مجله اخلاق پزشکی - علمی پژوهشی

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World health organization, fact sheet NO.241, February 2010

Yoder PS, Abderrahim N, Zhuzhuni A. Female genital cutting in the Demographic and Health Surveys: a critical and comparative analysis. Calverton, Macro International Inc 2004.

Bosch X. Female genital mutilation in developed countries. Lancet 2001; 358:1117-9

Ahad H,Khadivzadeh T,Seyyedalavi GH,Esmaiili H. Women’s circumcision in Minab: Prevalence ,Knowledge ,Attitude. The Journal of Qazvin Univ. of Med.Sci 2003; 28

Female genital mutilation

Clitoris

Clitoridectomy

Prepuce

Excision

Infibulation

El-Defrawi MH, Lotfy G, Dandash KF, Refaat AH, Eyada M. Female genital mutilation and its psycho-sexual impact. Journal of Sexual and Marital Therapy, 2001; 27:465-473.

Dare FO, Oboro VO, Fadiora SO, Orji EO, Sule-Odu AO, Olabode TO. Female genital mutilation: an analysis of 522 cases in South-Western Nigeria. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2004; 24:281−283.

Malmström M. Bearing the pain as a woman or becoming ruined for life? Changing views of the meaning and morality of pain and suffering among the popular classes of Cairo. Paper presented at 4th FOKO conference (Nordic Network for Research on FGM), Hansaari, Finland 7−8 September 2007.

Chalmers B, Hashi KO. 432 Somali women’s birth experiences in Canada after earlier female genital mutilation. Birth 2000; 27:227−234.

Gruenbaum E. The female circumcision controversy: an anthropological perspective. Pittsburgh, University of Pennsylvania Press2001.

Johansen REB. Pain as a counterpoint to culture: towards an analysis of pain associated with infibulations among Somali immigrants in Norway. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 2002; 16:312−340.

Almroth L, Bedri HA, Elmusharaf S, Satti A, Idris T, Hashim MS. Urogenital complications among girls with genital mutilation: A hospital based study in Khartoum. African Journal of Reproductive Health 2005; 9:127–133.

Dirie MA, Lindmark G. The risk of medical complications after female circumcision. East African Medical Journal 1992; 69:479−482.

HIV

Klouman E, Manongi R, Klepp KI. Self-reported and observed female genital cutting in rural Tanzania: associated demographic factors, HIV and sexually transmitted infections. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2005; 10:105−115.

Mohamud OA. Female circumcision and child mortality in urban Somalia. Genus, 1991; 47:203-223

Behrendt A, Moritz S. Posttraumatic stress disorder and memory problems after female genital mutilation. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005; 162:1000−1002.

Behrendt A. The practice of excision in Moyamba and Bombali districts of Sierra Leone: perceptions, attitudes and practices. Dakar, Plan West Africa Regional Office 2005.

Fernandez-Aguilaret S, Noel JC. Neuroma of the clitoris after female genital cutting. Obstetric and Gynecology,2003; 101:1053-1054

Dermoid cysts

Septicaemia

Rouzi AA, Sindi O, Bandar Radhan F, Ba’aqeel H. Epidermal clitoral inclusion cyst after type I female genital mutilation. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2001; 185:569−571.

Okonofua FE, Larsen U, Oronsaye F, Snow RC, Slanger TE. The association between female genital cutting and correlates of sexual and gynaecological morbidity in Edo State, Nigeria. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2002; 109:1089−1096.

Thabet SM, Thabet AS. Defective sexuality and female circumcision: the cause and the possible management. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2003; 29:12−19.

Rushwan H. Etiologic factors in pelvic inflammatory disease in Sudanese women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1980; 138:877−879.

Ismail NHA. Urinary leakage and other complications of female genital mutilation (FGM) among Somali girls in Sweden. Uppsala, Institutionen för kvinnors och barns hälsa 1999.

Knight R, Hotchin A, Bayly C, Grover S. Female genital mutilation—experience of The Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne. Australia New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1999; 39:50−54.

Keloid

Jones H, Diop N, Askew I, Kaboré I. Female genital cutting practices in Burkina Faso and Mali and their negative health outcomes. Studies in Family Planning 1999; 30:219−230.

Bacterial vaginosis

Eliminating female genital mutilation: an interagency statement. UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNIFEM, WHO, 2008.

Elnashar RA, Abdelhady R. The impact of female genital cutting on health of newly married women. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2007; 97:238−244.

