It happens quite often that a physician or health specialist faces force majeure conditions in which s/he does not know what to do; for instance, when s/he has two or more patients exposed to risk and s/he does not have the ability to treat both considering the facilities s/he has and the particular conditions s/he is faced with, or when a patient is exposed to two risks and the physician needs to deal with and avoid both risks. The question is “how can s/he handle both? At the same time, there is benefit in both force majeure conditions and both need expediency, but we are not aware of it. However, there must be a criterion for determining the priority for treatment of one patient over the other or a treatment priority for avoiding the serious risk over the non-serious one. We will discuss this issue in several phases to find an operational solution for determining the criterion for treatment priority.   

Background and Objective: The concept of life satisfaction has attracted increasing attention over the past two decades. Life satisfaction means having a favourable attitude toward one’s life as a whole. The aim of this study was to predict life satisfaction based on attitude and practical commitment to prayer in students of Farhangian University of Tabriz.

Methods: The research method used in the present study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all married female students of Tabriz Farhangian University، who were studying in the academic year 2020-2021. Using available sampling method, 101 of them were selected. Data were collected using the Questionnaire of Attitude and Practical Commitment to Prayer (Anisi et al.,) and the Life Satisfaction Scale of Diner et al. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Results: The results showed that attitude and practical commitment to prayer had a significant correlation with life satisfaction (r=0.632). The results of regression analysis also showed that the attitude and practical commitment to prayer predict life satisfaction (β=0.758). Also, among the variables, the effectiveness of prayer in individual and social life (β=0.414) and heart’s presence in prayer (β=0.338) significantly predicted life satisfaction.

Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be stated that attitude and practical commitment to prayer have a significant role in predicting life satisfaction.

Background and Objective: One of the most important issues to be considered is the role of endowments and charity affairs in meeting the cultural, sports, social and economic needs of the society. To what extent that endowment can be useful in solving the problems and flourishing of the country's sports, requires deeper examination of issues by experts particularly the experts in the field of sports.The purpose of this study was to present a model of the factors affecting the expansion of endowment in the field of sports.

Methods: The research is applied in terms of purpose and quantitative in terms of method. The statistical population included experts in this field and the Health Donors Association and the School-Building Donors Association, who were directly familiar with the challenges and ways of introducing donors into sports. The sampling method included non-probability sampling, with purposeful selection and with maximum 20 varieties or incongruity. Based on this, 360 participants were selected as the sample population. The research instrument included a questionnaire extracted from the previous studies and review of theoretical foundations, the validity of which was proved by 7 experts and its reliability was found based on Cronbach's alpha test to be at the desired level. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Results: Based on the results of confirmatory factor analysis, the factor loads of the constituent factors were higher than 0.4 and were approved. Also, the evaluation indicators of the totality of the structural equation model according to the desired range of these indicators, in general, indicate that the hypothetical model developed by the research data is supported. In other words, the fit of the data to the model is established and all indicators except for the Chi-square ratio to the degree of freedom, are indicative of the desirability of the measurement model of the donor entry model in sports.

Conclusion: The arrival of donors can be a good investment to build provincial sports facilities in all parts of the country so that all members of the society can use these places equally. With the aim of developing its various dimensions, this requires links with other institutions such as those in economy, health, education system at the level of governance and policy-making, to apply practical and appropriate models by learning about the sports policies.

Background and Objective: Clerics are respected people in the society and have a great impact on society's acceptance in various social aspects; a study aimed at surveying health culture from the view point of clerics focusing on human papillomavirus (HPV) diseases was conducted in 2018.

Methods: The current study was a survey study. A number of questions were developed on the subject and in-depth interviews were conducted with 26 clerics. In this study, all the ethical considerations have been observed and the authors declared no conflict of interests.

Results: The mean age of the study population was 44.6±14.9 years. All the participants were male. The majority of the respondents believed that the lack of cultural education programs was involved in the prevalence of papillomavirus infection and considered the role of cultural programs in raising public awareness related human papillomavirus as important. Modern communication technologies in daily life can be used to change the attitude of young people towards personal health. In the viewpoint of clergies, existence of a cultural problem in relation to the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases is a fundamental problem, the outcome of which is the spread of the disease due to the increasing level of secrecy in society.

