حق بر سلامت شهروندان حاشیهنشین به مثابه حق بشری و چالشهای فراروی آن
مجله اخلاق زیستی- علمی پژوهشی,
دوره 11 شماره 36 (1400),
17 مرداد 2021
,
صفحه 1-13
https://doi.org/10.22037/bioeth.v11i36.35951
چکیده
زمینه و هدف: توسعه روزافزون کنونی مناطق حاشیهنشین که به لحاظ شهرسازی فاقد استانداردها و خدمات مناسب شهری هستند و از سویی نیز به لحاظ شرایط خاص زیستمحیطی و عدم وجود امکانات بهداشتی و درمانی مناسب در این مناطق، حق بر سلامت ساکنان با چالش جدی مواجه است. از همین رو تحقیق حاضر به تبیین جایگاه حق بر سلامت شهروندان حاشیهنشین به مثابه حق بشری و بررسی چالشهای بهداشتی و درمانی و تعهد دولتها در اجرای آن میپردازد.
مواد و روشها: این تحقیق از نوع نظری بوده، روش تحقیق به صورت توصیفی ـ تحلیلی میباشد و روش جمعآوری اطلاعات به صورت کتابخانهای و با مراجعه به اسناد صورت گرفته است.
ملاحظات اخلاقی: در انجام تمامی مراحل نگارش پژوهش حاضر، ضمن رعایت اصالت متون، صداقت و امانتداری رعایت شده است.
یافتهها: یافتهها حاکی از این است که حاشیهنشینی شیوهای از زیست تلقی میشود که خارج از محدوده شهری و بدون امکانات اولیه برای زندگی است که این امر حق بر سلامت شهروندان حاشیهنشین را دچار چالشهایی میکند و باعث شیوع انواع بیماریهای واگیردار، غیر واگیردار و زیستمحیطی میگردد. با توجه به اینکه سلامت یکی از مؤلفههای خوبزیستن انسان تلقی میشود، بنابراین قواعد اخلاق زیستی با چالشهای فراروی سلامت شهروندان حاشیهنشین در معرض تهدید قرار میگیرد.
نتیجهگیری: حق بر سلامت به عنوان حق بنیادین بشری لحاظ میشود و مطابق قواعد اخلاق زیست پزشکی و زیست اجتماعی، شهروندان حاشیهنشین نیز به مثابه سایر شهروندان جامعه از آن برخوردار هستند که با توجه به نتایج به دستآمده و چالشهای موجود در این رابطه، حق مزبور برای این قشر مطابق الزامات مقررات داخلی و اسناد بینالمللی میبایست مورد توجه دولتها قرار گیرد.
- اخلاق زیستی؛ حق بر سلامت؛ حقوق بشر؛ شهروند؛ حاشیهنشین
ارجاع به مقاله
مراجع
Saeedniya A. The system of urban centers and residential spaces, the Green Book of Municipal Guides. Tehran: Center for Urban Planning Studies Publications; 2003. [Persian]
Bego E. Assessing Feasibility Study of informal, Settlements Upgrading: Are there GI Policy and Management, Implications? case study of windhoek, Namibia. Netherlands: International Institude for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation; 2003.
Akhter Ali M, Toran K. Migration, Slums and Urban Squalor-A Case Study of Gandhinagar Slum. Chennai: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Environment and Health; 2004. p.1-10.
