The Relationship of Dialectical Thinking and Empathy with Spiritual Well-being
Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va Salāmat (i.e., Research on Religion & Health),
Vol. 7 No. 1 (2021),
14 Esfand 2021
,
Page 23-35
https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v7i1.29536
Abstract
Background and Objective: In recent years, interest in the study of spiritual well-being has increased and the identification of cognitive and emotional factors affecting it has become important. Post-formal theories regard dialectical thinking as a condition for empathy and spiritual well-being. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of dialectical thinking and empathy with adults’ spiritual well-being.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population included all the individuals in the age range of 20-60 in Isfahan in 2017, out of whom 450 were selected by convenience sampling method and considering the fact that the purpose of the study was evolutionary comparison, they were divided into four age groups of 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, and 50-60. The measures used in this study included the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire, Social Paradigm Belief Inventory and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. The data were analyzed using multiple regression and analysis of variance. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Results: The findings showed that there was a positive relationship between dialectical thinking and empathy with spiritual well-being. Dialectical thinking plays a more important role in predicting spiritual well-being than empathy and level of religiosity. The results of analysis of variance indicated that age and religiosity levels have significant differences in spiritual well-being.
Conclusion: Dialectical thinking and empathy, along with religiosity, play an important role in improving our relationship with God and others or spiritual well-being. As the level of religiosity increases, spiritual well-being increases. Adulthood is the time when spiritual growth is completed.
Please cite this article as: Mellat N, Ebrahimi-Qavam S, Gholamali-Lavasani M, Sadipour E. The Relationship of Dialectical Thinking and Empathy with Spiritual Well-being. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2021;7(1):23-35. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v7i1.29536
- Dialectical thinking; Empathy; Spiritual well-being; Religiosity
How to Cite
References
Arterberry M, Fingerman K, Lansford J. Spiritual Development. 2017.
Fisher J. Development and application of a spiritual well-being questionnaire called SHALOM. Religions. 2010;1(1):105-21.
Sinnott JD. The Dance of the Transforming Self: Both Feelings of Connection and Complex Thought Are Needed for Learning. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education. 2005;108:27-37.
Labouvie-Vief G. Emotions and cognition: From myth and philosophy to modern psychology and neuroscience. Integrating Emotions and Cognition Throughout the Lifespan: Springer; 2015. p. 1-16.
Riegel KF. Dialectic operations: the final period of cognitive development. Human Development, 1973; 16, 346-370.
Gibbs JC. Moral development and reality: Beyond the theories of Kohlberg, Hoffman, and Haidt: Oxford University Press; 2019.
Davis MH. Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of personality and social psychology. 1983;44(1):113.
Gervais WM. Perceiving minds and gods: How mind perception enables, constrains, and is triggered by belief in gods. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2013;8(4):380-94.
Saroglou V. Religion, spirituality, and altruism. 2013;1:439-57.
Day JM. Believing as if: Postconventional stages, cognitive complexity, and postformal religious constructions. 2011.
Feizabadi Z, Farzad V, Shahraray M. Investigating the relationships between empathy, identity styles and commitment in humanities and technical-engineering students. Journal of Psychological Studies. 2007;3(2):65-90.
Gomez R, Fisher JW. Domains of spiritual well-being and development and validation of the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire. Personality and individual differences. 2003;35(8):1975-91. (Full Text in Persian)
Abhari MB, Fisher JW, Kheiltash A, Nojomi M. Validation of the Persian version of spiritual well-being questionnaires. Iranian journal of medical sciences. 2018;43(3):276-85. (Full Text in Persian)
Kramer DA, Kahlbaugh PE, Goldston RB. A measure of paradigm beliefs about the social world. Journal of Gerontology. 1992;47(3):P180-P9.
Asadi S, Amiri S, Molavi H. Development of post-formal thinking from adolescence through adulthood. Developmental Psychology 2014;10(38):161-74. (Full Text in Persian)
Molavi H. A practical guide to spss in behavioral science: Descriptive and inferential data analysis in research projects. Isfahan: Process of Thought press; 2014. (Full Text in Persian)
Huber JT, MacDonald DA. An investigation of the relations between altruism, empathy, and spirituality. Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 2012;52(2):206-21.
Nachiappan S, Andi HK, Veeran VP, Ahmad AI, Zulkafaly FHM. Analysis of cognition integration in intelligence quotient (iq), emotional quotient (eq) and spiritual quotient (sq) in transforming cameron highlands youths through hermeneutics pedagogy. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2014;112:888-97.
Safara M, Balali-Dehkordi N, Sadidpour SS. A Meta-analysis of the Effect of Religiosity and Spirituality on Treatment of Psychotic-clinical Disorders. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2019;5(3):124-36. (Full Text in Persian)
Damirchi ES, Mohammadi N, Fayazi M, Afsar E. Examining the relationship of psychological well-being with religious orientation and forgiveness among students at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. J Res Relig Health. 2017;3(2):20-30. (Full Text in Persian)
Dehghani F. The Relationship of Religious Orientation and Spiritual Health to Resilience among High School Sophomores in Kerman. J Res Relig Health. 2017;3(4):66-77. (Full Text in Persian)
Achenbaum WA. Lars Tornstam, Gerotranscendence: A Developmental Theory of Positive Aging, Springer Publishing Company, New York, 2005, 213 pp., hbk $39.95, ISBN 0 8261 3134 4. Ageing & Society. 2006;26(4):670-1.
- Abstract Viewed: 551 times