Akhlāq-i zīstī i.e., Bioethics Journal

Background and Aim: The formation of environmental rights has been in response to some of the ethical-philosophical crises of the modern era. The main question is what are the ethical challenges of environmental law in the modern era? This article attempts to analyze and evaluate some ethical challenges of the modern era in relation to environmental law.

Materials and Methods: This study analyzes and evaluates the above problem using analytical-descriptive method and library resources and other available resources. The methodological approach of this paper, in addition to describing the existing situation (dogmatism), is based on a systematic approach (critique of the adequacy and usefulness of the environmental legal and ethical system).

Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Findings: Four categories of ethical challenges are briefly analyzed: 1. These four challenges contain the human-centered (Anthropocentrism) or self-centered challenge; 2. Environmental dualism; 3. Utilitarianism and originality of profit; 4. The instrumental value of nature. Finally the need for ethical attention to environmental law and a new ethics called the "Earth Ethics" has been defended. The basic presumption of this article is based on the belief that the moral foundations of modernity in relation to the exploitation of the environment and natural resources need serious revision.

Conclusion: There are four ethical challenges in the environmental law system. To achieve its ultimate goals, this science needs to pay attention to these principles, especially in enacting environmental laws and regulations.

Cite this article as: Mashhadi A. Reflection on ethical Challenges of Modernity and its Relation to Environmental Law. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e1.

Background and Aim: With the advent of new technologies, especially the Internet in organizations, the scope of employee interactions with the Internet has become much wider. Despite the many advantages of this technology, it has also had negative consequences, one of which is the negative consequences of evasion on the virtual. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of professional ethics in predicting the level of virtual evasion; It is mediated by organizational identity.

Materials and Methods: This study was performed by descriptive-correlation method and by structural equation modeling (SEM) modeling test. The statistical population of the study consisted of all employees of Mohaghegh Ardabili University, of which 196 people were selected using random sampling method. The research instruments included the Cadozir Professional Ethics Questionnaire (2000), the Van Doorn Cyber-loafing Questionnaire (2011) and the Cheney Organizational Identity Questionnaire (1983). The data were analyzed using structural equation method using Spss 25 and Smart-PLS software.

Ethical Considerations: In compiling this study, preserving the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness were observed and the participants answered the questionnaires with the knowledge of the objectives of the research.

Findings: The results showed that each of the variables of professional ethics and organizational identity have a reversible and significant effect on virtual evasion. Also, the direct effect of professional ethics on organizational identity with a value of t higher than 1.96 and p-value less than 0.005 was statistically significant. In addition, organizational identity was able to enter the model as a mediating role in the relationship between professional ethics and employee avoidance. Finally, the structural model of the research after correction had the desired fit with the experimental data of the research.

Conclusion: Considering the role of organizational identity on Cyber-loafing, it is necessary to make more efforts in organizations to promote organizational identity and identify the destructive and negative effects of professional ethics and teach them to correct it.

Cite this article as: Zahed Babalan A, Toosi  D, Mohammadzadeh R, Kazemi S. The Impact of Professional Ethics in Predicting the Cyber-loafing Mediated by Organizational Identity. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e2.

Background and Aim: With the advent of positive psychology, human capabilities and abilities has been the focus of psychology researchers. This research has been done for evaluation of the effectiveness of spiritual happiness training (based on Quran) on psychological capital & time perspective at Hazrat-e Masoumeh University students in Qom city.

Materials and Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study was all students of Hazrat Masoumeh University in 2019. A total of 30 volunteer students were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (each with 15 members). In the test group, spiritual happiness training (based on the Quran) was performed for eight sessions (90 minutes each session), but the control group did not receive any intervention. In this research, Psychological capital questionnaire (Luthans, 2006) and Time Perspective questionnaire (Zimbardo & Bouyd, 2006) were used for data gathering. Descriptive indicators and analysis of Covariance were used for analyze the data with using SPSS 21 software.

Ethical Considerations: The objectives of the study were explained to the participants and their oral verbal satisfaction was obtained.

Findings: The results showed that there is a significant difference between the post-test mean of the test and control groups in the variable of psychological capital (123±11/237) and positive past (23/733±6/963), negative past (7/065±18/266), pleasure present (36/533±4/983), fatalistic present (9/80±3/405) & Future (4/66±2/093) (P<0/000).

Conclusion: Spiritual happiness training )based on the Quran( is effective in increasing psychological capital and moderating students' time perspective.

Cite this article as: Malekiha M, Olyanasab SZ. The Survey on Effectiveness of Spiritual Happiness Training (Based on Quran) on Psychological Capital & Time Perspective at University Students. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e3.

Background and Aim: The principals of educational centers have an important role in advancing the goals of educational systems. Therefore, identifying the ethical components of school principals is an essential necessity in the educational system. The purpose of this study is to investigate the components of managers' professional ethics.

Materials and Methods: The approach of the present study is qualitative and its method is synthesis, based on the model of Roberts et al. (2007). The research population consists of 247 articles which are published about the components of managers' professional ethics during the 2000-2020. The research sample consists of 37 articles that were purposefully collected and data were chosen based on thematic monitoring. Research data were collected from qualitative analysis of the studied documents.

Ethical Considerations: All the requirements of research ethics have been considered in the monitoring of synthesized articles.

Findings: Based on the analysis of data, the components of managers' professional ethics were classified into 4 dimensions and factors. These dimensions include individual dimension (including factors; personality traits, perceptual skills and religious commitment), organizational dimension (including factors; interactions, organizational ethics, commitment, physical management, professional expertise, rules and regulations, Human resources management, research-oriented, principled decision-making and professional development), socio-cultural dimension (including factors; socio-cultural insight and socio-cultural responsibility) and political-economic dimension (including factors; political insight and economic management).

Conclusion: The components of professional ethics of school principals are organized in four dimensions: individual, organizational, socio-cultural and political-economic. The Ministry of Education can provide the best possible implementation of these components by holding in-service courses and drafting a code of ethics for school principals.

Cite this article as: Haji Mohammadi M, Pourshafei H, Zirak M, Momeni Mahmouei H. Components of Professional Ethics for School Principals: Research Synthesis Based on the Roberts’s Model. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e4.

Background and Aim: Diabetes disrupts the flow of life and affects the quality of life and psychological well-being of people in different dimensions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral training on spiritual intelligence and psychological well-being of diabetic patients in Birjand.  

Materials and Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test-post-test, which has done in 2018. The target population included all patients with type 2 diabetes who had referred to Dr. Shayesteh clinic in Birjand, of whom 30 were accessible selected and randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Inclusion criteria were confirmation of diabetes by physician and age. Ryff Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (1989) and King's Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire (2008), were used to collect data. Data analysis, was performed by using Analysis of Covariance and SPSS 18 statistical software. 

Ethical Considerations: Before the beginning of the sessions, the participants were informed about the subject and method of conducting the sessions and so their informed and verbal consent was obtained.

Findings: Mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral training has an impact on spiritual intelligence. (F=4.81, P=0.037)  In addition, mindfulness-based behavioral cognition training significantly increased the average psychological well-being of diabetic patients. (F=17.686, P=0.001)

Conclusion: The results showed that mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral training has an impact on spiritual intelligence and psychological well-being of diabetic patients. Therefore, it is recommended to include mindfulness training in the educational programs of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Cite this article as: Khakpour H, Khazaee M, Khazaee M, Arabshahi Moghaddam AM. The Effect of Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Spiritual Intelligence and Psychological Well-Being of People with Type 2 Diabetes. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e5.

Background and Aim: Educational organizations, which are the main pillar of education systems of societies, have been considered by organizational theorists due to their breadth and place in the growth and development of these societies. The purpose of this study was Structural Analysis of the relationship between organizational trauma and organizational innovation by mediating organizational ethics.

