Tārīkh-i pizishkī i.e., Medical History

The authors of the article “Al-Qanun al-Saghir fi al-Tibb and its author” have provided evidence to deny the attribution of this book to Ibn Sina and have referred to some sources. In this regard, additional sources and evidence are presented:   1- The book “Al-Kifayyah fi al-Tibb” was revised based on the two versions mentioned in the text of the article by the distinguished Dr. Muhammad Ali Lisani Fasharaki and published in the year 1400 AH. It is mentioned on its cover that this book is also known as “Al-Qanun al-Saghir” and “Al-Kafi fi al-Tibb” (1). This book was also published in 2022 in Jordan by Dar Ward al-Jordaniya for Publishing and Distribution.   2- In addition to the printing of the "Al-Qanun al-Saghir" corrected by Ahmad Farid al-Muzidi (2), who did not properly introduce the two copies he used (it is enough to know that both manuscripts are photocopies of the Cairo Manuscripts Collection (2), but we do not know which library and which number they originally belonged to), a translated copy of the Vali Effendi manuscript, number 2529, was also printed in Berlin in 2020 by Dr. Kadircan Kashkinburah with an introduction about the content of the book (3). It is worth noting that this copy is not among the five manuscripts mentioned in the Ramadan Shashan catalog.   3- The fact that the name "Al-Qanun al-Saghir" appears under Ibn Sina and not Ibn Mandaviya in the catalog of Turkish medical manuscripts does not necessarily mean that Ibn Sina's name was included in all copies, since the cataloger may have taken the famous attribution as the original. In the meantime, reference was made to the Fatih Library manuscript numbered 3695, which states that the author’s name is “Abu Ali ibn Sina al-Bukhari” on the title page, and the text and its transcription (dated 983 AH) do not contain the author’s name (4). In the Rais al-Kitab Library manuscript numbered 4/103, which was transcribed in Maragheh in 670, the book is also named “Al-Qanun al-Aghir” and is attributed to Sheikh Rais Abu Ali ibn Sina (5). The text and the conclusion do not contain the author’s name, and the first page of the manuscript is written in a different script from the script of the transcriber: “Al-Qanun al-Saghir ll-Shaikh al-Rais Abi Ali ibn Sina” (5). The Vali Effendi Library manuscript also states that the book is titled “Al-Qanun al-Saghir fi al-Tibb” and that the author is “Al-Rais Abi Ali al-Hasan (kaza) ibn Sina al-Bukhari.” (3) Two manuscripts of the Al-Qanun al-Saghir are also kept in the Escorial Library in Spain. In manuscript number 868, the book begins with the phrase “The noble and venerable Abu Ali ibn Sina, may God have mercy on him, said.” In manuscript number 873, the exact same phrase appears (6-7); other manuscripts should be examined separately.   4- Like Ibn Sina, Ibn Mandawiyah’s nickname was “Abu Ali” (8). In some copies of Al-Kafi fi al-Tibb, or Ibn Mandawiyah’s Minor Canon, the beginning of the manuscript reads: “Abu Ali Ahmad ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Mandawiyah said” (1). This similarity in nickname may also have contributed to the mistake in mentioning the main author.   5- The literary style of the Minor Canon differs significantly from Ibn Sina’s scientific and medical writings.   6- One of Ibn Sina’s most important characteristics is the systematic structuring of medical knowledge in the Canon. He has somehow classified ancient medical topics with a logical approach, which is perhaps what has made his book so popular in medical schools in the East and the West (9-10), while the book Al-Qanun al-Saghir does not benefit from this precise structuring and classification of topics in the book Al-Qanun.   7- Avicenna’s philosophical views are clearly different from the content of this work. In this regard, Dr. Raphaela Veit wrote an article that was first presented at a conference in Warburg in 2013 and then published in the book “Philosophy and Medicine in the Constructive Islamic Age” in 2018 (10). The general idea of ​​the article is that the author of Al-Qanun al-Saghir is very dependent on Galen’s ideas, while Avicenna is a critic of Galen’s ideas, especially in positions related to natural philosophy. In the following, a detailed comparison of Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb, Al-Qanun al-Saghir, and Al-Qanuncheh shows the difference between the Aristotelian philosophical foundations of Al-Qanun al-Bu‘Ali and the content of the other two books (10).   8- The difference in views between the author of the Minor Canon and those of Avicenna is obvious. For example:   - While there was a well-known debate among philosophers about the heart-centeredness and the brain-centeredness between the two traditions of Aristotle and Galen, and Avicenna also went into it in detail in his works and presented a specific theory (11-12), the author of the Minor Canon, where he deals with the heart, is content with this phrase: “and it is the first organ to be created, according to Aristotle and Galen” (1).   - In the section describing the brain, the author of the Minor Canon considers three ventricles for the brain: the anterior one is the cause of imagination, the middle one is the thought in the essences of things, and the posterior one is the preservation and recollection of things (1). This is while Avicenna criticizes this tripartite view in the section on the esoteric perceptual powers of the book Al-Qanun and also in the books Al-Shifa, Al-Ishaarat, Al-Tanbihat and Al-Najāt, and tries to explain their position by presenting an alternative view based on the existence of five esoteric perceptual powers (13-14).   - In Al-Qanun, Avicenna has a specific interpretation of the two scientific and practical parts of medicine and insists on his interpretation with some phrases (8), while the author of Al-Qanun al-Saghir, without paying attention to the meticulousness of Sina’s logical views, has limited himself to introducing medical knowledge by simply stating that medicine is divided into science and practice (1).   - As a logician, Avicenna attaches special importance to “definition”, and the writing of a special book on his definitions is evidence of this claim (15). This is why Avicenna’s definition of medical knowledge has always been criticized and examined by medical thinkers and theorists until the following centuries (16). In contrast, the author of the Minor Law gives this definition of medicine: "Knowing the things that preserve and promote health."

