Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat (Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention)

  Background and Objectives: Based on previous studies it was known that in the most of countries prevalence of nosocomial infections is 6 to 10 percent. However with using right methods of disinfection and antiseptics and sanitation a lot of this infections could be controlled with a low cost. Various mineral and organic antiseptics could be used in hospitals to disinfect. The objective of this study is to possibility of making a liquid disinfectant in method of NaCl electrolysis and study it's application for disinfection of surfaces.

Materials and Methods:A pilot was designed for this study. Solutions with 5 density of NaCl (1, 3, 5, 7, 10 %) in 4 different pH (2, 4.5, 7, 9.5, 10) was prepared and got under influence of 5 currents (0/2, 0/4, 0/6, 0/8, 1 Ampers). Then a sample gathered from anode column of pilot and was examined on Staphilococus aureus microbial strain based on 9485 standard of ISIRI.

Results:Results from this study showed that increasing density of salt, increasing electrical flow and decreasing pH causes more bacterial mortality in Staphilococus aureus strain.

Conclusion: Results from this study showed that in1- 5% salt density, pH=7 and 1A electrical flow every bacteria in Staphilococus aureus strain will be destroyed completely.

How to cite this article:Massoudinejad M, Yazdanbakhsh A, Mohamadi B, Habibe M. Possibility of making liquid Disinfectant from Electrolysis of NaCl.Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat (Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention). 2016; 4(2):69-74.

Background and Objectives: Fall is a major health problem among the elderly.This study has been done to investigate association between depression and cognitive impairment with falls in elderly referred to the selected hospitals in Tehran.

Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based case-control study that carried out in Tehran, 2014. In this study, 225 elder adults (81 men and 144 women), including 75 cases (27 men and 48 women) and 150 controls (54 men and 96 women) referred to the 5 hospitals in the North, south, East, west and center of Tehran were assessed and compared. Minimal Mental Status Examination questionnaire (MMSE) and Geriatric Depression Scale were used to measure the cognitive status and depression, respectively. Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney, correlation and logistic regression model were used to data analysis in STATA version 12 software.

Results: Results showed that odds ratio (OR) of fall in depressed elder people was 8.2 times higher than the elder people without depression. Also, OR of fall in elderly with cognitive impairment was 6.7 times higher than the elderly without cognitive impairment. The co-occurrence of depression and cognitive impairment is higher risk of fall than from each condition alone.

Conclusion: There is a significant positive relationship between depression and cognitive impairment with fall in elder people. It is recommended to health policy makers to provide appropriate educational programs for families in order to prevent these risk factors in elderly.

How to cite this article:Davoodi F, Etemad K, Taheri Tanjani P, Khodakarim S. The Relationship between Depression and Cognitive Impairment with Falls Leading to Fractures in Elderly.Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat (Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention). 2016; 4(2): 75-82.

Background and Objectives:  Traffic accidents proposed is one of major causes of death and disability in the world. Different factors are involved in these events.This study was conducted to determine the factors affecting road traffic accidents leading to injury or death in Shahroud city in 2011.

Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study from June until December 2011.  Demographic information and factors affecting road traffic accidents consists of three parts: human, road and environment factors were collected by using a researcher made questionnaire. After confirming its validity, the questionnaire completed by emergency medical technicians and Red Crescent staff. Data were analyzed using SPSS16 and by descriptive and analytical statistics (chi-square).

Results: Of 363 cases, most accidents were man injured drivers aged 30 to 39 years (44.6%). Traffic accidents were caused 864 injuries and 48 deaths.  Fatigue and drowsiness (60.9%), illegal speed or overtaking (24.8%) and additional work with driving (19.35%) were the most human factors. Most of the accidents have occurred in roads with no shoulder (61.7%) and in 38.3% the narrow width of the road, was reported. Most of the accidents(62.6%) have occurred in clear and sunny weather.

Conclusion: According to results that showed fatigue and drowsiness are prevalent among drivers. Education about prevention measures such as adequate rest before driving and non-continuous driving over long distances, attention to physical and mental condition of drivers and on the other hand improving roads, as identifying black spots and installing warning signs at these areas and more police monitoring and control is recommend.