Materials and Methods: This study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of data collection. The population universe of this research included 630 people the employees of Urmia University, That 230 person of them were selected through random sampling. The data required by using three standard questionnaires organizational trauma Vivian and Horman (2015), organizational ethics Victor and Cullen (1988) and organizational innovation Ismail et al (2002) were collected and by using statistical analysis of structural equation modeling with the method of partial least squares (PLS) for the research hypothesis were analyzed. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through content and convergent validity and reliability of the questionnaires through Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability.

Ethical Considerations: In this research, all the sources used are based on the principles of research ethics and the intellectual property rights of authors and participants in the research process have been observed.

Findings: Findings showed that organizational trauma has an effect of -0.33 on organizational ethics and -0.56 on organizational innovation. Organizational ethics has an effect on organizational innovation by 0.57. Organizational trauma also affects organizational innovation by mediating role of organizational ethics.

Conclusion: Based on the research results, the orientation of organizational trauma and organizational ethics can provide the basis for reducing and promoting organizational innovation. Therefore, in order to improve the situation of organizational innovation, university administrators are recommended to pay special attention to reducing organizational trauma and improving the capacity of organizational ethics of employees.

Please cite this article as: Galavandi H, Ashrafi Salimkandi F, Darvishi Z, Yosefzadeh B. Structural Analysis of the Relationship between Organizational Trauma and Organizational Innovation by Mediating Organizational Ethics. Majale Akhlaq-i zisti (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021;11(36): e6.

Background and Aim: Banks provide various services to different kinds of customers in many ways and the existence of an electronic platform makes these services more effective. This study examines the category of electronic services to understand vulnerable people and identify factors affecting their understanding of the quality of electronic services and the consequences of those services through the lens of ethics.

Materials and Methods: This research uses an exploratory sequential mixed approach. In the qualitative section, hermeneutic phenomenology was used to explore the participants' lived experiences. Based on a snowball sampling procedure, we selected 25 old people for in-depth interviews. Data analysis was performed by coding and sequential mixed methods. The quantitative section used a descriptive correlations method based on structural equation. Vulnerable customers data has been collected using a questionnaire and structural equation modeling and AMOS software were used to analyze and explain the model. 

Ethical Considerations: The study conformed to all moral principles, including honesty, satisfaction, trustworthiness and confidentiality.

Findings: At quality step, through the phenomenological method, the main influential themes were identified as follows: previous image, traditionalism and social responsibility. Regarding the dimensions of electronic self-services quality, two components of emotional action and application value were added to the previous themes.  Study results indicate that e-service quality components include efficiency, responsiveness, attractiveness, usage value, information, ease of use and accessibility, security and privacy, as well as emotional actions. According to the results of the present research model, behavioral intentions are significantly affected by the five components of electronic services quality with path coefficients listed including ease of use and accessibility (0.172), responsiveness (0.150), attractiveness (0.110), usage value (0.540) and information (0.092). Antecedent components such as previous experience, verbal communication, customer participation, social responsibility, individual needs, traditionalism and organization image affect the primary banking service quality phenomenon.

Conclusion: Potentially vulnerable customers do not show a different behavior pattern than other customers of these services. However, potentially vulnerable customers have more influential variables in evaluating service quality than ordinary customers due to their age and personality characteristics.

Cite this article as: Mirzaeifar M, Abdolvand MA, Heidarzadeh K, Khoun Siavash M. Conceptual Structure Rethinking of the Quality of Self-Service Electronic Banking by Observing Ethical Principles for Vulnerable Consumers. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e7.  

Background and Aim: The customs system is responsible for enforcing the law in the implementation of customs laws and other laws and regulations related to the export, import and international transportation of goods, collection of customs duties and taxes, related taxes and work requirements and facilitating trade. The exercise of state sovereignty by the customs is the root of the conflicts between the person who owns the commercial goods on the one hand and the customs as the legislative-executive body on the other. The purpose of this study is to examine the principles governing customs disputes from the perspective of legal, ethical and economic principles.  

Materials and Methods: This research is a theoretical research and the method is descriptive-analytical. The method of collecting information is in the form of a library, which is done by referring to the relevant documents, books and articles.

Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Findings: The norms of the law world are moving towards specialization; That is why it is now necessary that in some special cases where the relationship between the subjects of the law is very technical and specific, dedicate special authorities to resolve disputes. The authorities concerned taking into account the substantive rules that have a high level of technique, specific rules and procedures are designed and presented, and judges, in addition to mastering legal principles and norms, have a relative scope on the technical aspects of the case.

Conclusion: The principles of special litigation of customs disputes can be considered based on two criteria: "legal-ethical principles" including: "procedural justice" and "specialization" and "economic-ethical principles" including: "principle of access" and "efficiency".

Cite this article as: Valizadeh Falakdehi M, Habibi Darghah B, Pahlevanzadeh Z. Basis Governing Customs Disputes in the Light of Legal, Ethical and Economic Principles. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e8.

Background and Aim: In Islam, for protection of the environment, there are provisions within the general rules of compensation, including the rule of no harm, loss and causation, which can be examined in line of the jurisprudential principles of civil and environmental liability. The present study aims to investigate the compensation of damage to the environment by emphasizing the crisis of Urmia Lake and citing the rule of no harm, loss and causation.

Materials and Methods: The present research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and through library data collection.

Ethical Considerations: In all stages of writing this research, while respecting the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Findings: In recent years the water retreat of Urmia Lake and its transformation into saline areas has led to the destruction of a healthy environment. Urmia Lake crisis has been the result of not paying attention to sustainable development in its catchment area and excessive water consumption in various sectors, including agriculture sector. According to the no-harm rule, any occupation and change in human society and nature that violates the others rights is forbidden by Islam. Therefore, in case of damage to the environment and with the realization of the elements of damage, compensation can be demanded from the perpetrators of environmental damage. According to the rule of loss, if someone causes the destruction and loss of public natural capital by causing environmental pollution, he is obliged to compensate the damage, and under the rule of causation, in addition to attributing the damage to the perpetrator, proof of guilt is also necessary.

Conclusion: One of the basic environmental rights in Iran is the right to the environment of Urmia Lake, which has been destroyed as a result of the intervention of natural and human factors. In this regard, the jurisprudential principles of compensation for environmental damage are jurisprudential rules such as the rule of no-harm, loss and causation that based on them, the responsibilities of human beings are clearly defined and its conclusion is proof of guarantee as a result of any destructive act in the environment. In terms of the principles and foundations of civil liability, compensation for damage to the environment, including Urmia Lake, is achieved through ways such as restoring nature to its former state, compensation for damages by giving an equivalent and a temporary order.

Cite this article as: Bouzari S. Compensation for Damage to the Environment by Emphasizing the Crisis of Urmia Lake and Invoking the Rule of No Harm and Loss and Causation. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e9.

Background and Aim: Considering the large number of nursing students and the need for their skills training as an internship in the field under the supervision of clinical nurses, evaluating their performance plays an essential role. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the current status of clinical performance evaluation of nursing students in the clinical field.

Materials and Methods: The present study is descriptive-cross-sectional. In order to answer the research questions, the required information has been collected through library and field methods. The sampling method was census. In order to evaluate the clinical performance of nursing students in the 7th and 8th semesters, a descriptive cross-sectional study was performed. All students of the 7th and 8th semesters of nursing were selected and there were 145 people who all participated in the study with satisfaction. The clinical performance evaluation checklist of Ismaili nursing students and colleagues in 2013 was used. This questionnaire has 28 questions in three areas of nursing process with 12 questions, professionalism with 9 questions and ethical principles with 7 questions. SPSS statistical software version 20 was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to present and describe table preparation information, percentage calculation, mean and standard deviation.

Ethical Considerations: Ethical considerations have been observed in all stages of research, including the study and collection of data, their documentation, analysis and publication.