Background and Aim: Health as one of the basic needs of life has always been the focus of human’s attention, and in order to preserve it and get rid of disease, he/she has turned to medical knowledge and tried to grow and expand it. Due to the importance and position of this knowledge in the society, the Safavids also paid special attention to it. But despite numerous researches about medical knowledge in the Safavid era, the statistical analysis of the medical works has been neglected.

Methods: This analytical research has studied the statistical status of medical works in the Safavid era. In order to find relatively accurate statistics of Safavid medical works, this period is briefly divided into three periods (emergence, prosperity and decline) and the scientists’ works of each period are drawn according to their bio-scientific nature, first based on numbers, then as percentages in tables and graphs. Finally the quantitative status of medical productions can be checked by showing the content production statistics according to each of the three periods.

Ethical Considerations: In this research, honesty and trustworthiness have been fully observed in using historical sources and catalogs.

Results: The findings show that in the Safavid era, the quantitative growth of medical knowledge was directly related to the attitude of the society and the courtiers’ policies. Therefore, by cultural, political and economic stability in the second period, the Safavids were able to achieve a quantitative growth of these works compared to the first and third periods.

Conclusion: According to the curves of the graphs and the quantitative data of the tables, it is clear that whenever the social and human necessity towards medical knowledge has been seen in all cultural and civilizational pillars, we have observed a quantitative growth in the scientists’ works, and if the policy makers and the Safavid rulers did not prepare the conditions for development of medical knowledge, the index of curves in the works and compositions has been downward.

Background and Aim: In the Abbasid era, which is considered one of the most brilliant periods in the history of medicine in Islamic civilization, with the provision of the necessary foundations by the caliphs and the expansion of medical knowledge, its education was also taken into consideration and in the ways It was different and flexible. Moral education was considered along with the most basic religious and non-religious education from schools to Dar al-Alam. Hospitals were one of the most important clinical training centers. One of the important issues that attracted the attention of the medical community of this era from the very beginning was the compatibility of ethics with medical science. Moral education was carried out in both theoretical and clinical ways.

Methods: The present research aims to investigate the teaching of medical ethics in the Abbasid era with a descriptive-analytical approach and using library resources.

