Tārīkh-i pizishkī i.e., Medical History

Background and Aim: In this research, the views and initiatives of Muslim physicians during the 3rd-9th centuries of Hurghada have been investigated on surgical methods and treatment of uterine diseases in women. In order to overview the history of surgical role in the development of medical knowledge Muslims will be aware of some of the common uterine diseases of women and infertility and ways to treat them from the Islamic perspective.

Materials and Methods: The method of this research was based on library study and review of old medical manuscripts and books, To conduct a descriptive review study of the views and opinions of Islamic physicians and surgical methods of uterine diseases of women from their perspective.

Ethical Considerations: Honesty and trust in reporting and publishing were respected.

Findings: This study shows that Muslim doctors, in addition to prescribing medicines for the treatment of uterine diseases of women and other diseases, also use surgical and surgical techniques such as: Czutting, fissuring, veining, cupping and burning to cure diseases. The womb was used by women.

Conclusion: The innovation and creativity of Muslim doctors for the treatment of women's uterine diseases in the course of the discussion, and in particular the role of surgery in their treatment, shows that Muslim doctors, with a detailed description of the diseases of women, provide appropriate and useful therapies for the treatment of these diseases and used surgical procedures as needed to minimize the outcome for the patient.

Please cite this article as: Ahmadvand Z, Montazeral-Qaem A, Kasiri M, Alian F. Surgery and Epidemic Treatments for Women's Uterine Diseases from Islamic Perspective (From the Third to the Ninth Century AH). Med Hist J 2019; 11(38): 7-18.

Background and Aim: In the medical works of the Islamic Republic, attention has been paid to various diseases. Among various diseases, cancer has a special place. Muslim doctors have made many efforts to introduce cancer types, cognition, categorization, treatment options, effective drugs, and various cancer-related issues.

Materials and Methods: Using a review method, a library and referring to the first sources in the medical field of Islam, various types of cancer were extracted and examined. This article attempts to explore various types of cancers in Islamic medical works from the 3rd to 7th centuries, using various Islamic medical sources.

Findings: In Islamic medical texts, cancers, depending on the type, can be classified into different types due to the characteristics of the cancer itself. Almost all Islamic medical tests are dedicated to various topics related to cancer. In this regard, the introduction and categorization of cancer types is the main topic of this article.

Conclusion: It is important to explain the role of organic matter and its role in the emergence of cancer. The most important of these is the division into cancers that originate from the human body and the location of the cancer. Another division is due to the weakness and severity of the cancer, and the other is classified by the secret or appearance of cancer.

Please cite this article as: Rouhi AR, Mohammadzadeh Mazinan E. Types of Cancer in the Medical Works of Islamic Civilization from the First Century to the End of the Sixth Century AH. Med Hist J 2019; 11(38): 19-31.

Background and Aim: The Timurid and Turkmans periods are among important periods in Iranian history and culture. By gathering scholars in Samarkand, Timur prepared the bed for scientific growth in his capital. His successors and Turkmen rulers emphasized on the prosperity of science, including medicine so that famous physicians emerged during this period. Although some have specialized in sciences other than medicine and have written some books, most of them have had a reputation in medicine and medical works. In their work, they discussed the disease and their treatment. Some of them migrated to Anatolia and worked there as physician or contributed to the development of Iranian medicine by writing works in medicine. The aim of this research is to identify Iranian doctors of this period and clarify the practice of medicine along with their scientific activities.

Materials and Methods: This study has been conducted by using a descriptive and analytical documents and historical references. Studying the works of Iranian physicians, the status of medicine and the activities of Iranian physicians during this period have been evaluated.

Findings: The findings show that by gathering medical information in the body of their government and supporting them, Timurid and Turkmans helped the emergence of some famous physicians such as Ghias Addin Mohammad Tabib, Fazlollah Tabrizi, Shams Addin Abdullah, Nizam Addin Abdulhai, Shokrollah Shirvani, Hakim Shah Mohammad Ibn Mubarak Qazvini and Moslehuddin Larry. Along with the practice of medicine, they also wrote some medical works. Sometimes due to the political reasons, some of the physicians immigrated to Anatolia.

Conclusion: By studying the works of Iranian medicine, it can be concluded that Iranian physicians had valuable methods in the practice and treatment of patients in the past and expressed their views in their works. Today, alongside the modern medicine, their theories can be used in the treatments.