Findings: The results showed that the mean and standard deviation of the total performance appraisal of 7th and 8th semester nursing students is .5 ±2.03 which is in the average range. The highest mean score of performance evaluation was related to the dimension of students' ethics with an average of 6 ± 2.3 and the lowest mean score was related to the scope of the nursing process with 5±2. The mean score of the professional behavior range was .6±2.1. Findings showed that 7th and 8th semester nursing students are moderate in their performance evaluation.   

Conclusion: Paying attention to the moral principles and the importance to the clients and their needs is one of the basic principles of ethics that students should consider.

Cite this article as: Esmaeili M, Toloie Eshlaghy A, Afshar Kazemi MA, Motadel MR. Performance Evaluation of Nursing Students in the Clinical Area based on Ethical Principles. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e10.

Background and Aim: Rent-seeking is inherently controversial as a moral corruptor but the conceptual and consequential study of this phenomenon makes it appear as an immoral practice that affects other areas of ethics in society. At present, rent seeking, in a broad sense, in addition to the economic field, has entered to various political and social contexts and it means, receiving illegitimate financial and non-financial benefits by using the grounds and factors of rent seeking; such as law enforcement, License, create monopoly and access to information. These are committed at the cost of violating meritocracy and causing discrimination and harm to others. This study aims to explain the moral and criminological effects of rent seeking in society.

Materials and Methods: The method of the research is descriptive-analytical and has done using library resources.

Ethical Considerations: Principles related to research ethics and especially fidelity has observed in citing the sources and references of the article.

Findings: Ethical and criminological examination of the reflections of rent seeking in society, shows that the spread of rent-seeking, will have many negative economic, political and cultural consequences for society especially through the channels of increasing discrimination and injustice, harm to others, poverty and unemployment, institutionalization of corruption, weakening of public morality, deepening of the class divide, polarization of society.

Conclusion: Due to the nature of rent-seeking and the circumstances of its commission, it can be seen that in addition to reducing the moral culture and violating justice and meritocracy, the expansion of this practice has a synergistic relationship with the development and multiplicity of crimes; specially economic crimes such as bribery, obtaining illegitimate property, abuse of position, money laundering, hoarding, land grabbing, embezzlement, etc. so, it is necessary to deal with this phenomenon effectively in three directions: Culturalize, elimination of rent fields and criminalization.

Cite this article as: Gorgin Akbarabadi E, Najafi Tavana A, Naji Zavareh M, Shambayati H. A Reading on the Moral and Criminological Dimensions of the Prevalence of Rent-Seeking in Society. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e11.

Background and Aim: Organizational justice is one of the most important ethical issues and ethical leadership in organizations. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between organizational justice on job significance and organizational identity through the mediator variable of social responsibility among hospital treatment staff.

Materials and Methods: The method of this research is descriptive-correlational and the statistical population consists of 350 employees of Imam Reza (AS) hospital in Urmia. 186 employees have been selected by stratified sampling method. The standard organizational justice questionnaires of Li and Cropanzan, Michel and Stegmaier and Sonntag job significance questionnaires, Tuker corporate social responsibility and Meal and Ashforth organizational identity questionnaires were used to collect data. Data analysis was performed by Pearson correlation and path analysis using SPSS and Lisrel software.

Ethical Considerations: Participants' verbal consent was obtained and they were assured about confidentiality of information.

Findings: Findings showed a correlation between variables and explained that there is a positive relationship between organizational justice and social responsibility (β=0.57), organizational justice and organizational identity (β=0.28) as well as organizational justice and job significance (β=0.21). The studies confirmed the mediator role of social responsibility in the relationship between organizational justice and organizational identity and job significance and also a direct relationship between organizational justice and job significance and organizational identity.

Conclusion: The results showed that attention to organizational justice and social responsibility promotes organizational identity and job significance among the treatment staff.

Cite this article as: Vakili T, Ebn Abbasi Z, Hasani M, Najjari M. The Effect of Organizational Justice on Job Significance and Organizational Identity by Mediator Role of Social Responsibility. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e12.

Background and Aim: Bioethical criminal law refers to the set of rights that govern criminal law, which is based on the central principles of bioethics. One of the categories that should be based on the principles of bioethics in criminal law is the proportionality of crime and punishment, which this study is very important in this regard. the main purpose of this article is to introduce the principles and criteria of proportionality in bioethical criminal law.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study first considers two important principles of bioethics as the basic principles of research and examines its relationship with the category of proportionality, then analyzes the concept and basis of the category of proportionality of crime and punishment and in the last speech the criteria Proportion is examined in criminal matters.

Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, criteria related to research ethics and fiduciary in research references have been observed.

Findings: Prohibition of disproportionate punishments is one of the most important issues in criminal law, which is now called the principle of proportionality of crime and punishment. Criminal protection of morality has always been the focus of moral philosophers, but this study deals with the protection of morality and its components from the category of punishment. Prohibition of disproportionate punishments that have moral and legal roots must be analyzed morally and legally in order to emerge modern punishment.

Conclusion: This study, examines the moral and legal prohibition of disproportionate punishments in criminal law with emphasis on the two moral components of justice and human dignity. Results show that in accordance with the moral principles of human dignity and the implementation of criminal justice and based on legislative foundations, punishment must be commensurate with the crime committed and the need to observe the principle of proportionality in criminal law on legal and moral grounds in both the legislative and criminal stages is obvious and necessary. The principle of respect for persons and non-harm as important principles of bioethics, by establishing the proportion of crime and punishment, forms the criminal law of ethics, which is the creator of a just and wise criminal policy.

Cite this article as: Ghazian M, Mirkamali AR, Rajabi A. Ethical and Legal Research on the Concept, Principles and Criteria of Proportionality of Crime and Punishment with a View to Criminal Law of Bioethics. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e13.

Background and Aim: Governments have a duty to guarantee the right to freedom of expression for the people. In the 1980s, with the rise of ideas about freedom of expression, this idea entered the field of law and politics that restrictions on insulting and ridiculing religions and sanctities were a violation of the right to freedom of expression. In this regard, some governments have decriminalized blasphemy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the crime of blasphemy from the perspective of ethics and law in the legal systems of Iran and the UK with a view to the aggravated responsibility of the government.

Materials and Methods: This research is of theoretical type and its method is descriptive-analytical. The method of data collection is library and it has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

Ethical Considerations: In this research, while paying attention to the originality of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Findings: The research findings show that, blasphemy is not allowed within the framework of the basic principles of ethics, which are commonly accepted in different moral schools. In the Iranian legal system, blasphemy is not limited to the sacredness of Islam. In English legal system, only blasphemy was forbidden and finally after 2008, it was removed from the criminal code altogether. The decriminalization of blasphemy leads to a violation of the right to religious freedom and non-discrimination on the basis of religion.

Conclusion: It seems the state's commitments to guarantee religious freedom and non-discrimination on the basis of religion has described as "peremptory" requirements. As a result, in the area of international liability law, it is possible for states to adopt a pattern of aggravated liability (or liability for breach of peremptory rules).

Cite this article as: Ghorbani A, Shadmanfar MR, Heidari M, Ashrafi M. Ethical-Legal Investigation of the Crime of Blasphemy in the Light of Legal System of Iran and United Kingdom with Emphasis on the Aggravated Responsibility of States. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e14.

Background and Aim: The increasing complexity of organizational operations has attracted the attention of managers and stakeholders of organizations and experts to the discussion of effective barriers to the development of professional ethics in the organization. In this regard, the present study has analyzed, identified and ranked the organizational barriers to the development of professional ethics.

