Self-care includes acquired, conscious and purposeful actions people take for themselves, their children and family to stay healthy, protect their physical, mental and social health, prevent diseases, manage chronic diseases, and ensure their health after discharge from hospital

Please cite this article as: Ghanbari Sh, Bahadorimonfared A. Self-care from the Perspective of Islam. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(2):1-6. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i2.29917

Background and Objective: Severe pain and post-surgical anxiety cause unpleasant psychological and physical complications. Today, the common method used for relieving pain and anxiety is the use of medication. However, due to the side effects associated with anesthetics, there is a greater desire for a non-drug method including music therapy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Adhan on anxiety and pain in patients undergoing caesarean section by spinal anesthesia.

Methods: In a clinical trial study, 64 women, who were candidates for caesarean section in Mahdieh hospital in Tehran from 2016 to 2017, were selected for the purpose of the study by random sampling method and assigned to two groups of 32, one as the experimental and the other as the control group. Adhan was played for one group but not for the control group. Data were collected using a questionnaire and pain visual analogue. The collected data were analyzed using independent samples t-test. In this study, the value (P<0.05) was considered statistically significant. In this study, all the ethical considerations have been observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Results: One hour after operation, the mean score related to anxiety was found to be significantly lower in the experimental group than the control group (P<0.001). Pain mean score in the baseline time was not significantly different (P=0.20), but 15 minutes (P<0.001), 30 minutes (P=0.006) and 60 minutes (P=0.04) after the operation it was significantly lower in the experimental group than the control group.

Conclusion: In the present study, the tone of Adhan could efficiently decrease anxiety and pain.

Please cite this article as: Naeiji Z, Lorestani Kh, Baghestani AR. Investigating the Effect of Adhan on Anxiety and Pain Level in Patients after Cesarean Operation by Spinal Anesthesia: A Prospective Clinical Trial Study. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(2):7-19.  https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i2.23471

Background and Objective: University students are the intellectual human resources of any society and they are the prospects of their country. Paying attention to their mental, spiritual, social, cultural and physical health will provide the ground for realization of a dynamic and healthy life in the future. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of self-monitoring training using the Islamic contemplation approach on self-restraint among female students of Tehran University.

Methods: This study adopted a quasi-experimental pretest and posttest control group design. The statistical population consisted of all students of University of Tehran who were studying in the educational year 2017. A sample of 30 female students from Tehran University was selected using available sampling method. They were randomly assigned to two experimental (15) and a control group (15). Participants in the experimental group received an Islamic-contemplation self-monitoring training program in eight (one-and-a-half-hour) sessions. A self-restraint questionnaire Gatfordson and Hirschi was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis. In this study, all the ethical considerations have been observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Results: The results showed that the female students in the experimental group had significantly higher self-control scores than the control group on the post-test and the hypothesis of the study concerning the effectiveness of self-monitoring training by Islamic contemplation approach on self-restraint of Tehran University students was confirmed (P>0/01).

Conclusion: Based on the findings, group religious-spiritual intervention had a positive effect on the internal and self-control power of female students, and this intervention could be used to improve the psychological resources in increasing students’ self-restraint.

Please cite this article as: Nosrati F, Jafari-Ardi S, Ghobari-Bonab B. Effectiveness of Self-monitoring Training by Islamic Contemplation Approach on Self-restraint among Female Students of Tehran University. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(2):20-36. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i2.22988

Background and Objective: Several empirical studies reported links between religion, spirituality, and post-traumatic growth. Post-traumatic growth has been reported after traumatic events such as medical conditions (such cancer or HIV). The purpose of the present study was to predict posttraumatic growth based on material attachment and its components in married patients with blood cancer.

Methods: The statistical population included all the patients who referred to both inpatients and outpatients’ centers in Namazi hospital and Motahhari clinic in Shiraz, Iran, in 2018. 124 patients were selected from the sample population using convenient sampling method. The measures used included Posttraumatic Growth Inventory and Material Attachment Inventory. Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used for analyzing the data. In this study, all the ethical considerations have been observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Results: The findings showed that material attachment could predict posttraumatic growth negatively (P<0.05). In addition, among the material attachment questionnaire components, "attachment to the present condition" could more strongly predict posttraumatic growth.