Conclusion: Sexually transmitted diseases are a crucial problem and result in diseases in the society. Lack of cultural and educational programs will lead to the higher prevalence of papillomavirus infection. Cultural programs can be very effective in raising public awareness of the dangers of human papillomavirus. The influence of modern communication technologies in daily life could be used to change the attitude of young people toward health.

Background and Objective: Today, people spend a lot of time in the cyberspace and social networks. One of the common phenomena of this space is false self-presentation, which can have many consequences in the field of mental health for both the individual and other users. Identifying the effective factors in this phenomenon helps us in prevention. It seems that the effective factors in this field are self-esteem and secular attachment. So the purpose of this study was to examine the role of secular attachment in the field of mental health in cyberspace, which was examined in the form of a model.

Methods: The present study is correlational. The statistical population of the study included all male and female students of Shiraz University, out of whom a sample of 307 people was selected by available sampling method. They answered the questionnaires of false self-presentation, secular attachment and self-esteem. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Results: The results showed a good fit of the model. In other words, the results showed that self-esteem can predict false self-presentation through mediation of secular attachment.

Conclusion: It is suggested that researchers and therapists not neglect the role of cultural and religious variables. Parents and education activists should also pay special attention to fostering self-esteem during development.

Background and Objective: Sexual health is one of the main aspects of health that affect spouses at all stages of life. The present study was conducted to determine the role of spiritual well-being and circadian types in predicting sexual health of married women.

Methods: The study was based on a descriptive correlational method. Statistical population of the study consisted of all married women in Ardabil, Iran in 2020. 110 women were selected as the statistical sample using the purposive sampling method. For data collection, the spiritual well-being (developed by Daaleman, Frey), circadian types (developed by Horne, Ostberg) and sexual health (developed by Manavi Pour) questionnaires were used. Research data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression. In the present study, all the ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported no conflict of interests.

Results: The results showed a significant relationship between spiritual well-being (0.72) and circadian types (0.65) and sexual health in married women (P<0.05). Also, the results of multiple regression showed that spiritual well-being and circadian types can predict the sexual health of married women by 0.60 (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Married women's sexual health is predictable with spiritual well-being and circadian types. It is suggested that psychologists and health professionals pay more attention to the role of these variables in improving the sexual health of married women.

Background and Objective: Due to the emergence of a positive approach to mental health in recent years, psychological well-being as one of the factors in the growth of education has attracted the attention of researchers. In this respect, identification of the factors affecting it is essential. Considering the importance of psychological well-being and its related variables, the present study aimed to examine the relationship between moral intelligence and psychological well-being with the mediating role of moral reasoning and religious attitude.

Methods: The present study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study included high school principals in Ardabil, Iran, in 2020, out of whom 137 were selected by simple sampling method based on Morgan’s table and the ratio of men and women. To collect data, four questionnaires were used by Lenik and Kiel’s Moral Intelligence Questionnaire, Golriz and Braheni’s Religious Attitude, Manavipour’s Ethical Reasoning and Reef’s Psychological Welfare. Structural equation modeling method was used to analyze the data. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Results: Based on the results, the variables of moral hash, moral reasoning and religious attitude had a direct effect on psychological well-being. Also, moral intelligence had an indirect and significantly positive effect on psychological well-being mediated by moral reasoning and religious attitude.

Conclusion: According to the research results and considering the positive effect of moral intelligence on increasing the psychological well-being of school principals and the need of the society for healthy, vibrant and productive people, teaching moral intelligence to principals is of special importance. Also, considering the effective role of moral reasoning and religious attitudes in the psychological well-being of managers, special attention should be paid to religious attitudes and creative reasoning of managers.

Background and Objective: In recent decades, marital satisfaction and adjustment as the main issues in family life, have been widely focused on by researchers. The current study aimed to investigate the mediating role of spiritual tendencies in the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and marital adjustment.

Methods: This study is correlational and applied. The statistical population included the couples aged 20-60 who had been living together for at least two years and were still living together at the time of study. Out of them, 400 participants (200 male and 200 female) were selected using convenience sampling method. SC, CERQ and DAS were used as the research instruments. Structural equation modelling was used to analyze the data. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Results: The results showed that the model has a statistically acceptable fit index. The positive relationship between the variables shows that spiritual tendencies along side with cognitive emotion regulation predict marital adjustment. The mediating role of spiritual tendencies is explained by the significant relationship and correlation between positive emotion cognitive regulation with marital adjustment. Based on the model fit indices, the significance of all the paths related to the variable of marital adjustment is proved.