How to cite this article:Abbasi M, Sadeghi M, Azami AA, Esmaeili SM, Kavousi J, Aryafard A. Factors Related to Road Traffic Accidents Leading to Injury or Death in Shahroud City.Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat (Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention). 2016; 4(2): 83-90.

Background and Objectives:  Road traffic accidents are a major cause of death and disability. Each year between20-50 million people suffer non-fatal injuries in the world wide. Injuries and disabilities affect a person's future life and reduce life quality. The aim of this study was to study of the functional disability in patient hospitalized due to road traffic accident sat the Shohada Hospital in the first six months of 2014.

Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was performed on 828 injured people who were admitted to the hospital following a road accident. The functional disability was assessed in end hospitalization in hospital. Sampling was done using regular sampling. Data were collected by the valid checklist and analyzed by using chi-square test.

Results: The road traffic accidents were the second cause of admissions. About 83% of the patients were men and 13.8% of the patients were in the age group 21-30. More than half (53.1%) of the patients had lower extremity fractures. Most of them (96.2%) had low and moderate functional dependence based on the Barthel index.

Conclusion: The injuries and disabilities following road traffic accidents most occur in young people that are economically productive members of society. Disability information due to road traffic accidents can be used for analysis, monitoring, assessment of the consequence of accidents and good predictor to be health care and rehabilitation and resources management of disabled persons.

How to cite this article:Rezaei Hachesu P, Salahzadeh Z, Kazemnezhad Sh, Alimoradi S, Arast A , Ghaderi Nansa L. Functional Disability Status in Patient hospitalized due to road traffic accidents in the Shohada Hospital of Tabriz 2014.Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat (Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention). 2016; 4(2): 91-100.

Background and Objectives:  Deaths from road collisions is still a dilemma in Iran and is the second leading cause of death. Recognizing the factors affecting the incidence of these events can help control and reduce them. This study aimed at understanding the most important factors involved in car accidents within Kerman city which is the largest province in the country and also the pattern of occurrence of this accidents.

Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, all crashes which occurred from 2012 to 2015 were considered. Descriptive data analysis and chi-square tests were performed in SPSS 22.

Results: 127335 registered collisions were evaluated in this study. Most guilty drivers were aged 18 to 25 years old (%24.4), the most frequent level of education was high school (%60.9), most drivers were male (%86.6), the most frequent cause recorded was lack of attention to the front (%38.2), the more frequent vehicle involved was cars (%72.4), the most frequent type of collision was the collision of one vehicle with another (%36.4) and most accidents occurred in day time (%70.3). Incidence of accidents showed a significant correlation with all above listed variables (P<0.001).

Conclusion: Young men were more involved in road crashes. Further studies are needed to determine the contribution of each of the factors in collisions and to offer general guidelines.

How to cite this article:Tavakkoli L, Khanjani N. The Pattern of Road Crashes Emphasizing the Factors involved in their Occurrence in Kerman city 2012-2015.Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat (Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention). 2016; 4(2):101-8.

Background and Objectives: Collection and treatment of wastewater due to adverse effect of improper wastewater disposal to the environment is inevitable and necessary. So that establishing of wastewater treatment plant toward regular evaluation of treatment systems performance is necessary for achieving environmental standards. Bio-kinetic coefficients obtained from laboratory studies are vital factors in industrial applications. The aim of present study was performance evaluation and bio-kinetic coefficients determination of activated sludge unit in Sanandaj wastewater treatment plant.

Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional study implemented in wastewater treatment plant of Sanandaj using continuous activated sludge process. In this study 30 samples were taken from influent and effluent wastewater and experiments carried out on them. The wastewater quality parameters including BOD5, COD, TSS and MLSS were measured; removal efficiency and bio-kinetic coefficients such as yield coefficient maximum substrate utilization rate (k), endogenous decay coefficient (kd), half saturation coefficient (Ks), Yield coefficient (Y) and specific maximum growth (μ_max) were also calculated.