Conclusion: It is concluded that the strategies that distance the patients with blood cancer from all material attachments and attachment to the present condition can facilitate posttraumatic growth.

Please cite this article as: Mousavi SZ, Goodarzi MA, Taghavi SMR. Prediction of Post Traumatic Growth based on Secular Attachment and its Components in Married Patients with Blood Cancer. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(2):37-48. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i2.22556

Background and Objective: Parents getting divorced is a stressful situation for the children that may expose them to many psychological problems. However, spiritual intervention can lead to adaptability, improved interpersonal relationships and, finally, empowerment of female children of divorce. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of group counseling model based on spirituality on the development of positive relations with others and self-acceptance in girls of divorce.

Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study involving two groups. The sample population included all girls whose parents had got divorced and were school students in Karaj, Iran, in the educational year 2017-2018. Out of the sample population, a total 20 girls were selected via accessible sampling method. Ten girls were assigned to the experimental and 10 to the control group. The experimental group received the treatment in eight (two-hour) sessions while the control group received no treatment. Immediately after the last treatment session, posttests were administered to the participants. Ryff’s Psychological Wellbeing Questionnaire was applied for collecting data. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and MANCOVA. In this study, all the ethical considerations have been observed and the authors reported no conflict of interest.

Results: The results showed that group counseling model based on spirituality had a significant effect on the development of positive relationships with others and self-acceptance in girls of divorce (P<0.05).

Conclusion: According to the findings, it seems that spiritual intervention is effective in increased positive relations with others and self-acceptance in girls after their parents’ divorce. Therefore, practical measures can be taken through group counseling based on spirituality to improve and promote their psychological wellbeing.

Please cite this article as: Safara M, Khanbabaee M, Khanbabaee M. The Effect of Group Counseling Based on Spirituality on the Development of Positive Relations with Others and Self-acceptance in Girls of Divorced Families: An Experimental Study. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(2):49-61. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i2.23051

Background and Objective: Because of The progressive nature of addiction in all aspects of life, it influences the health of society individuals and produces adverse effects on psychological, physical, social, emotional, spiritual and cognitive health. The aim of this study is to predict the tendency toward addiction and drug-related disorders in students of Kermanshah on the basis of religious attitude and quality of life.

Methods: The study is descriptive-cross-sectional and correlational. The sample population consisted of all undergraduate students studying in Kermanshah Payame-Noor University in 2016. By simple random sampling, 300 students were selected. The participants completed RAQ, WHOQL-26, and YRBS. Descriptive statistics, regression and Pearson correlation coefficients were used for data analysis. In this study, all the ethical considerations have been observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Results: Results showed that low scores in religious attitudes and quality of life has a significant inverse relationship with a predisposition to addiction (P<0.05). Also, the results of regression analysis showed that these two variables explained 59% of the variance in students’ predisposition to addiction.

Conclusion: Students with poor quality of life and lower religious attitudes are prone to addiction. Therefore, university authorities need to emphasize these psychological and religious structures in educational and preventive programs.

Please cite this article as: Namazi S. The Prediction of Attitude toward Addition and Drug-Related Disorders in Students in Kermanshah Based on the Role of Religious Attitude and Quality of Life. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(2):62-72. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i2.21264

Background and Objective: Spiritual health is a basic dimension of well-being and overall health that coordinates other aspects of health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of spiritual leadership on spiritual health with mediation of organizational support.

Methods: This study is an applied and correlational research based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population included the primary school teachers of Mirjaveh out of whom 215 teachers were selected by stratified random sampling method. Three questionnaires including spiritual leadership, spiritual health and organizational support were used for data collection. For data analysis the Pearson correlation coefficient was used. In this study, all the ethical considerations have been observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Results: The mean scored for spiritual health, spiritual leadership and organizational support was 215.22±18.65, 122.03±17.92 and 49.71±11.56, respectively. There was a significant correlation between spiritual leadership and spiritual health (r=0.228, P<0.01), spiritual leadership and organizational support (r=0.257, P<0.01), and organizational support and spiritual health (r=0.241, P<0.01). The direct effect of spiritual leadership on spiritual health (β=0.41, t=4.72), direct effect of spiritual leadership on organizational support (β=0.29, t=3.02) and direct effect of organizational support on spiritual health (β=0.23, t=2.68) was found to be significant. The indirect effect of spiritual leadership on spiritual health was also significant with the mediating role of organizational support (β=0.0667).