Ethical Considerations: In the present research, the ethical aspects of library study, including the authenticity of texts, honesty and trustworthiness, have been observed.

Results: The findings of this research show that in the Abbasid era, the theoretical education of medical ethics, the course contents were closely related to ethics, and in clinical education, the professors' behavior was a practical and objective model for students to learn the ethics of this profession. In addition to that, the construction of non-profit buildings, especially hospitals, the endowments that were placed on schools and hospitals implicitly emphasize the discussion of ethics in the profession of medicine and therapy and the teaching of this importance in these educational and therapeutic institutions have been.

Conclusion: The results of this research showed that in the Abbasid era, having morals was one of the personality requirements of every doctor and basically a doctor should be wise in order to teach and practice medicine in a good way. Another result of the research was that, although there were no tests before those interested in medical knowledge entered, education was free. However, after passing the necessary courses, the graduates of this field were given a professional and ethical test, and after passing, they were allowed to practice medicine.

Background and Aim: Nowadays, a large number of antifungal drugs are produced in the world. But the main problem is the resistance to these drugs and for this reason, finding new drugs and substances that have an antifungal effect has always been of interest to researchers in different fields. This study aimed to determine the antifungal effects of extracts of Calendula officinalis on the growth of fungal agents isolated from patients with oral candidiasis in in vitro conditions.

Methods: In this experimental study, watery and alcoholic extracts of Calendula officinalis were prepared by maceration method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of watery and alcoholic extract of Calendula officinalis was evaluated against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis and Candida krusei according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute document M27-A3 (CLSI M27-A3) by microdilution protocol.

Ethical Considerations: In this paper, the originality of the text, honesty and truswortiness are observed.

Results: The MIC and MFC of the watery extract of Calendula officinalis for Candida albicans were 512 µg/mL and for Candida glabrata were 1024 µg/mL, while the MIC and MFC of the alcoholic extract for Candida krusei and Candida glabrata were 16 µg/mL. Also, no sensitivity was observed for Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis to watery and alcoholic extracts. In addition, Candida krusei isolates were resistant to watery extract and Candida albicans isolates were resistant to alcoholic extract.

Conclusion: The results showed that the alcoholic extract of Calendula officinalis in comparison with the watery extract has a more inhibitory effect on Candida glabrata isolates.

Background and Aim: In this article, using the reports of some Iranian thoughtful that were present in India at the beginning of the 19th century, we get to know some medical developments in India under the influence of English physicians. Due to the inappropriate state of medicine in the Qajar period, where there was no more information about the scientific methods of Sinai medicine and medical treatment had become popularized, these authors tried to help improve medical knowledge in Iran by describing some aspects of modern medicine.

Methods: The contents that several Iranian writers have recorded in their travelogues and reports about aspects of change and evolution in Indian medicine in the 19th century provided the basis for writing this article. In general, this article is written in a descriptive, analytical way using library resources.

Ethical Considerations: In this study criteria concerned with moral principles as confidentiality, personal satisfaction and freedom of participants in cooperation or non-cooperation during the study process have been observed.

Results: A report on how to prevent smallpox by using inoculation method in India at the beginning of the 19th century, the effect of the government's support of the medical discoveries in the 19th century on the encouragement of scientists, the quality of physician interaction with the patient, the factors affecting the improvement of medical practice in the 19th century and weakening the "Unani Teb" under the influence of modern western medicine in India are among the findings of this research.

Conclusion: The Iranians who visited India at the beginning of the 19th century, tried by recounting the European medical advances that were more or less used in the subcontinent, including the success in smallpox prevention, the use of new drugs, the government's supervision of doctors' work…, to familiarize the Iranian society with modern medicine. Undoubtedly, these reports were effective in trending towards modern medicine and revising traditional treatment methods in Iran in the 13th A.H century.

Background and Aim: One of the social problems of the Safavid period was widespread addiction to opioids; the occurrence of deviations and social harms was considered one of its serious consequences. Although this phenomenon was considered common among common people and courtiers and each of them was affected by this disease in some way, it was more visible among the poets of this era. This research aims to investigate the causes of their tendency to drugs while investigating the use of opiates among the poets of the Safavid era.