Materials and Methods: This research is mixed in terms of research method and using a qualitative-quantitative approach. In the first stage, the qualitative method of content analysis and in the second stage, Delphi technique and survey method have been used. The statistical population of this study included 34 accountants and accounting deputies available to the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance. A simple random method was used to sample the statistical population. The number of research samples was calculated using Cochran's formula as 31 people. In order to analyze the data, the ranking of organizational barriers was done using repeated measure, paired t-test and mean tests to compare the effect of organizational barriers affecting the growth of professional ethics in the organization.

Ethical Considerations: Participants completed the questionnaires with the knowledge of the research objectives.

Findings: Based on the results, the most important obstacles identified in the organization were respectively amount; lack of performance appraisal and monitoring system t꞊4.35, cumbersome administrative regulations t꞊4.17 and lack of comprehensive and ethical payment system t꞊4.12.

Conclusion: In order to develop and institutionalize professional ethics, it is necessary for organizations, while reforming the performance appraisal and monitoring system, to review laws and regulations and eliminate unnecessary rules, and to develop a comprehensive and ethical system for financial and non-financial payments.

Cite this article as: Abbasi H, Sarihi R. Investigating and Prioritizing Organizational Barriers to the Development of Professional Ethics (Case Study of Accountants of Executive Organizations). Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e15.

Background and Aim: In legal contracts, if any conditions are included, it must be in accordance with good morals and legal principles. This is also reflected in the contracts of leasing companies. These companies, in the first place, with an ethical approach, help consumers to increase their purchasing power by providing capital goods and transferring them on a long-term and installment basis; Therefore, their contracts with customers must follow the principles of ethics and legal standards. The purpose of this study is to understand the ethical and legal principles in the contracts of leasing companies.  

Materials and Methods: To organize this article, the library method using note-taking has been followed.

Ethical Considerations: This article is based on ethical and professional principles such as the principle of truth-seeking and the principle of honesty.

Findings: Leasing as a contract is one of the financing strategies in the field of domestic and international trade. on the other hand, leasing companies, as a kind of business partner, include conditions in their contracts that need to be based on ethical and legal principles. Also, the main goal of these companies should be to supply consumer goods.

Conclusion: The leasing contract is a lease agreement with the condition of the result or deed for ownership. Assuming the condition of the result of ownership of the leasing agreement, the tenant becomes the owner automatically at the end of the contract term and payment of the last installment. So, assuming the condition of the act of ownership in the leasing contract, the right of ownership arises for the tenant and as a result the lessor is obliged to transfer. In any case, leasing companies are bound by the ethical and legal principles to protect the rights of consumers.

Cite this article as: Hosseini Eiji E, Aleboueh A, Niknejad J. Ethical-Legal Review of the Provisos in the Contracts of Leasing Companies. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e16.

Background and Aim: Today, advertising has a wide influence and an important place in economic and social systems. Despite the benefits of advertising for consumers in terms of creating awareness, manufacturers and distributors as well as advertising industry actors in terms of business prosperity and the media and governments in terms of financial strength and economic promotion, there are also serious harms to the advertising industry, of which false advertising is a prime example. The purpose of this study is to explain the ethical and legal principles governing advertising from the perspective of false advertising and to express the principles of civil liability resulting from false advertising in the Iranian and American legal systems.

Materials and Methods: The present research is done in a descriptive-analytical method by using library (documentary) resources.

Ethical Considerations: Principles related to research ethics have been observed in terms of fidelity in quoting texts and preserving the originality of the article.

Findings: No Harm, maintaining customer independence, fairness, honesty, respect and transparency are among the important ethical and legal principles on how to deal with false advertising. False advertising has been considered in the Iranian and American legal systems, along with scattered laws and regulations. In the discussion of civil liability, the place of general rules is more prominent in both legal systems, especially in consumer protection. Under US law, the Federal Trade Commission and judicial precedents have played an active role in regulating, interpreting, and prosecuting civil liability claims arising from advertising. The basis of civil liability arising from false advertising is affected by the nature of the advertisement, the position of the advertiser (orderer, creator and publisher) and the contractual or noncontractual approach to liability. In order to prove the civil liability arising from advertising, a harmful act (committing one of the examples of false advertising) and a loss due to it are necessary.

Conclusion: The spread of false advertising, in addition to directly harming the customers, leads to major moral and cultural damage, especially the loss of public trust. The mechanism of the civil liability system (including regulation and decisive implementation) can help to prevent immorality and violations in this area by considering the ethical and legal principles surrounding advertising. In the legal system of Iran and the United States, it can be said that the basis of civil liability of the person ordering the advertisement (business owner) for making a false statement that has caused loss, is pure liability or at least a presumption of fault. Advertising creators and publishers are also responsible in case of fault (if proving that they know the information was untrue or typically were known). The need for coherence and legislative integration is evident in both the Iranian and American legal systems.

Cite this article as: Hosseini Nasab A, Almasi NA, Amini M, Nategh Nouri S. Civil Liability for False Advertising In the Iranian and American Legal Systems with Emphasis on Moral Principles. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e17.

Background and Aim: The role of ethical teachings in the field of criminal law, the role of criminal law in supporting cyberspace and finally the impact of cyberspace on the globalization of criminal law, have led to the formation of a global order of cyberspace. The aim of the present study is based on the criminalizations made in the European Convention on Cybercrime (Budapest).

Materials and Methods: The type of research and the method used in it is descriptive-analytical.

Ethical Considerations: In the present study, preserving the originality of texts and fidelity in quoting speech, as the most important ethical requirements, have been considered by the authors.

Findings: Moral teachings and components have had a significant impact on the formation of the global order of cyberspace in general and the criminalizations made in the Budapest Convention in particular, which seems reasonable given the inherent normality of criminal law.

Conclusion: The most important manifestations of the influence of moral teachings in the Budapest Convention can be seen in the criminalization of child pornography as well as the protection of privacy and the spiritual personality of individuals.

Cite this article as: Ahmadi Dastjerdi SH, Sheikholeslami A, Hojabrosadati H. The Impact of Moral Doctrines on the Global Order of Cyberspace (Relying on the Budapest Convention). Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e18.

Background and Aim: Situational prevention refers to a situation in which it makes the circumstances of committing a crime difficult, dangerous, and somewhat unattainable. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of insurance protections, driving fines and violation recording cameras on the scope of driving crimes.

Materials and Methods: The present study is an applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method and a researcher-made questionnaire was used in it. The number of samples was calculated using Cochran's formula 384 person. The validity of the questionnaire questions was confirmed by professors and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha test of 0.81. Then, after confirming and determining the validity and reliability, the questionnaire was distributed by the researcher among the citizens of Shiraz by simple random sampling method. SPSS 22 software was used to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaire. Kolmogorov - Smirnov test showed that the distribution of data was normal. Finally, a simple linear regression test was used to test the research hypotheses.

Ethical Considerations: In all stages of writing this article and distributing the questionnaire among the participants, the principle of honesty and trustworthiness has been regarded.

Findings: The basic premise of this article is that the Third Party Insurance Act, the camera for recording violations and driving fines are considered as situational prevention tools that are effective in reducing driving crimes.

Conclusion: The results of regression analysis showed that insurance protections, driving fines and violation recording cameras have a positive and significant effect on traffic crimes with a 95% confidence level and sig<0.05.

Cite this article as: Alizadeh Arand A, Salarifar A, Ramezani A. Investigating The Effect of Situational Prevention Through Third Party Insurance, Cameras for Recording Violations and Driving Fines on Reducing Driving Offenses (Case Study: Shiraz). Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e19.

Background and Aim: The current development of suburban areas that do not have proper urban standards and services in terms of urban planning and on the other hand, due to special environmental conditions and lack of proper health facilities in these areas, the right to health of residents is facing serious challenges. Therefore, the present study explains the position of the right to health of marginalized citizens as a human right and examines the health and medical challenges and the commitment of governments to implement it.

Materials and Methods: This research is of theoretical type. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library by referring to documents.

