadness, anger, diseases and mental, neurological, and physical disorders. Divine mercy means that God treats believers with special kindness on the basis of His mercy.

Conclusion: One way to prevent and reduce harmful mental disorders and pressures is to have faith in divine mercy.

Please cite this article as: Salimi S, Hajibabaeei HR, Rezazadeh-Asgari Z. The Effect of Faith in Divine Mercy on the Reduction of Cognitive Aspects of Mental Pressures from the Perspective of the Quran. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(3):157-169. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i3.23106