Episiotomy

Fistula

Vangen S, Stoltenberg C, Johansen REB, Sundby J, Stray- Pedersen B. Perinatal complications among ethnic Somalis in Norway. Acta Obstetrics et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2002; 81:317−322.

WHO Study Group on Female Genital Mutilation and Obstetric Outcome. Female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome: WHO collaborative prospective study in six African countries. Lancet 2006; 367:1835−1841.

Tahzib F. Epidemiological determinants of vesicovaginal fistulas. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1983; 90:387−391.

Rushwan H. Female genital mutilation (FGM) management during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2000; 70:99−104.

Apgar score

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Whitehorn J. Female genital mutilation: cultural and psychological implications. Sexual Relationships and Therapy 2002; 17:161−170.

Lockhat H. Female genital mutilation: treating the tears. London Middlesex University Press 2006.

Berggren V, Yagoub AE, Satti AM, Khalifa MA, Aziz FA, Bergstrom S. Postpartum tightening operations on two delivering wards in Sudan. British Journal of Midwifery 2006; 14:1−4.

Nour NM, Michels KB, Bryant AE. Defibulation to treat female genital cutting. Effect on symptoms and sexual function. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006; 108:55−60.

Vagaina and urethra

Haematocolpus

Njue C, Askew I. Medicalization of female genital cutting among the Abagusii in Nyanza Province, Kenya. Washington DC, Population Council Frontiers in Reproductive Health 2004.

Talle A. Transforming women into "pure" agnates: aspects of female infibulation in Somalia. In: Broch- Due V, Rudie I, Bleie T, eds. Carved flesh, cast selves: gender symbols and social practices. Oxford, Berg 1993:83−106.

Gruenbaum E. Sexuality issues in the movement to abolish female genital cutting in Sudan. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 2006; 20:121

Almroth L, Almroth-Berggren V, Hassanein OM, Al Said SS, Hasan SS, Lithell UB. Male complications of female genital mutilation. Social Science and Medicine 2001; 53:1455–1460.

Almroth L, Elmusharaf S, El Hadi N, Obeid A, El Sheikh MAA, Elfadil SM. Primary infertility after genital mutilation in girlhood in Sudan: a case−control study. Lancet 2005; 366:385−391.

Bishai D, Bonnenfant YT, Darwish M, Adam T, Bathija H, Johansen E, Huntington D; FGM Cost Study of WHO. Bull World Health Organ.2010;88(12):956

UNICEF. Changing a harmful social convention: female genital mutilation/cutting. Innocenti Digest. Florence, UNICEF 2005.

Ahmadu F. Rites and wrongs: an insider/outsider reflects on power and excision In: Shell-Duncan B, Hernlund Y, eds. Female "circumcision" in Africa: culture, controversy and change. Boulder, Colorado, Lynne Rienner 2000; 283–312.

Reinfibulation

Talle A. Female circumcision in Africa and beyond: the anthropology of a difficult issue. In: Hernlund Y, Shell-Duncan B, eds. Transcultural bodies: female genital cutting in global context. New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press2007: 91−106.

Budiharsana M. Female circumcision in Indonesia: extent, implications and possible interventions to uphold women’s health rights. Jakarta, Population Council 2004.

Dellenborg L. A reflection on the cultural meanings of female circumcision: experiences from fieldwork in Casamance, southern Senegal. In: Arnfred, S, ed. Re-thinking sexualities in Africa. Uppsala, Nordic Africa Institute 2004; 79−98.

WHO, UNFPA. Towards the elimination of female genital mutilation: a training manual for the affected countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Cairo, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean 2006.

Satti A, Elmusharaf S, Bedri HA, Idris T, Hashim MSK, Suliman GI, Almroth l. Prevalence and determinants of the practice of genital mutilation of girls in Khartoum, Sudan. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics: International Child Health 2006; 26:303−310.

UN General Assembly. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly, 11 October 2002. New York, United Nations 2002.

Dettmyer R, Laux J, Friedl H, Zedler B, Bratzk H, Parzeller M. Medical and legal aspects of genital mutilation and circumcision part 1: Female genital mutilation. Arch Kriminol, 2011; 227(1-2):1-22

UNICEF. Female genital mutilation/female genital cutting: a statistical report. New York, UNICEF 2005.

WHO. FGM programmes to date: what works and what doesn’t. A review. Geneva. Report No: WHO/CHS/WMH/99.5 1999.

Donor Working Group on Female Genital Mutilation/cutting. Toward a common framework for the abandonment of FGM/C. Florence, UNICEF 2007.