Conclusion: According to theory, cognitive emotional regulation focuses on couples’ emotions and creates an opportunity for cognitive processing (including cognitive processing in the face of anger and rage). This, in turn, improves couples’ relationships. Spiritual tendencies are a significant predictor of marital adjustment and marital satisfaction and enhance the quality of marital relationship.

Background and Objective: Infertility is one of the most important life crises that lead to psychological problems, stressful experiences and reduced quality of marital relationship. So the aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of spiritual experiences in the relationship between infertility stress and marital relationship quality of infertile women.

Methods: This was a descriptive-correlational study of structural equations type. From the statistical population of this study, which included all women referring to the Infertility Center of Birjand in 2020, a sample of 120 people was selected by convenience sampling method and they answered the infertility stress questionnaires of Newton et al, Underwood and Teresi spiritual experiences and the quality of the Rust et al.’s marital relationship. Structural modeling and partial least squares algorithm (PLS) were used for data analysis. All the ethical considerations were observed in the present study and the authors reported no conflict of interests.

Results: The results showed that the relationship between infertility stress and spiritual experiences and the relationship between spiritual experiences and the quality of marital relationship was inverse and significant, but the relationship between infertility stress and the quality of marital relationship was direct and significant (P<0.01). The results further showed that spiritual experiences have a mediating role in the relationship between infertility stress and the quality of marital life in infertile women (P=0.01).

Conclusion: Considering the role of spiritual experiences in the relationship between infertility stress and the quality of infertile women's marital relationship, it is essential for health system officials and managers to pay attention to the role of effective factors in increasing the quality of infertile women's marital relationship.

Background and Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common debilitating disease in adults. It occurs due to the inflammatory process of demyelination of the central nervous system and has a great impact on the quality of life of these patients. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the impact of training positive thinking skills with emphasis on the Quran and Islamic teachings on psychological hardiness, self-compassion and body image dissatisfaction in patients with MS.

Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test and control group design and a follow-up stage. Out of the patients with MS who referred to Milad Hospital in Tehran during 2020, 40 were selected by available sampling method, and were randomly divided into experimental (n=20) and control (n=20) groups. Data were collected using a checklist of demographic information and Multidimentional Body-Self Relation Questionnaire, Short form of the Self-compassion Scale and Ahvaz Psychological Hardiness Questionnaire. In the experimental group, the training of positive thinking skills with emphasis on the Qur'an was performed in 10 sessions (two 1-hour sessions per week). After the training, the groups were retested. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Results: The results showed that the educational intervention of positive thinking combined with Islamic teachings had a positive and significant effect on increasing the psychological hardiness and self-compassion of the experimental group in the post-test stage. There was a significant difference between the two groups in the mean scores related to body image on the post-test (P<0.05). This effectiveness was also maintained during the follow-up period.

Conclusion: The results of this study showed that a positive thinking educational intervention combined with Islamic teachings can be effective in improving the psychological status of people with MS, and researchers and therapists can use this approach to improve health-promoting behaviors in MS patients.

Background and Objective: Due to its progressive nature in all aspects of life, addiction endangers the health of individuals and its adverse effects on the cognitive, behavioral, emotional and spiritual health of the individual can be clearly seen. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of problem-oriented (solution–focused) therapy on the spiritual, cognitive, Behavioral and emotional dimensions of the psychological health of addicts.

Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population included all the addicts who referred to addiction treatment centers in the third district of Tehran in the first six months of 2021 (no=420), who were among the qualified people who volunteered to participate in the study. Out of them, 40 participants were selected using available sampling method and were assigned to the experimental group and control groups. The data collection instruments included a researcher-made questionnaire on mental health. Solution-oriented treatment sessions were held in eight sessions for the experimental group over two months, but the control group was on the waiting list. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference in the spiritual, cognitive, behavioral and emotional dimensions of addicts' psychological health in the experimental group compared to the control group (P<0.01).

Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be stated that solution-oriented treatment improved the dimensions of psychological health (spiritual, cognitive, behavioral and emotional) of addicts, so it can be used as an intervention to promote the mental health of addicts.

Background and Objective: Some theorists consider the teachings of religions to be the main cause of environmental crises. For example, Keith Thomas refers to some verses of the Holy Qur'an and considers them to be the cause of various environmental damages. The main purpose of this research is to critically examine the views of Keith Thomas. In this critical study, an attempt has been made to use the doctrinal-theological propositions of the Holy Qur'an with a qualitative approach.

Methods: This qualitative study was conducted with a content analysis approach to critique the perspectives of Keith Thomas. In this study, data were collected using in-depth interviews with 18 experts. In the first stage, each of the experts who specialized in this issue was interviewed and after recording and analysis, the research was written. The author reported no conflict of interests in this study.

Results: The research findings indicate that each of the interviewed experts criticized Keith Thomas based on the Quranic teachings.  According to them, Keith Thomas has not been able to properly and correctly understand the exact meanings of "divine caliphate on earth", "human nobility among creatures" and "human ownership and freedom".

Conclusion: According to what is used in the doctrinal teachings of the Holy Qur'an, Keith Thomas did not gain an understanding of the relationship between Islam and the environment. There are various guidelines in the Holy Qur'an such as "responsibility", "justice", "right will and authority", "consciousness of creatures" and "unity of existence", the application of which will lead to greater protection and prosperity of the environment. Given that no writing has been observed on this issue, the study has addressed a new issue.

Background and Objective: So far, no independent study has been conducted on the beauty and aesthetic aspects of the Qur'an. Considering the gap in the theoretical foundations of the experimental researchers about the recitation of and listening to the Qur'anic verses, the present study attempted to present and introduce a particular method to be used in the interdisciplinary studies and experiments with a focus on the art and beauties of the Holy Qur'an. 

Methods: The present study used a combination of content analysis and interpretation methods for analyzing some of the verses of chapter ‘Insan’ of the Qur'an. This study is library-based analytical. Accordingly, the required data were collected using different sources including books and articles and after aesthetic analysis and comparison of the similar texts, the textual and content beauty and delicacy was examined. Depending on the topic being discussed, the text-to-text or inter-textual method was used for data analysis and the expression and novelty techniques and old and new discussions were also drawn on for analysis. In the present article, an attempt was made to show a small part of the structural and literal beauty of Chapter ‘Insan’ under three subcategories of ‘syntax, ‘eloquence’ and ‘geometry’. The authors reported no conflict of interests in this study.

Results: The results of analysis show that the modern experimental methods can be used for theoretical expansion of the central core of religion, i.e. the Holy Book and the Prophet’s tradition, in the framework of and using Islamic sciences to avoid the liberal and extremist approaches. By aesthetic examination of the Qur'an particularly its geometric beauties, the developmental trend of human being in different aspects including training, education, research and guidance can be understood based on the Qur'an. 

Conclusion: Finally, by examining the aesthetic elements of the chapter ‘Insan’, the position of Islamic sciences in relation to art therapy was clarified.

Background and Objective: One of the important components of social capital is the existence of trust among members of society because it reduces the cost of social actions and interactions and increases cohesion and solidarity. Various factors affect the frequency of trust in a society, the most important of which is the institutionalization of social moral virtues in that society. The purpose of this study is to analyze and explain the effectiveness of social ethics in increasing trust in the society.  

Methods: In this study, the data were collected using a library-based method from the Holy Qur'an, and other highly renowned works on ethics including Jame al-Sa'adah, Meraj al-Sa'adah, Mohjat al-Bayza fi Tahzib al-Ahya, Ihya Ulum al-Din, Tahzib al-Akhlagh va Tathir al-A'ragh and especially Tafsir al-Mizan, as well as important hadith books, and then the issue was described and analyzed based on the data. The authors reported no conflict of interests.

Results: The findings indicate that all the virtues of social ethics play a role in increasing social trust, but some, such as honesty, trustworthiness, justice, faithfulness to the covenant, and good faith, are more important.

Conclusion: The emergence and continuation of social trust as a part of the society's social capital requires the moral health of the society and the strengthening and institutionalization of social morality among members of the society.