Abedini I, Safdari Mulan H, Agaalipour A, Ebrahimi M. Theoretical model of marginalization and its social consequences. Torbat Heydariyeh: 2nd International Conference on Futurology, Management and Economic Development; 2016. p.1-14. [Persian]
Rabani R, Hagigatiyan M, Nazari J, Gasemi M. Sociological study of marginalization and its effect on the mental health of marginalized (Case study of Arzanan and Darak) Zeinabieh Isfahan. J of Social Sciences, Islamic Azad University - Shushtar Branch. 2011; 5(14): 95-126. [Persian]
Rezaei MR, Kamandari M. Analysis of formation causes of marginalization in Kerman Case Study: Syedi neighborhoods and Imam Hassan. J of Spatial Planning. 2015; 4(4): 179-196. [Persian]
Allahyari MR, Khakzand M. Reviving Potential Social Capital of Informal Settlements Using Incremental Housing (Case Study: Zurabad, Karaj, Iran). J of Social Capital Management. 2019; 6(2): 237-253. [Persian]
Bazi KH, Kiyan A, Safarzaiee A. Assessment of suburbans rehabilitation strategy to improve Zabol city. J of Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement. 2017; 7(23): 127-148. [Persian]
Hatami Nejad H, Safdari A, Parsa R, Safdari M. Role of Urban Management in Organization of Informal Settlements (Case Study: Ferun Abad of Tehran). J of Geographical Notion. 2011; 5(10): 1-33. [Persian]
Meshkini A, Parhiz F, Tafakkori A. An analysis of Yas and Omid settlements of metropolitans in developing countries. J of The Urban Development and Organization Haft Shahr. 2010; 2(29-30): 41-54. [Persian]
Owusu G, Agyei-Mensah S, Ragnhild L. Slums of hope and slums of despair: Mobility and livelihoods in Nima, Accra. Norwegian J of Geography. 2008; 62(3): 180-190.
Rezazadeh H, Sadat Sharegh Z. The Impact of Normative Foundation of Human Dignity on the Right to Health as a Human Right: From Theory to Action. Bioethics J. 2019; 9(34): 17-31. [Persian]
Asgharnia M, Beheshti MS. The Transition from National Citizenship to Global Citizenship; The Relation Between Citizenship Rights and Bioethics. Bioethics J. 2016; 6(21): 89-110. [Persian]
Asadi Jounoushi M, Asadi Jounoushi S. Legislative Policy of Iran in Support of Citizenship Rights: Focusing on the right of health equality. Medical Law Journal. 2021; 15(56): 477-489. [Persian]
Jafari MH, Heidari Noshahr M, Parsa E. Role of Providing Urban Services in Creating Marginal neighborhoods of Yazd City Based on Citizenship Rights. Bioethics J. 2018; (Special Issue on Citizenship Rights): 83-94. [Persian]
Gholami R, Seyfikafshgari M, Najaf Ali SH. Economic and Social Factors of Marginalization in Iran (Case Study of Tehran Metropolis). Security Horizons J. 2013; 6(20): 167-186. [Persian]
Kargar B. Status of Atmosphere, Community and Societal Security in Southern Suburb of Tehran (Case Study: Islamshahr). J of Societal Security Studies. 2010; 1(22): 13-42. [Persian]
Abbasi M, Fallah MR, Kalhornia Golkar M. Coronavirus Pandemic; From Human Rights Considerations to Citizenship Requirements. Medical Law Journal. 2020; 14(55): 7-22. [Persian]
Miri M, Kalantari Khalilabad H. Familiarity with urban development plans (guide, comprehensive, detailed). Tehran: Publications of the Organization of Municipalities and Rural Affairs; 2011. [Persian]
Nazari T. The relationship between providing health services and the level of access to health services. Tehran: Thesis of Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch Tehran; 2016. [Persian]
Turner JFC. Tools for building community: An Examination of 13 Hypotheses. J of Habitat International. 1996; 20(3): 339-347.
Azarmi M, Azar A, Abdolahzadetaraff A. The Effect of Environmental Planning and Design on Urban Security in Squatter Areas of Tabriz City. J of Geography And Environmental Studies. 2020; 8(32): 41-54. [Persian]
Beigi J, Teymouri M. Corona crisis and its impact on slums in cities. National Conference on Architecture, Civil Engineering, Urban Planning and Horizons of Islamic Art in the Declaration of the Second Step of the Revolution. Tabriz: Tabriz University of Islamic Art; 2021. p.1-13. [Persian]
United Nations Settlement Programe (UN-HABITAT). State of the Worlds Cities. 2006-07. Available at: https://www.mirror.unhabitat.org/docume nts/media_centre/sowcr2006/SOWCR%205.pdf.
Lilford RJ, Oyebode O, Satterthwaite D, Melendez-Torres GJ, Chen YF, Mberu B, et all. Improving the health and welfare of people who live in slums. J of the Lancet. 2017; 389(10068): 559-570.
Ezeh A, Oyebode O, Satterthwaite D, Chen YF, Ndugwa R, Sartori J, et all. The health of people who live in slums 1: The history, geography and sociology of slums and the health problems of people who live in slums. United Kingdom: Lancet Publishing; 2016.