Conclusion: Therefore, managers of organizations can improve the spiritual health of employees by employing a spiritual leadership style and organizational support.

Please cite this article as: Ramroudi M, Nastiezaie N. The Effect of Spiritual Leadership on Spiritual Health as Mediated by Organizational Support. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(2):73-86. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i2.24178

Background and Objective: Since marital conflicts have numerous destructive effects on the family and mental and even physical health of the people in community, it is necessary to know the factors that affect it. Therefore, the present study was an attempt to investigate the relationship of forgiveness and intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation with marital conflicts.

Methods: This study is correlational and the statistical population consists of married teachers with children from Qom, who were taking part in an in-service training program in the summer of 2016. Out of them, 224 participants were selected based on Morgan’s table by simple random sampling. The participants were evaluated using Alport’s religious orientation, Rye’s forgiveness and Barati and Sanaei’s marital conflict questionnaires. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation test and multiple regression with backward method. In this study, all the ethical considerations have been observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Results: The results showed that marital conflicts had a significantly negative relationship with forgiveness and intrinsic religious orientation. There was no significant relationship, however, between marital conflicts and extrinsic religious orientation.

Conclusion: Based the findings, it can be concluded that paying attention to the couple’s religious orientation and teaching forgiveness skills will play an important role in reducing marital conflicts.

Please cite this article as: Zarei M, Nazari AM, Zahrakar K. Investigating the Relationship of Forgiveness and Religious Orientation to Marital Conflict. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(2):87-99. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i2.23602

Background and Objective: The results of some recent studies suggest that spiritual well-being is related to physical health of individuals. The purpose of this study was to compare depression and spiritual well-being in patients with chronic pain and healthy people.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study. The target population in this study included the patients with chronic pain and healthy individuals in Shiraz in the period 2017-2018. The total number of participants was 600, 300 with chronic pain and 300 healthy individuals, who were selected using available sampling and cluster sampling methods, respectively. The participants completed the Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire of Paloutzian and Ellison was and the Patient Health Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to describe demographic variables. To compare demographic characteristics, t-test and chi-square were used. Also, to compare the symptoms of depression and spiritual well-being in the patients with chronic pain and healthy participants, t-test was used. In this study, all the ethical considerations have been observed and the authors reported no conflict of interest.

Results: No significant differences were found between the healthy participants and the chronic pain patients regarding demographic variables. Based on the results of t-test, depression was significantly higher in patients with chronic pain (9.97±6.30) compared to the healthy group (8.67±5.09) (P<0.006). Also, the results of t-test showed that spiritual well-being (73.78±12.10) was significantly lower in the patients with chronic pain than the healthy participants (87.14±15.03) (P<0.000).

Conclusion: According to the results, people with chronic pain had lower levels of spiritual well-being and higher levels of depression than the healthy people. Therefore, it seems that performing psycho-spiritual interventions to reduce depression and promote the level of spiritual well-being of the community is an important step in preventing pain or reducing the severity of pain in patients with chronic pain.

Please cite this article as: Shaygan M, Mozafari M, Zahedian-Nasab N, Shayegan L, Bagheri S. Comparison of Depression and Spiritual Well-being in Chronic Pain Patients and Healthy Control Group. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(2):100-114. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i2.23258

Background and Objective: The structure of some families provides conditions for violence against women. Violence threatens the health and security of the family. The purpose of this study was to predict marital forgiveness based on emotional regulation, attachment to God, and religion-based coping strategies in women with experience of family violence.