Methods: This research has been carried out using a descriptive-analytical method, relying on library studies and referring to the written sources of the Safavid era, especially the tazkireh texts.

Ethical Considerations: In this research, honesty and trustworthiness in the use of historical sources have been fully respected.

Results: The findings of this research show that the use of various drugs such as opium, poppy, hemp, flonia, Kokonar, charas and barsh was widespread among the poets of the Safavid era, and many liked it. Death has taken place.

Conclusion: The results of this research show that the broad wave of poets' desire for drugs in the Safavid era was to strengthen their imagination to write their poems. This finding is strengthened when we know that the poetic style of the Safavid era was an Indian style that needed imagination in order to use far-fetched themes. In this way, it can be said that poets have looked at these materials as a tool to improve the quality of their work. In addition, the prohibition of intoxicants as a general factor has not been ineffective in this trend. However, the spread of this condition had created many problems for the health of these poets.

Please cite this article as:

Allahyari H, Sadat Eslahi M. Investigating the Causes of Safavid Era Poets Addiction to Drugs. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2023; 15(48): e5.

Background and Aim: The basics of ethics and medical law, always in medical ethics books or its implied works in Islamic civilization. It has been the focus of attention and discussion with different approaches. Explaining the data of these works and the approach of doctors and the dos and don'ts of medical ethics and law, it is important for the creation of a new Islamic civilization. The purpose of this article is to investigate two rationalistic and Sharia-based approaches in the implied works of some doctors in the basics of ethics and medical law.

Methods: This is an original fundamental research, with a descriptive-analytical method, focused on the texts of ethics and medical law in the period of Islamic civilization, especially the "Kitāb ul mā" written by Abu Muhammad Azdī. By directly searching the keywords of "Adab al-Tabib", medical ethics, patient rights, Abu Muhammad Azdī and repeated reading of "Kitab al-Ma'a", concepts related to the purpose of research extraction, classification, analysis and then it was written. To present the background of the research, keywords in the databases Magiran, Noormags, SID, Scopus, PubMed were searched.

Ethical Considerations: In this research, all ethical and trustworthiness principles have been fully observed in referring to documents.

Results: Two rationalistic and Shariat-based approaches, looking at ethics, law and medical ethics two rationalistic and Shariat-based approaches, looking at ethics, rights and medical etiquette among doctors in the periods of Islamic civilization who also have a great reputation in the history and ethics of medicine, is visible. each of these two approaches has representatives. Razi, relying on reason and Muhammad Azdī and Quṭb ad-Dīn ash-Shīrāzī, with special attention to Sharia, are the representatives of two rationalist and Sharia-based approaches.

Conclusion: These two approaches from the perspective of contemporary researchers or they have been neglected or they have passed through it with a homogenization. The idea of creating a new Islamic civilization makes it inevitable to pay attention to the two mentioned approaches.

Background and Aim: Hygiene, individual and social health had a special place in ancient Iran and the Gomiz (cow urine), as a disinfectant and purifying substance, have been considered by the ancient Iranians. The purpose of this research is to study the place of Gomiz as a natural cleanser in the health of ancient Iran.

Methods: This research was conducted by library method and content analysis, based on historical and religious sources with the keywords Gomiz, Natural cleanser, Ancient Iran and hygiene. The keywords were searched in Persian and English in Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar and SID databases and the findings were written after collection, coding and classification.

Ethical Considerations: In this research, the ethical aspects of library study including the authenticity of the text, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Results: Water and Gomiz have been the purifiers of ancient Iran and used to purify the human body and soul, environment, dishes, clothes, corpses and contaminated places, reducing disease transmission and medical cases. Gomiz was used in most religious rituals, including Ablution, Disinfecting and Barshanum and was sometimes considered more effective than water.