Ethical Considerations: In all stages of writing the present study, while respecting the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Findings: Findings indicate that marginalization is considered a way of life that is outside the city limits and without basic facilities for living; This poses challenges to the right to health of marginalized citizens and causes the spread of various infectious, non-communicable and environmental diseases. Considering that health is one of the components of human well-being, Thus, the rules of bioethics are threatened by the health challenges of marginalized citizens.

Conclusion: The right to health is a fundamental human right and, in accordance with the rules of biomedical and bio-social ethics, marginalized citizens deserve it as well as other citizens of society. Given the results, this faces challenges so must be addressed by governments in accordance with the requirements of domestic law and international instruments.

Cite this article as: Beigi J, Teymouri M. The Right to Health of Marginalized Citizens as a Human Right and the Challenges it Faces. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e20.

Background and Aim: The process of government transactions is always accompanied by the possibility of doing illegal acts due to the possibility of obtaining benefits. The development of government transaction regulations by the government, as well as the approval of the law on tenders by the legislator, are efforts to reduce the incidence of such illegal acts, However, government transactions have not been protected from corruption, and we are witnessing the growth of financial corruption in the process of holding government tenders and auctions. This study aims to investigate prevention in this area with emphasis on ethical and legal principles.

Materials and Methods: This research is theoretical; the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

Ethical Considerations: In all steps of this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Findings: Numerous negative consequences of corruption, especially from the perspective of degrading social ethics, have led the three powers of government, especially the executive branch, to adopt amendments to laws and regulations, eliminate the shortcomings of the administrative and executive structure in the process of conducting government transactions and mobilize regulatory bodies to try to prevent corruption in this area.

Conclusion: Reforming the economic structure through privatization as well as expanding the environment of competition and transparency, raising the scientific level and awareness of government employees and individuals in society, along with strengthening mass media in order to provide accurate and transparent information about laws and regulations of conducting government transactions and familiarity with the financial corruption that can be committed in the process of providing government goods and services and deepening moral propositions will be among the effective tools to prevent corruption.

Cite this article as: Talenasab V, Sadeghnejad Naeeni M, Mehdi Mansouri SM. Prevention of Corruption in Tenders and Auctions with Emphasis on Ethics and the Rule of Law. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e21.

Background and Aim: Like any other social phenomenon, the degree of concern about the environment is related to various factors, such as the role of social control and environmental ethics. This research examines the relationship between environmental concerns as a dependent variable and social control and environment ethics as independent variables. 

Materials and Methods: The research method is quantitative and done by a questionnaire. The target sample includes 387 students of Tabriz University in the 2019-20 academic year who were selected by stratified sampling method from the colleges and then random sampling method for sample selection in each faculty. Respondents participated in the study with full knowledge and satisfaction. The SPSS 16, was used for data analysis.

Ethical Considerations: Ethical considerations have been observed in all stages of research, including data collection, documentation, analysis and publication of data.

Findings: According to the results there is not any difference between the average amount of environmental concern, in terms of educational level, family income and marital status, but the average of this variable shows a significant difference between males and females. Also, results show there is a meaningful inverse relationship between social control as an independent variable with environmental concern. The correlation coefficient between environmental ethics with environmental concerns shows there are direct relationships between these variables. The regression result shows 18% of changes of the environmental concern variable are explained by the two above independent variables.

Conclusion: Increasing concern about biological hazards is a sign of the need to reconsider environmental concepts and social structures. Evidence from research shows that increasing concern about biological hazards and their consequences is the basis for increasing ethical behavior toward the environment and reducing the need for formal social control in this regard.

Cite this article as: Hajilou F, Alizadeh Aghdam MB, Saghali S, Mohammadpour N. The Study of Relationship between Social Control and Environmental Ethics with Environmental Concern of Tabriz University Students. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e22.

Background and Aim: The increasing number of environmental crimes and the failure of criminal justice to achieve punishment and deterrence through the means of punishment, has made it necessary to pay attention to the prevention and restoration of biological damage; Therefore, we are witnessing the change of lenses towards restorative justice. In this regard, damages and crimes against the environment, due to their widespread victims, have a fundamental need for restorative justice. In Iranian criminal law, several laws have been passed in the field of environmental protection that have restorative approaches, but however, due to the verdancy of restorative justice in relation to criminal justice, there are challenges in this field that the main purpose of this study is to identify the effects and requirements of this field.

Materials and Methods: In this research, by descriptive-analytical method and using library resources, restorative regulations on environmental crimes were analyzed.

Ethical Considerations: Standards related to ethics in research and fidelity in citing references have been observed.

Findings: In this study, it is found that in the context of various laws, there are methods of restorative justice that can be achieved in biological damage.

Conclusion: There are provisions in various laws regarding the compensation of losses and damages for environmental crimes. The first provision is observed in the Code of Criminal Procedure adopted in 2013, which is required for the first time in some cases to issue restrictive orders. To prevent biological damage and repair the environment, the most important strategy is to restoration of the status quo Ante in which restoration and repair play a key role, but since it is not possible in some environmental crimes, there are other strategies. The second solution is payment by the polluter and the final solution is compensation for environmental damage through the government fund, that of course, all of these principles and solutions have been challenged.

Cite this article as: Falakodin A, Ghasemi M, Nosrati Y. An Introduction to the Application of the Teachings of Restorative Justice in the Field of Environmental Crimes; A Step Towards Changing Lenses to Prevent and Repair Biological Damage. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e23.

Background and Aim: Moral education of learners is one of the most important goals of any educational system. In this regard, the educational life of Imams (AS) is full of educational knowledge in this field. the purpose of this study is to explain the characteristics of the elements of the moral education curriculum according to the educational life of the Imams (AS).

Materials and Methods: The approach of the present study is qualitative and its method is synthesis research. The research community is all the research articles that have been presented about the educational life of the Imams. The research sample is 24 articles, which are purposefully selected based on thematic monitoring and theoretical data saturation. Research data were collected from qualitative analysis of the studied documents.

Ethical Considerations: All the requirements of research ethics have been considered in the monitoring of synthesized articles.

Findings: By analyzing the data, the characteristics of the elements of the curriculum were organized according to the educational life of the Imams (AS) in 7 dimensions, 36 factors and 92 components. Based on the findings, the components of moral education were organized in the focuses of principles and foundations of moral education, educational goals, teaching-learning approaches, characteristics of instructors and learners, evaluation methods and characteristics of educational environment.

Conclusion: Understanding the educational components according to the life of the Infallibles (AS), is the solution to many educational issues. It is hoped that the curriculum planners take steps according to the results of this study, taking into account the outcome-oriented and virtuous goals, fundamentals and principles, teaching-learning approaches, the characteristics of the instructor and learner and the characteristics of the learning environment, in accordance with the educational life of Imams, to proper organization of moral education programs for learners

Cite this article as: Sarzehi Z. Explaining the Elements of Moral Education Curriculum According to the Educational Life of Imams: Synthesis Research Based on the Roberts Model. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e24.

Background and Aim: The right to a fair trial includes a set of principles and rules which is designed to protect the rights of the parties in litigation. These safeguards are recognized as one of the fundamental human rights in international human rights documents, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the European Convention on Human Rights, and the American Convention on Human Rights. The purpose of this study is to investigate these principles in the legal system of Iran and the European Union.

Materials and Methods: This research is theoretical in terms of type and the method is descriptive-analytical. the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while requiring the authenticity of the texts, the principles of honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Findings: Findings show that the international principles of fair trial in the Iranian law and the European Union has been considered theoretically, but if it is implemented accurately and decisively in the field of action, it will strengthen public trust and lead to a fair and credible trial.