Methods: This is a descriptive and correlational study. The statistical population included all women referring to counseling and psychotherapy centers in Tehran in 2018. A total of 300 people were selected by simple random sampling. The research instruments included marital forgiveness scale, cognitive-emotional adjustment scale, attachment to God's scale, and religious coping scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation coefficient and regression analysis. In this study, all the ethical considerations have been observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Results: The results of the present study showed that emotional adjustment variables (P<0.05, r=0.61), attachment to God (P<0.05, r=0.48), and religion-based coping strategies (P<0.05, r=0.52) have a significant correlation with marital forgiveness in women experiencing domestic violence and can significantly predict 41.8 percent of the variance in marital forgiveness in these women (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that religion-based coping strategy, safe attachment to God, and adjustment of excitement affect the level of marital forgiveness. Therefore, in the plans developed by the authorities, there is a need to familiarize women experiencing domestic violence with Islamic-spiritual structures and emotional management.

Please cite this article as: Akhondi M, Moradinasab M, Boloorsaz-Mashhadi H, Ehsanpour F, Poraghaiee S. The Prediction of Marital Forgiveness based on Emotional Regulation, Attachment to God and Religion-based Coping Strategy in Women with Domestic Violence Experience. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(2):115-128. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i2.22964

Background and Objective: The structure of some families provides conditions for violence against women. Violence threatens the health and security of the family. The purpose of this study was to predict marital forgiveness based on emotional regulation, attachment to God, and religion-based coping strategies in women with experience of family violence.

Methods: This is a descriptive and correlational study. The statistical population included all women referring to counseling and psychotherapy centers in Tehran in 2018. A total of 300 people were selected by simple random sampling. The research instruments included marital forgiveness scale, cognitive-emotional adjustment scale, attachment to God's scale, and religious coping scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation coefficient and regression analysis. In this study, all the ethical considerations have been observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Results: The results of the present study showed that emotional adjustment variables (P<0.05, r=0.61), attachment to God (P<0.05, r=0.48), and religion-based coping strategies (P<0.05, r=0.52) have a significant correlation with marital forgiveness in women experiencing domestic violence and can significantly predict 41.8 percent of the variance in marital forgiveness in these women (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that religion-based coping strategy, safe attachment to God, and adjustment of excitement affect the level of marital forgiveness. Therefore, in the plans developed by the authorities, there is a need to familiarize women experiencing domestic violence with Islamic-spiritual structures and emotional management.

Please cite this article as: Akhondi M, Moradinasab M, Boloorsaz-Mashhadi H, Ehsanpour F, Poraghaiee S. The Prediction of Marital Forgiveness based on Emotional Regulation, Attachment to God and Religion-based Coping Strategy in Women with Domestic Violence Experience. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(2):115-128. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i2.22964

Background and Objective: Considering the increase in the elderly population of the country, it is essential to pay attention to different aspects of their health including their spiritual health and the factors affecting it. The present study is an attempt to achieve a comprehensive outlook of the status of spiritual health in the Iranian elderly and the influential factors in this regard.

Methods: This is a systematic review and search. At the end of July, 2019, English and Persian articles were searched and read on the PubMed, Google Scholar, Iranian journals database, Jahad Daneshgahi Database Center, and Noormags using the keywords ‘elderly’, ‘spiritual well-being’, ‘elderly’, ‘older people’, ‘older adult’, ‘aged’, ‘senior’, ‘Iran’, and ‘spiritual health’. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 34 related articles were included in the study. The authors reported no conflicts of interest in the present study.

Results: Out of the articles included in the study, 17 articles had examined the relationship between spiritual health and psychological factors, seven studies had described the status of spiritual health, four had examined the relationship between spiritual health and the quality of life and three studies had studied the relationship between successful old age, prayers and blood sugar control. Three studies were interventional examining the effect of telling memories, spiritual care and spiritual intervention on spiritual health of the elderly. Furthermore, in more than 90% of the studies, Palotzin and Ellison’s Spiritual Health questionnaire had been used for assessing spiritual health and in most of the studies the spiritual health score has been evaluated as medium.

Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be stated that promoting spiritual health in the elderly can be effective in improving their mental health, quality of life and sense of satisfaction in life. The results related to the relationship between demographic features and spiritual health were paradoxical in some cases. Therefore, there is a need to develop and use a more appropriate instrument well-suited to this age group and the Iranian-Islamic culture for evaluating and assessing spiritual health in the elderly.

Please cite this article as: Kashanimovahhed B, Hosseinian-Sarajehloo F, Bahrami AR, Shokri-Khoubestani M, Abdoljabari M. Spiritual Health in the Iranian Elderly: A Systematic Review. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(2):129-147. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i2.26870

Background and Objective: Considering the fact that few domestic and international studies have examined the role of spirituality in mental health and tendency to addition, the present study attempted to explain the role of Quranic education methods in three areas including deterrence, support, and supervision.

Methods: This study is descriptive-analytical and draws on verses from the Quran and interpretations of the Quran based on the verses related to the topic of investigation. The authors declared no conflict of interest.

Results: The results pointed to a meaningful relationship of mental health and tendency to addiction with spirituality. This result confirms consistency of medicine with Quranic orders.

Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be stated that spirituality can explain and predict mental health and tendency to addiction. Drawing on the religious orders, a purposeful order and organization can be given to life to reduce tendency to addiction. These methods concern drug users, their family, and the community and ensure strong ethical commitments.

Please cite this article as: Nasimi SA, Kohsari R, Keramati M, Taban J. The Role of Quranic Education Methods in Mental Health and Tendency to Addiction in Three Areas of Deterrence, Support and Supervision. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(2):148-164. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i2.20260

Background and Objective: Developing civilization processes and systems based on the Qur'anic principles is one of the major issues in the field of epistemics and management in the Islamic community. Nutrition is one of the most vital processes in life and, based on Islamic principles, it plays a key role in securing the religion and world for human. From the perspective of Islamic ideology, nutrition affects the body, thought and faith of humans, although foods do not have the same appearance. God has set the highest standard of quality for human food.

Methods: This is an qualitative content analysis study based on Quranic verses relying on the interpretations as an ignored aspect of nutrition. To analyze the word Tayyib, first, its meaning was investigated in lexicographers’ studies, and from the sum of their opinions, we came to a comprehensive and obstructive meaning. In order to achieve the standard of Tayyib food, the word Tayyib was analyzed in the Holy Qur'an and semantically examined. Using semantic network design, its semantic core was extracted and, based on it, the indicators of Tayyib food were determined. The authors declared no conflict of interest.

Results: Tayyib food is a pure and developmental food that is perfectly in harmony with the body. Also, it is pleasing, clean, tasty and in good condition, and has a beneficial effect. Furthermore, it is non-harmful to the soul and body. Halal food, on the other hand, is anything that is not forbidden and Tayyib is used to mean something which is in harmony with human spirit as against Khabith, which human spirit hates. Conceptually, Tayyib food refers to good, useful, healthy, non-harmful, halal, clean food that is in harmony with human spirit and without any contamination within or in appearance. It refers to a food with complete nutritional values.

Conclusion: Tayyib food indices are used as the main elements of a comprehensive and process standard for the entire food cycle from production to consumption. It is considered as a quality standard for optimizing food processes.

Please cite this article as: Zamani H, Naji-Tabasi S, Afkhami-Rouhani H, Ahmadzadeh SM, Shahidi-Noghabi M. Conceptual Explanation of the Food Produciton Cycle Based on Tayyib Food Indices in the Holy Quran. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(2):165-179. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i2.21463

Following the spread of Covid-19, experts in the health sector recognized this virus as a threat to health and human life and announced specialized measures and issued orders for handling this virus. Setting these new rules involves all realms including religion and follows certain limitations in this respect. Besides, the problem of religion following the field of health is not a concern because it is not a religious expert’s duty to determine where the religious decrees are applicable and specify and set real-life examples for them as health experts might do this better. In the case of Covid-19, specifying the conditions of protection and preservation of life is the responsibility of the health sector.

Please cite this article as: Soleymani S, Farhadzadeh AM. The Consistency between Health Fields and Religion in their Approach to Covid-19. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(2):180-186. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i2.30275