Conclusion: According to ancient Iranian sources, Gomiz was considered a disinfectant and a cleanser and often washing with clean water has also been discussed. However, Gomiz was considered a cleansing and disinfectant substance in Zoroastrian religious ceremonies it is not considered a disinfectant in the scientific community today. Although gomiz is pure in Islam, it is not a purifying element. Further practical and laboratory research in confirming or disproving the disinfectant properties of Gomiz by relevant experts could be a retelling of a new theory.

Background and Aim: Abortion is one of the special cases of medicine that since the past until now, physicians are trying to trace the causes and factors of this incident for the mother and the fetus. It maybe said that the only disease that affects the mother and the fetus simultaneously is abortion. Studies indicate that the mother, the fetus and external events are influential factors in abortion. In fact, before these days progress, human being has considered common reasons for this event. Factors that maybe some of them happened to other mothers and fetuses as well, but did not leave such a destructive effect on them. The importance of abortion can also be found in the religious approach of different religions, which has been extensively researched about its conditions and methods. The following article tries to selectively examine medical sources in Islamic civilization, in addition to explaining and analyzing the knowledge and attitude of Muslim sages about abortion, the following article tries to study and analyze the instructions, prescriptions and treatment methods of doctors in order to prevent.

Methods: The present article has been compiled with a descriptive-analytical approach and based on the library method, collecting historical data from first-hand medical texts.

Ethical Considerations: In the present study, the ethical aspects of library study including originality of texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Results: Studies show that Muslim physicians have devoted a significant part of their production texts to the topic of women's diseases and pregnancy. Due to its importance, the issue of abortion has been one of the key issues in the field of women's medicine, where doctors have pointed out the types of abortion, its causes and conditions and treatment methods to protect the fetus in their medical research.

Background and Aim: Childbirth is one of the most important natural events in women's lives and pain is a common phenomenon and an inevitable part of childbirth. Therefore, since the past centuries, many efforts have been made by physician to facilitate childbirth. The present study aims to review the innovations of Avicenna as a physician who emphasizes clinical medicine along with observation and his theories have been compared with modern medical science.

Methods: In this research, a review using library documents and electronic search using keywords Medical History Labor, Facilitation Methods, Pregnancy, Iranian Medicine, Avicenna, in databases, Scopus PubMed, Proquest, Blackwel, Ovid Google Scholar, Ebsco, methods of facilitating childbirth from Avicenna's point of view and compared with modern medical findings.

Ethical Considerations: This research has been done only by relying on library resources and the principle of fidelity and honesty of quoting the used texts, the originality of the sources and avoiding bias in referring to texts or analyzes, has been observed.

Results: In the third book, which is about recognizing and treating diseases of the body, chapters on reproductive health and pregnancy complications, infertility, its causes and treatment, fetal sex and embryology, delivery management and difficult birth, abortion and the conditions and management of it have been assigned that by examining the part related to childbirth in this part and comparing them with the current protocols, we will realize their similarity. Perhaps the methods that is common now and originate from Avicenna medicine. From European countries, non-pharmacological methods such as massage and aromatherapy are used to facilitate childbirth.

Conclusion: The present study aims to determine methods of facilitating childbirth based on the perspective of the law book. To review ancient medicine and medical history of Iran by providing methods to facilitate childbirth to improve fertility and childbirth. By re-reading Avicenna views on childbirth, we have reached important and practical points and we will find the roots of many modern medicine methods related to childbirth in Avicenna theories and experiences.

Background and Aim: Most countries are suffering from high costs and reduced quality of life due to various types of joint pain diseases such as gout, arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, which are associated with a heavy burden on society in terms of disability and health and economic costs, and is also a common cause. Lack of work is people and can lead to reduced quality of life.

Materials and Methods: Evaluation of joint pain diseases from reference books of traditional medicine and extraction of traditional medicinal plants for the treatment of joint pain and their nature from the books of the Makhzan al- Adviyah and the Taghvim al-Abadan and identifying their definite scientific names from the books of comparative description and name matching Scientific statistics performed statistical calculations and diagrams of the nature of plants that were useful for joint pain with related software.