Results: Mean of COD, BOD5 and TSS removal was obtained 90.3 ± 3.3, 93.9 ± 1.9 and 86.4 ± 4.2, respectively. According to MLSS/MLVSS concentration, K, Ks, Y, Kd andμ_max were calculated 2.5 d-1, 7.25 mg/L, 0.013, 0.027 d-1 and 0.03 d-1,respectively.

Conclusion: Effluent derived from the activated sludge treatment plant in terms of achieving to BOD5, COD and TSS standards for discharge into surface water or agricultural purposes is desirable. Results of this study resulted in calculation of bio-kinetics confections. The bio-kinetic coefficients obtained in this study can be used in designing of similar plants, especially in cold areas.

 How to cite this article:Mohammadi P, Khashij M, Takhtshahi A, Mousavi SA. Performance Evaluation and Biokinetic Coefficients Determination of Activated Sludge Process of Sanandaj Wastewater Treatment Plant.Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat (Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention). 2016; 4(2):109-16.

Background and Objectives:Phenolic compounds present in many industrial effluents that classified as priority pollutants. Therefore, its treatment is necessary before discharge into the environment. The aim of this study was to assess the 2-chlorophenol adsorption by orange and banana shell activated carbon. 

Materials and Methods:This study was performed in laboratory at batch scale. The orange and banana peel was sun dried at 105 Cº, then carbonized, crushed and sieved to particle sizes in range of 30 mesh. The effects of different parameters including contact time (10-120 min), pH (3-11), 2-chlorophenol initial concentration(10-200 mg/L) and biomass dosage (0.2-2 g/L) were studied for removal of 2-chlorophenol. All experiments were repeated twice and then adsorption isotherms and kinetics of different models were analyzed by comparing the regression coefficient and R-squared (R2).

Results: The results indicated that the 2-chlorophenol adsorption rate increases by increasing of contact time and adsorbent dose for both adsorbents, however, the 2-chlorophenol adsorption per each gr of adsorbnts(qe) decreased. The adsorption efficieny increased by decreasing of intial 2-chlorophenol concentration and increasing of pH. The optimum pH was 5 in 2-chlorophenol adsorption and obtained data well fitted by Langmuir Isotherm in comparison with other isotherms. It was found that the kinetics data fitted well the pseudo-first order.

Conclusion: According to the achieved results, it can be concluded that orange and banana shell activated carbon as an inexpensive adsorbent, had a high adsorptive potential for removal of 2-chlorophenol from water and wastewater samples.

How to cite this article: Zazouli MA, Balarak D. Adsorption of 2-Chlorophenol on Activated Carbon Prepared from Orange and Banana Husk: Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies.Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat (Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention). 2016; 4(2):117-128.

Background and Objectives: Intercity Bus Network is the main passenger transportation system in Iran. Since driver fatigue (physical, mental) causes accidents, developing tools to identify fatigue is necessary. Among all the tools available to assess driver fatigue, questionnaire could be the most useful tool, due to the direct involvement of the driver in measuring fatigue. This study was conducted to develop a self-report fatigue questionnaire for intercity bus drivers.

Materials and Methods:To develop the questionnaire, first 30 bus drivers were interviewed. Interviews continued until the time of data saturation. Initial items were extracted from interview analysis. After face validity confirmation, Lawshe method was used to determine content validity of the questionnaire. Items’ acceptance was performed based on CVI> 0.75 and CVR> 0.99. Cronbach's alpha coefficient, with acceptance criteria≥ 0.75 was also used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. All analysis was performed by SPSS Version16 software.

Results: Based on all interviews, 28 items were extracted and face validity index was confirmed for all of them. Seven items were eliminated due to low necessity index (CVR< 0.99) and 21 items finally remained.  All 21 remaining items had enough simplicity, clarity and relevance criteria (CVR> 0.99, CVI> 0.75). The reliability of the final questionnaire was also confirmed (α= .93).

Conclusion: The questionnaire designed and validated in this study could be a useful tool to assess the drivers’ fatigue in intercity bus network.

How to cite this article: Arghami Sh, Bahramnia S, Sharifi F. Designing a Self-Report Fatigue Questionnaire for Intercity Bus Drivers. J Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2016; 4(2):129 -134.