Conclusion: The principles of fair trial in civil proceedings are common to EU law and Iranian law, but in both Iranian legal system and the courts of the European Union, the principles of fair trial are not explicitly guaranteed, and the guarantee of enforcement is due to the acceptance of the spirit of the principle of fair trial as mentioned in Iranian and European Union law, nor is the enforcement guarantee explicitly intended for a fair trial.

Cite this article as: Torabi Mirzaee MH, Mazloom Rahni AR, Rajabzadeh AR. Moral and Legal Principles of Fair Trial in Civil Proceedings in Iranian and EU Law. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e25.

Background and Aim: The issue of bioterrorism has been considered by researchers in various fields. One of these fields is the ethical aspects that some governments have also considered, so that in the conferences reviewing the Convention on Biological Weapons, there has always been an emphasis on guaranteeing ethical performance. Therefore, in discussions about bioterrorism, it is important to know how ethics regard bioterrorism. Accordingly, the present article examines the challenges of bioterrorism from an ethical perspective.

Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study using library and other available resources to investigate the ethical challenges of bioterrorism. The methodological approach of the present study is based on describing the current situation and critique and analysis of some views.

Ethical Considerations: In all stages of writing the article, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed and all materials taken from other scientific works are accompanied by accurate references.

Findings: The findings of this article indicate that bioterrorism faces several ethical challenges, the most important of which are: 1. Dual-use research that is likely to be misused; 2. The framework and scope of bio-defense in the face of the public rights and public freedoms of citizens; 3. Paying attention to the health of care providers in the face of bioterrorism attacks.

Conclusion: Rules of conduct and codes of ethics can complement the legal rules in the field of bioterrorism and be effective in preventing the phenomenon of bioterrorism as part of the UN and states criminal policy. Therefore, it is suggested for Iran to develop comprehensive and specific rules of conduct and ethical codes in each field of medical sciences by experts of related institutions, and preparing appropriate mechanisms for their implementation.

Cite this article as: Ebrahimi M, Taheri Bojd MA, Chahkandi Nejad A. Reflections on the Ethical Challenges of Bioterrorism. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e26.

Background and Aim: In Dispute Settlement Council proceedings, a number of legal and ethical objectives and principles are always pursued. The goals include resolving disputes in order to reduce the number of people going to court, putting people's affairs in their own hands, dejudicialization, reducing litigation costs, and preventing lengthy proceedings and the violation of the rights of litigants. The pursuit of these goals should be within the framework of the governing principles envisaged for the Council on the basis of the teachings of restorative justice. The purpose of this article is to explain the ethical goals and principles governing the Dispute Settlement Council based on restorative justice. 

Materials and Methods: The research method in this study is library or documentary. The method of documentary analysis, has been used in the present study; and the tool of data collection is filing of books and articles.

Ethical Considerations: From the beginning to the end of writing this article, the moral principles of honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Findings: The findings indicate that the Dispute Settlement Council pursues a number of legal and ethical goals that can sometimes be achieved by relying on principles such as the principle of independence, the principle of impartiality, the principle of speed, the principle of public hearing and the principle of certainty.

Conclusion: In resolving disputes by emphasizing the objectives based on restorative justice, it is essential to follow principles such as independence, impartiality, speed, public hearing and certainty. These principles will be the basis for achieving legal and ethical goals such as better settlement of disputes, putting people's affairs in their own, strengthening the proceedings in the council and dejudicialization, reducing the costs of litigation and preventing the prolongation of proceedings.

Please cite this article as: Kakolvand Y, Ghasemi N, Mohseni F. Legal and Ethical Principles and Purposes Governing Proceedings in the Dispute Settlement Council Based on Restorative Justice. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Ethical & Legal Reflections 2021; 223-236.

Background and Aim: In the field of criminal law, the main priority of government activities is crime prevention. Situational prevention as a non-criminal prevention method helps to control and reduce the level of crimes committed, including in cyberspace, by reducing and eliminating the opportunities or grounds and situations of crime. The purpose of this study is to examine the challenges of non-criminal cybercrime prevention strategies in relation to the right to privacy and the right to freedom of expression.

Materials and Methods: This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method. The method of collecting information is library and its tools are documents, books and articles.

Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, originality of the text and the ethical principles of honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Findings: On the one hand, the right to privacy in the three areas of electronic surveillance, material surveillance and the formation of regulatory communities is facing a fundamental challenge and on the other hand, the right to freedom of expression is restricted and violated due to low bandwidth, certain and limited search engines as well as refining software.

Conclusion: Non-criminal cybercrime prevention strategies will effectively hold the government responsible for violating human rights obligations regarding the right to freedom of expression and the right to privacy. In connection with the right to freedom of expression, the system of aggravated responsibility for the government should be considered, because the right to freedom and its instances are part of the rules of public international law, but in relation to the right to privacy, current responsibility system seems to be consistent.

Please cite this article as: Golkhandan S, Goodarzy J, Rajabi A. Challenges of Cybercrime Situational Prevention Strategies with Emphasis on Privacy and Freedom of Expression. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Ethical & Legal Reflections 2021; 157-173.

Background and Aim: In the light of the principle of free will, the parties to the contract generally enter into the contract freely and voluntarily, but since some of these contracts do not comply with ethical and legal teachings, the intervention of the legislature and the courts in contracts with unfair terms is justified and sounds right. The purpose of this article is to identify examples and effects of unfair terms in the contract with an emphasis on ethical teachings.

Materials and Methods: This article has been done by descriptive-analytical method and using documentary and note-taking method.

Ethical Considerations: In all stages of the present study, while respecting the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Findings: The findings show that if the balance between the value of exchanges is lost by entering unbalanced and unfair terms, the mentioned terms are unfair. This is while the contract was concluded with the intention and consent of the parties. Today, contracts such as construction, conditional lease, transportation contracts, insurance, loans, and contracts of adhesion have led to the abuse of power by those in power, thereby reducing the amount of their obligations and responsibilities and imposing unfair duties and responsibilities on the other party to the contract. Also, due to the contractual obligation, the right to make adjustments is revoked by the lost party contracts.  

Conclusion: Justice and the need to observing ethics in the provisions of agreement and non-unilateral conditions of contracts are the principles that occur in most legal systems. The results obtained from this article indicate that by relying on jurisprudential, legal and ethical principles, it can be understood that Islamic jurisprudence and law in the realm of exchange contracts believe in the principle of exchange justice. Ability to terminate or cancel a transaction that has a kind of imbalance in the exchanges (such as fraud, usury, distressed sale according to some views), in the shadow of the principle of exchange justice have the capacity to comply with legal principles and foundations; and without considering this principle in exchange contracts, The logical, religious and legal justification of these examples seems difficult. Adjustment of unjust terms is also valid in terms of Islamic principles and based on jurisprudential principles, adjustment of unfair contracts can be recognized in Iranian law and the ability to terminate or balance these types of contracts for the aggrieved party and the courts can be predicted.

Cite this article as: Nabizadeh Kebria GH. Legal Jurisprudential Study of Examples and Effects of Unfair Terms in the Contract with Emphasis on Ethical Teachings. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e29.

Background and Aim: Determining punishment and adopting criminal laws are applied in different ways and approaches. Given the importance of the role of ethics in socialist and humanistic criminal law, the present study seeks to investigate the role of ethical principles in determining punishment.

Materials and Methods: The present research is descriptive-analytical and the method of data analysis is argumentative. Data collection was done in a library method using legal sources.

Ethical Considerations: In this article, the ethical aspects of the research have been observed while introducing the resources used along with scientific fidelity.

Findings: Ethical principles based on attention to removing of imprisonment approaches, rehabilitation and correction of offenders, alternative methods of punishment as well as defense of preventive and training methods, provides significant assistance to offenders, families, and individuals who interact with criminals and delinquents in various ways. The Islamic Penal Code also provides an ethical approach based on removing of imprisonment and assistance to criminals and delinquents in unintentional crimes.