Results: Introduction of various types of joint pain diseases in traditional medicine and folk, royal and dervishes’ treatment methods, as well as the introduction of medicinal plants with effective medicinal properties in the treatment of joint pain diseases were presented. Comparing the families of medicinal plants useful for the treatment of joint pain in the reservoir of medicine and the Abadan calendar showed that the family Asteraceae (sunflower) with 38%, Liliaceae (tulips) 29% and Apiaceae with 21% the most medicinal plants in the treatment They have joint pain.

Conclusion: In traditional medicine, for joint pain, there are two types, cold and hot, with the title of joint pain from cold and joint pain from heat. In traditional medicine, bone is cold and dry and absorbs moisture when joint pain occurs. It is noteworthy that traditional medicinal plants useful for joint pain have a warm and dry nature of 65%, cold and dry 12%, warm chord 5%, and cold chord 5%. The most suitable plants for the treatment of joint pain are plants with a warm and dry nature that balance the temperament of phlegm (cold and wet). In connection with traditional medicine and classical medicine, new methods were proposed to prepare appropriate drugs for the treatment of diseases for joint pain. The introduction of more than 100 species of medicines in the sources of traditional nature shows that a large part of these plants has been included in the studies of classical medicine, which can increase the chances of treating joint pain with classical medicine.

Background and Aim: Medical ethics is one of the important subjects in medical knowledge and profession, which plays an important role in systematization and scientific improvement of this profession and consequently in the lives of people in the society. In the Abbasid era (132-656 AH), at the same time as the scientific progress in the field of Islamic civilization, great efforts were made to realize the principles of medical ethics and structure it by sages and rulers. Paying attention to the status and importance of doctors in this era had prepared the ground for the increase of fraudsters in this profession who were endangering the health and lives of patients. Therefore, the institution of the Abbasid caliphate dealt with the delinquent people entering this profession by providing several measures and measures and provided a platform for the improvement of ethics in the medical profession.

Methods: The present research is a descriptive-analytical study. In order to collect information, first-hand sources in the Abbasid period have been examined. In this regard, first the books of general history and chronicles have been examined, then the medical sources of this era have been studied. New sources have also been used to complete the information.

Ethical Considerations: Throughout the present study, scientific integrity and fidelity have been fully observed.

Results: The results of the research showed that paying attention to medical ethics training, expanding medical service centers, paying attention to the importance and status of doctors' science and knowledge, and strengthening the social position of those whose knowledge was proven, testing and monitoring their work through devices Competent supervision was one of the functions of the caliphate institution of the Abbasid era, which provided the ground for the moral education of doctors.

Conclusion: In the Abbasid era, in addition to the attention of the caliphate to realize ethics in the medical profession, trained doctors also tried to treat all patients ethically without considering the apparent differences. They were not indifferent even to the patients who were in a more sensitive situation in terms of mental and social conditions and they tried to treat them decently like other patients and take measures to reduce pain and Do their pains.

Background and Aim: Despite not having the same component and apparently a little similarity, the names of compounded drugs in Persian medicine were not quite different. This case study aims to investigate the components concerning nomenclature for combination drugs.

Methods: The research community contains three important books in traditional pharmacy named Gharabadin- e- Salehi, Gharabadin-e- Kabeer, and Gharabadin-e- Azam. Due to the multiplicity and variety of electuaries, this study has been limited to only a select group of them.

Ethical Considerations: All moral considerations, including the originality of texts in the manuscripts and also moral rights of authors were imbibed and then on reflected in the study.

Results: The results of the study indicate that eight components were important. These three items are among the components to gather information: (1) pharmaceutical dosage forms, (2) the main ingredient of the drug, and (3) the people are credited with inventing/ re-inventing drugs.

Conclusion: Because of various components of nomenclature resulting from non-cooperation, there is a need for special investigation.

Background and Aim: Spittoon is a container utilized by different people for spitting, nose blowing and dropping mucus throughout history. At present, due to the lack of public awareness on the historical record of social-hygienic function of spittoon, a cliché and negative glance has been formed toward the object and is called as an unhygienic one that often used by lazy people especially privileged classed in the society. Because of this negative glance and cliché toward spittoon, curators of the Treasury of National Jwelles refused to explain this object to the visitors and even mispronounced it for a long time.  