Mberu BU, Haregu TN, Kyobutungi C, Ezeh AC. Health and health-related indicators in slum, rural and urban communities: a comparative analysis. J of Global Health Action. 2016; 9(1): 1-13.
Nasir U, Siraj UD. Paradox of Conceptualizations, Measurements and Causes of Urban Poverty: Context Evidence from Bangladesh. International J of Social and Economic Research. 2016; 7(2): 54-73.
Iacoboaea C. Slums in Romania. J of Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management. 2009; 1(10): 101-113.
Chandrasekhar S. Growth of Slums, Availability of Infrastructure and Demographic Outcomes in Slums: Evidence from India. Mumbai: International Population Conference; 2015. p.1-21.
Irandoost K, Toolayi R. Poor Housing Pattern in Informal Settlements Case Study: Abbasabad Sanandaj. J of City Development Research. 2012; 20: 1-12. [Persian]
Anklesaria S. Improving Urban Shantytowns. J of Architecture Week. 2022; 21: 1-2.
Ehigiator P. A investigation into the role of slum community based institutions in takling the challenges of slums in developing nations the case of Lagos state, Nigeria. Sweden: Master Thesis in Built Environment, University in Malmö; 2013.
Yua J, Shannonb H, Baumannb A, Schwartzb L, Bhatt M. Slum Upgrading Programs and Disaster Resilience: A Case Study of an Indian "Smart City". Hong Kong: International Conference on Geographies of Health and Living in Cities: Making Cities Healthy for All, Healthy Cities; 2016. p.154-161.
Madise NJ, Ziraba AK, Inungu J, Khamadi SA, Ezeh A, Zulu EM, et all. Are slum dwellers at heightened risk of HIV infection than other urban residents? Evidence from population-based HIV prevalence surveys in Kenya. J of Health & Place. 2012; 18: 1144-1152.
Obuku EA, Meynell C, Kiboss-Kyeyune J, Blankley S, Atuhairwe C, Nabankema E, et all. Socio-demographic determinants and prevalence of Tuberculosis knowledge in three slum populations of Uganda. J of BMC Public Health. 2012; 12: 1-9.
Eisenstein M. Disease: Poverty and pathogens. J of Nature. 2016; 531: 61-63.
Snyder RE, Rajan JV, Costa F, Lima H-CAV, Calcagno JI, Couto RD, et all. Differences in the Prevalence of Non-Communicable Disease between Slum Dwellers and the General Population in a Large Urban Area in Brazil. J of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2017; 2(3): 1-12.
Uddin N. Assessing urban sustainability of slum settlements in Bangladesh: Evidence from Chittagong city. J of Urban Management. 2018; 7(1): 32-42.
Riley LW, Ko AI, Unger A, Reis MG. Slum Health: Diseases of Neglected Populations. J of BMC International Health & Human Rights. 2007; 7(2): 1-6.
Harpham T. Urbanization and Mental Health in Developing Countries: A Research Role For Social Scientists, Public Health Professional and Social Psychiatrists. J of Social Science and Medicine. 2004; 39: 123-143.
Go VF, Sethulakshmi CJ, Bentley ME, Sivaram S, Srikrishnan AK, Solomon S, et all. When HIV-Prevention Messages and Gender Norms Clash: The Impact of Domestic Violence on Women's HIV Risk in Slums of Chennai, India. J of AIDS and Behavior. 2003; 7: 263-272.
Magar V. Empowerment Approaches to Gender-Based Violence: Women's Courts in Delhi Slums. J of Women's Studies International Forum. 2003; 26(6): 509-523.
Vahdaninia V, Seyyed Mousavi MSA. Legal Approach to Health Theory. Iranian J of Biomedical Law and Ethics. 2019; 1(1): 98-108. [Persian]
Khayat S, Dolatian M, Fanaei H, Navidian A, Mahmoodi Z, Kasaeian A. Women’s Reproductive Health Status in Urban Slums in Southeast Iran in 2017: A Cross-sectional Study. J of Midwifery and Reproductive Health. 2020; 8(1): 2069-2082.
- چکیده مشاهده شده: 179 بار
- PDF دانلود شده: 93 بار