Conclusion: Moving away from traditional justice approach and moving towards humane and ethical models, along with assisting unintentional criminals and minor crimes, promoting new alternatives to punishment, as well as paying attention to public participation in organizing judicial affairs, are manifestations of ethical intervention in determining punishment and criminal law, which need more attention.

Cite this article as: Ghasemi Falavarjani S, Masoud Gh-H, Tavakkoli AR. The Role of Ethical Principles in Determining Punishment in Criminal Law. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e30.

Background and Aim: Plato and Farabi are considered as two representatives of the rationalist and idealist currents of thought in ancient Greece and Islam, whose ethical approaches are prominent in their theories. The ethical ideas of these thinkers have a clear political and social character that the present study examines the good governance from their perspective.  

Materials and Methods: The present study is theoretical and the method of the research is descriptive-analytical which has done using library resources.

Ethical Considerations: In all stages of writing the article, while respecting the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Findings: Good governance in Plato's ethical thought seeks to establish justice, the rule of law, and to place the philosopher-king at the top of the pyramid of the political system. From this point of view, justice in Plato's thought means moderation and harmony between the forces of society and the placement of each individual in a special place that is intended for him in the political system. But in Farabi's view, law and justice find a religious basis and the jurist-ruler replaces the philosopher-king. The implementation of the rules of Sharia is a fundamental principle in Farabi's political and social system, which is accompanied by a rational reading from the perspective of Greek wisdom.  

Conclusion: The system of good governance in Plato's ethical views can hardly be implemented, because it requires going beyond of the realities of society and build a political system by the philosopher-king; however the advantage of Plato's rule is that it considers justice, law and moderation in society to be rational and reformable. This thinking supported the idea of justice in the following centuries in the West. But on the other hand, in Farabi's views, there is a more realistic aspect that can build moderation in the model of Islamic governance based on the balance of wisdom and sharia. Therefore, Farabi's system of thought, based on the jurist-ruler, has operational capability and is built on the basis of ethical rules, including the principle of justice and the law of Sharia. 

Cite this article as: Javid MJ, Sanjari Moghadam F, Sanjari Moghadam HR, Bashir Banaem AR. Good Governance in the Ethical Thoughts of Plato and Farabi. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e31.

Background and Aim: Possibility of genetic studies in human tissues, lead to increasing importance of this tissues in the scientific community and on the other hand, commercial exploitation of human tissue has become one of today's challenges. This study aims to examine the approaches to the challenges in this area.

Materials and Method: The method of the research is descriptive-analytical and it has done using library resources.

Ethical Considerations: In this study, principles related to research ethics such as fidelity in citing the sources and references of the article has been observed.

Findings: The results show that law of various countries have adopted three different approaches in commercialization of human tissue: legitimacy of commercialization, prohibition and moderate approach.

Conclusion: Many of the challenges and concerns about the commercialization of human organs and tissues for transplantation purpose cannot be applied in the scientific researches; In addition to extensive benefits of commercialization of human tissue for research purposes such as increasing the public confidence toward researchers and research institutions, solving the problem of shortage of human tissues and biological materials for scientific research, clarification of legal relationship and appreciation of the contributions of donors of human tissue in the process of scientific research, leaving no doubt that commercialization of human tissue for research purposes is necessary.

Cite this article as: Rahmani Manshadi H, Abbasi M, Jelodari Bardestan D.
Commercialization of Regenerative Human Tissue; Challenges and Approaches. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e32.

Background and Aim: The formation of transnational crimes, the globalization of crime and the inability of domestic legal systems to combat these crimes have led to establishment of international courts and the establishment of the International Criminal Court, as well as the recognition of universal jurisdiction in domestic courts; Although the presence of a lawyer is not possible according to legal rules, ethical principles and teachings require that a lawyer be able to defend his client at the international level. The purpose of this study is to explain the need for the globalization of advocacy in the light of ethical principles.

Materials and Methods: This article has been done by descriptive-analytical method, using library resources and taking notes.

Ethical Considerations: This article has been prepared and compiled based on the ethical principles of honesty and trustworthiness.

Findings: Findings show that with the process of globalization following the development of transportation and communication, the emergence and expansion of cyberspace, increasing movement and migration, new opportunities and areas for citizens has been provided to file lawsuits in various courts at the international level, and in this regard, following the international lawsuits, it is necessary to defend the convicts in the international scene, that national and international laws should take steps to facilitate the globalization of advocacy in line with the changes that have taken place.

Conclusion: Today, with the removal of borders, we are witnessing globalization and consequently, the increase of crimes. The formation of international courts and international police to combat transnational crimes also confirms the need for the globalization of advocacy. Therefore, this has been emphasized in international documents. There are also problems that challenge the possibility of globalization of advocacy, including legal aspects such as the principle of territorial jurisdiction and the condition of citizenship in issuing a license for a lawyer.

Cite this article as: Nazari M, Rajabi A, Golkhandan S. The Necessity for Globalization of Advocacy Based on Ethical Principles. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e33.

Background and Aim: According to the Code of Criminal Procedure and the principles of the Constitution, resorting to illegal actions in obtaining criminal evidence is prohibited, and any action taken in this regard without relying on the relevant laws, firstly, It is not heard because of illegitimate way through obtaining evidence; Secondly, for the reasons of the proof obtained in this way, the effect is not arranged. Our aim in this article is to examine the place of ethics in the obtaining evidence in the criminal law of Iran and Egypt.  

Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study, which has been prepared by using the documentary method and taking notes.

Ethical Considerations: From the beginning to the end of the article, it has been prepared and compiled with adherence to the principles of honesty and trustworthiness.

Findings: The study of views in the criminal law of Iran and Egypt shows a great convergence between the criminal legal system in the field of evidence in the two countries. In Egyptian criminal law, although the system of legal evidence prevails, the contentment of conscience, which relies on ethical teachings, has established its position because the judge can rule against the legal evidence.

Conclusion: Both legal systems of Iran and Egypt using criminal principles and relying on ethical principles in obtaining evidence, have put the teachings of criminal jurisprudence at the forefront, and judges have been instructed that if this obtaining evidence is not a reason in a correct and legal way, it is out of evidence and can not be heard.

Cite this article as: Atasheneh M, Bonyani K. The Role of Ethics in the Obtaining Evidence in Iranian and Egyptian Law. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e34.

Background and Aim: The study on the concepts and theories of criminology shows that these theories play a decisive role in the trial stage in the light of the principles of criminal procedure. Theories that are presented in this regard adhere to ethical teachings. The inefficiency of the criminal justice system in the field of criminal justice and the lack of effectiveness of current criminal solutions in the discussion of crime provide a suitable ground for presenting critical theories in the criminology field to protest the present status of society and criminal justice institutions with relying on morality. Many innovations in the Code of Criminal Procedure adopted in 1392, following the new solutions of criminal justice, such as restorative justice, victimology, have occurred in the field of rights and comprehensive protection of victims, which is based on ethical principles. Our aim is to analyze criminology theories in the trial stage with regard to the principles of criminal procedure.

Materials and Methods: This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and using library resources.

Ethical Considerations: None to be declared. 

Findings: Although criminology is a scientific discipline and has not been widely accepted by governments due to critical perspectives, but it has penetrated into the penal codes, especially the criminal procedure code, and different goals have been set for it. These targets have been found in different formats, including the elimination of crime and punishment. This is a manifestation of the view of "relative cancellation of criminal law" and its examples, Suspension of prosecution, postponement of prosecution, contractualization of criminal law, selection of prosecution of defendants, observance of human dignity, are the achievements of the impact of criminology on formal criminal law.