Materials and Methods: The present article, written with a descriptive-analytical approach and a library and documentary method, seeks to challenge this stereotype based on Norbert Elias's "central theory"

Findings: It utters that in the past, due to the prevalence of infectious diseases; the spittoon had had a hygienic function and would use to respect social and personal decency. The aim of the study is to revise to the cliché formed toward the negative function of spittoon based on Norbert Elias theory. The main question of the present study is to clarify Why it has been formed a negative look at the present age toward the spittoon throughout history in despite of its Hygienic function? Also, relying on first-hand historical sources and unpublished documents in the National Jewelry Museum, to correct the phonetic and alphabetic form of this historical-museum work.

Conclusion: currently, due to the general public's lack of knowledge about the historical background, social and health function of Salafdan, a negative view has been formed towards this work and it is referred to as an unsanitary object that is used by lazy and lazy people in the society, especially Premium classes - used. Contrary to this stereotypical view of the negative function of salafdan, in the past this object had more of a health function and was used to prevent drooling due to the spread of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and in order to comply with social norms

Background and Aim: Persian Medicine (PM) scholars have six recommendations for maintaining health, among which the management of psychological events is mentioned as one of the most effective and fastest ways to improve health. Hakim Seyyed Ismayil Jorjani, in his books including “Zakhire Khārazmshāhi” as well as “Khafi Alā'I” provided brief recommendations for the management of psychological events, which are mentioned under the title of “spiritual medicine”. The purpose of this study is to present some practical solutions for managing mental health and improving the health level in today's modern life, emphasizing Hakim Jorjani's recommendations.

Material and Methods: In the first step, the teachings of Hakim Jorjani in the mentioned books are extracted, separated, explained and analyzed. Also, relevant evidences from new studies are searched and presented from reliable databases such as PubMed and Scopus. Finally, the findings are analyzed according to the goals and questions of the research.

Ethical Considerations: This study has been approved by the ethics committee of Shahid University with code IR.SHAHED.REC.1399.051.

Findings: Using methods that create happiness, using good words, music, and instructive stories and anecdotes, useful entertainment, social interactions and family communication, appropriate natural drinks, and strengthening psychological skills in order to increase resilience; are the mental health management strategies recommended by Hakim Jorjani, which also have been noted in recent studies.

Discussion and conclusion: According to the evidences and new studies, it seems that using the PM scholar’s recommendation in current life, resulted to mental health achievement by managing the stress of today's inappropriate and pathogenic lifestyle.

Background and Aim: Nowadays, people are more aware of health, the use of sanitary materials has increased and all kinds of detergents are offered. These chemical cleaners, despite their several benefits, causof damage to humans and the environment. In Iranian medicine, many sages have introduced various detergents with cleansing properties that are less dangerous than chemical detergents. This research aims to introduce effective material medica in maintaining and promoting skin and hair health in Iranian medical books.

Methods: The present study has been done by searching in library documents and foreign and domestic databases such as Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, ISC, magiran, etc.

Ethical Considerations: In this research, ethical considerations including the authenticity of texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Results: Iranian sages have not only introduced various material medica, but also discussed their properties in cleansing, maintaining health and preventing and treating skin and hair diseases. Among these material medica, the properties of plants such as Seidlitzia rosmarinus, Cedrus, Lawsonia inermis (Henna) and Hibiscus and minerals such as Venetian ceruse and Borax have been of great interest.

Conclusion: Natural detergents have many properties including renewable, lower cost, more stability and less human and biological toxicity. Therefore, it is suggested to introduce them through clinical trials and prove these benefits. By informing people about their use, we can reduce the human and biological harms resulting from the production and use of chemical detergents.

Background and Aim: Following the formation of the Ilkhanid dynasty, Tabriz was noticed due to its suitable climate and location and with the growth of urbanization; measures were taken to ensure the residents’ health and treatment. The presence of physicians from all over the Mongols in the court as well as Rab'-e Rashidi and the absence of natural disasters and catastrophes played a crucial role in this trend. The current paper seeks to identify health and treatment status of Tabriz during the Ilkhanid dynasty.

Methods: This research is based on the descriptive-analytical method. The data was collected in the form of documentary using the first-hand sources particularly Khwaja Rashid al-Din Fazlullah’s works. It has studied the evolutionary course of health and treatment in Tabriz from the formation of the Ilkhanid dynasty to its decline.

Ethical Considerations: In this research, the principle of honesty and trustworthiness was observed.

Results: The selection of Tabriz as the capital of Ilkhanid led to the development of the city and urbanization and the support measures and urban health in various fields. Despite some negative effects of the presence of the Mongols, especially the spread of superstitions, some Ilkhanids such as Ghazan and a few bureaucrats in the form of Abwab al-Albar, established the hospitals and ancillary facilities. Also the presence of doctors from different nations and medical education improved the health situation.

Conclusion: The findings indicate relative attention to health following the growth of urbanization. Although the absence of natural disasters and infectious diseases, the establishment of hospitals and the presence of various physicians and medical education had a positive effect on this process, but under the influence of political and social issues, it could not have a long-term effect.

Background and Aim: Honey, as one of the most important medicinal products of bees, has been important content in many tribes and religions since the past. In eastern traditional medicine, such as that which flourished in Iran, China, and India, the features of healing wounds, curing digestive diseases, increasing energy, and strengthening the body's powers, etc., have been mentioned from honey. Also, various tribes such as Maya in South America, Greece and ancient Egypt and other nations have mentioned honey as a sweetener, treatment and even a tribute and a material for economic trade, which shows the value of this bee product.

Materials and Methods: In this study, which is a library and review, the therapeutic role of honey based on the data from scientific sources has been investigated.

Finding: In general, it can be said that honey is mentioned as a healing substance with the ability to treat various diseases that mentioned in all historical sources, including religious and scientific texts. Also, in some Eastern or Western religious sources, honey or bees are mentioned as valuable and sacred substances.

Conclusion: It has been confirmed in the sources of traditional medicine and religious texts that honey, as the oldest and most widely used product of this valuable insect, has been of interest in the field of food and medicine. In this research, the medicinal and historical aspects of honey in different nations and ethnic groups have been discussed.

Background and purpose: Facial paralysis is one of the most common diseases affecting many people around the world every year. The exact cause of this disease in conventional medicine is not known, but factors such as genetic factors, viral infections, concussions, tumors, diabetes and multiple sclerosis (MS) are known to be effective in this regard. Current treatments, while costly and cause side effects, are not completely effective. So far, no comprehensive research has been conducted that can examine the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of this disease in the text of Iranian medicine. Therefore, the aim of this study is to introduce Iranian medicine strategies for rehabilitation and reduction of complications in potential patients.

Materials and Methods: The present article is a descriptive review study that is a library method with reference to the authentic books of traditional Iranian medicine from the third to the fourteenth century AH, comprehensive library of Noor medicinal software, and search bell palsy's keyword among the researches that has been done using Scopus, PUP MED, SID and so the like search engines.

Results: This disease has been mentioned as a potential under the topics of mental diseases in Iranian medical texts. Drooping eyelids and inability to close the eyes, inconsistency of the lips and sagging corners of the lips, inability to suck and blow, runny mouth and inability to control it are the most important symptoms of this disease in Iranian medical texts. In this way, bell palsy    are divided into four main types and a range of therapeutic methods such as dressings, sneezes, gargles, etc. have been used to treat it.

Conclusion:  Review of medical sources, descriptions and explanations provided by past physicians and its comparison with current medical sources indicate the conformity of many findings in the definition, signs and symptoms of potential disease and the impact of various factors such as age, nutrition, climate and place of residence, on the incidence of this disease. Therefore, using the measures and treatments proposed by Iranian medicine can create new therapeutic horizons for the scientists.