Conclusion: Today, although nearly two centuries have passed from the life of criminology, the influence of criminology teachings that are a product of ethical principles, is not covered in the developments of criminal law and criminal policy. The teachings of criminology have been found as an applied criminology branch in the criminal procedure of the countries and in different stages of the procedure, the effect of these doctrines could be found. The formation of personality cases in the criminal process and the acceptance of the principle of individualization of punishments are among the mechanisms that have been used to determine the nature of criminal justice system based on ethics.

Cite this article as: Hashemzadeh SA, Aghaei Janat Makan H, Rajabieh MH. Concepts and Theories of Criminology in Criminal Proceedings with Emphasis on the Principles of Litigation and Ethical Teachings. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e35.

Background and Aim: The importance of paying attention to ethical principles in the judicial proceedings and in quasi-judicial authorities is one of the needs that is felt today in trials, especially in criminal quasi-judicial authorities. Our purpose in this article is to explain a fair trial based on ethics and fairness in criminal quasi-judicial authorities.

Materials and Methods: This research has been done using descriptive-analytical method.

Ethical Considerations: This article is written Considering of the principles of Honesty and fidelity.

Findings: Findings show that in most quasi-judicial authorities, the trial process is not conducted in a fair manner and based on the principles of fair trial. It is necessary to rely on ethical principles and to extend the principles governing judicial institutions to quasi-judicial institutions, to provide a basis for fair trial in criminal quasi-judicial authorities.

Conclusion: The existence of similarities such as litigation, decision-making, decision-makers in quasi-judicial authorities in relation to judicial authorities, litigants, preventing the decision-making of incompetent persons and the nature of punishments, are among the most important reasons for spreading the principles of fair trial and complying with them in quasi-judicial authorities.

Cite this article as: Fardoost GH-R, Rajabi A, Rajabiyeh MH, Golkhandan S. Fair Treatment in the Light of Ethical Principles Quasi-Judicial Authorities. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e36.

Background and Aim: Cancellation is one of the causes of termination of contracts, which also includes contractual agreements focusing on the activities of the employer and the contractor. Given that the conditions, criteria and reasons due to cancellation have legal and ethical consequences, the present study examines the role of ethics and law in relation to the cancellation of contractual agreements.

Materials and Methods: The present research is of theoretical type and the method used in it is descriptive-analytical. The required data has been collected through documents and books related to the subject.

Ethical Considerations: In organizing the present research, while observing the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Findings: The cancellation of a contract, which leads to its dissolution with the consent of the parties, can be done if it is in the interests of social and governance in order to protect the administrative rights and rights of citizens. In the general terms of the contract, the cancellation is not foreseen, but with regard to the protection of social interests, the employer can cancel the contract so that the contractor cannot claim compensation later, which legally puts the contractors in an unequal position and even obey the orders of employers. In addition, from ethical point of view, arguing for the public interest from employers may lead to government corruption.

Conclusion: While in the Iranian legal system, the termination of an administrative contract is justified only on the basis of the principle of public interest; However, the principle of continuity of public service and the principle of respect for the acquired rights of contractors should be provided for in cases where contractors have the right to terminate, because the cancellation of contract is a two-way termination and regardless of the consent and authority of the contractor in dissolving the contract is not accepted morally and legally. The subject of the terms of termination in an administrative contract is mainly contained in Articles 46 and 48 of the General Conditions of the Contract, which are often in the employer's favor and a reason for centralizing authority and providing a ground for corruption in government agencies.

Cite this article as: Pourhosseini K, Ahmadi F, Namdar SH. The Role of Ethics and Law in the Cancellation of Contractual Agreements. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e37.

Background and Aim: One of the most fundamental problems of societies is the phenomenon of crimes and offenses that arises as a result of social problems such as poverty, unemployment, economic and social crises, changes in laws and social patterns, weakening of religious beliefs and in general imbalance in the social order. Committing drug crimes is also affected by social factors, so it is very important to investigate such factors and provide ways to prevent them. The purpose of this research is the criminological explanation of drug-related crimes and social factors affecting crime in Isfahan province.

Materials and Methods: This research was conducted as a survey research and its statistical population is among the prisoners of Isfahan province, 135 prisoners, both men and women, were available to fill the questionnaire. Specifically, 85 questionnaires were distributed to Isfahan Central Prison (Dastgerd) for men and 50 questionnaires were also delivered to women's prison. In order to clarify the subject of the research, after completing the questionnaires among the statistical population, information was entered and then the data was analyzed through the software, and the results of the questionnaires and hypotheses were analyzed using statistical tests of correlation and analysis of variance. 

Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Findings: The results showed that the majority of drug offenders in Isfahan province grew up in poor families with moderate to low economic and social status. Also, the majority of criminals had friends with a history of drug crimes, and so the majority of them lived on the outskirts of cities and villages, and their access to drugs was high.

Conclusion: Social factors such as poor family, bad friends and living on the outskirts of the city and easy access to drugs play an important role in the tendency of people to commit drug crimes. It is necessary with the efforts of the government (to support vulnerable families), and special attention to parents (educating them to socialize their children and proper control over their children's association with others) and the cooperation of educational and cultural officials and the mass media to prevent the occurrence of such crimes in the society.

Cite this article as: Ramazani E, Masoud GH-H, Shekarchizadeh M. Criminological Analysis of Drug-Related Crimes with Emphasis on Social, Moral and Economic Factors (Case Study of Isfahan Province). Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e38.

Background and Aim: NGOs were initially established as competitors to governments, with the goal of putting pressure on them to perform their duties and responsibilities, but over time, the conditions for interaction between government and NGOs was created. In relation to these organizations, one of the somewhat forgotten approaches is the ethical approach of NGOs in response to crime and its prevention, which the present study will address.  

Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, after searching and reviewing the resources, the ethical and social role of NGOs in responding to crime and its prevention will be discussed and analyzed.

Ethical Considerations: In this research, issues related to research ethics including them trustworthiness in citing the texts and references of the article have been considered.

Findings: In Iranian law, according to Article 156 of the Constitution, in determining the duties of the judicial system, responding to crime and preventing the occurrence of crimes is considered one of the most important duties of the judiciary. It seems that assigning these duties only to the judiciary is a strategic mistake, and in the way of achieving the goals of the law, non-governmental organizations and public institutions can provide grounds for crime prevention through education and promotion of public culture.

Conclusion: NGOs basically have a moral orientation and ethical principles combined with Social interaction govern their organizational culture. Popular institutions along with the judiciary can play a major role in preventing and responding to crime.

Cite this article as: Nonahal B, Norouzi B, Vahedizadeh J. Investigating the Ethical and Social Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Responding to Crime and Crime Prevention. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e39.

Background and Aim: Education status by various institutions of society is one of the most important factors in relation to the issue of delinquency in children and adolescents. Due to the importance of the family, education in this institution plays an important role in preventing adolescents from committing delinquency or leading them to delinquency. With regard to these issues, the present study has shown that education and training in the family institution in what ways affect the tendency of children and adolescents to delinquency?

Materials and Methods: The method of this research is descriptive-analytical. Data collection has also been done by documentary and library method.

Ethical Considerations: In this article, the ethical principles of honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Findings: Education in the family institution in various ways such as unhealthy relationships of family members, including parents with each other, normalization of delinquency, tendency to addiction among parents and other family members, strictness and use of physical punishment, suppression of desires and demands of children and adolescents, as well as the lack of strong moral relationships, which is called moral intelligence, affect the tendency of children and adolescents to delinquency.

Conclusion: Children in the stage of prevention of delinquency and in the stage of victimization and recovery need to use effective educational methods, which can include the use of specialized counseling, refer to social work units, reporting children's delinquency to specialized authorities and avoiding disclosing their delinquency in order to prevent social stigma, rule the atmosphere of love and respect in the family and not to normalize delinquency such as addiction.

Cite this article as: Miri M. Investigating the Effect of Education in the Family Institution as one of the Causes of Delinquency in Children and Adolescents. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e40.