Please cite this article as: Dinparast V. Medicine and Iranian Physicians in the Timurid and Turkmans Period (9th and Early 10th Centuries AH). Med Hist J 2019; 11(38): 33-42.

Background and Aim: The health system is one of the major sub-systems in the macro-social system which is responsible for organizing the health status of human beings. The many deficiencies and problems of the world health system have led the scientific community to find a new health system. Meanwhile, the new Islamic civilization can be one of the providers of the new health system with its own health system.

Materials and Methods: This study is based on scientific theorizing and is described descriptively-analytically based on reliable sources and referring to epistemic and monotheistic books and articles of the health system using opinions of scholars and experts.

Ethical Considerations: In referring to texts and research, honesty and trustworthiness also citing to the sources and publications have been respected.

Findings: Findings indicate that the system of health in human civilizations is morphologically divided into two types based on authenticity of experience and authenticity of wisdom. The desirable characteristics and damage of both systems were investigated.

Conclusion: the findings indicate that the optimal health system in modern Islamic civilization will based on Islamic epistemology and religious science. The system is based on the philosophy, jurisprudence and Islamic heritage, the use of technology and findings of the existing health system and the creation of empirical documents based on wisdomly and obediently statements.

Please cite this article as: Hadizadeh M, Babaei SA. Tools for Creation of a New Islamic Health System Based on its Epistemology Requirements and Features of the Health Systems in Great Civilizations. Med Hist J 2019; 11(38): 43-57.

Background and Aim: In ancient times, believing in supernatural forces as wrongful or rightful ghosts was Customary and it was associated with people beliefs. These beliefs have influenced human’s life and one of the noteworthy professions was medicine. Magical medicine formed, was occurred by sacred, spell, amulet accompany with tools and instrument. Medical magic cups were used as containers for eating or doing ritual by praying. The present research aims to represent these containers during the Islamic era from two aspects; 1- The effect of rituals on magic cups; 2- How prayer cups are used in Iranian social culture.

Materials and Methods: The Methodology in the present research is descriptive-analytical method using library and museum references. The method of data analysis was done through sampling in three periods and then the data were analyzed by qualitative method.   

Findings: Although the historical basis and beliefs continued until the Islamic era, but motifs and concepts have changed because of religious belief. Spiritual values have played a significant role in ritual and religious applications of medical magic. The illustrations have played a role in treatment or ceremonies.

Conclusion: Most of the inscriptions have display the application of these containers in different types of illnesses, requesting health and blessing for the owner of the dish or special mores. These types of cups are due to visual images relates to the concepts of blessing and fertility.

Please cite this article as: Attarzadeh A, Poursaleh Amiri SM. Ritual Application of Motif and Inscription on Medical Magic Dished & Cups with Emphasis on Islamic Cups. Med Hist J 2019; 11(38): 59-73.

Background and Aim: Iran's public health and health conditions have not been favorable for about 100 years ago, as the social history of Iran, especially in the field of medicine and public health, has not been favorable. Our goal was to investigate the health and medical condition of the Qajar period, based on Pollack's travel report.

Materials and Methods: This research is based on library work and is mainly based on an analytical history study findings: Iran was the target destination of many travelers, traders, government officials and curious people who visited Iran for various reasons and many of them recorded their observations. These travel logs are important because of the attention to the details of food, clothing, education, science, affairs, social behavior and customs and so on for understanding the Qajar period. Among the items mentioned in travel logs, the health and medical condition of Iran is the Qajar era.

Conclusion: The result indicates that personal and general health was not respected at that time and traditional medicine was the main method of treatment, but the arrival of modern medicine, especially from the period of Nasir al-Din Shah, was gradually welcomed by people and new therapeutic methods Infiltrated in traditional medicine and went a long way over it.

Please cite this article as: Jalali Chime FS, Torabi Farsani H, Boshasb Gousheh F. Review and Analyze the Manuscript "Ahmadi Letter or Islamic Health Preservation" Author Dr.Amir Khan 1914. Med Hist J 2019; 10(37): 43-58.

Background and Aim: Liver temperament (mizaj) is one of the main concepts that have an essential role in all aspects of prevention, diagnosis and treatment. In the Iranian Traditional medicine (ITM) textbooks, a lot of indices for liver temperament and dystemperament are expressed. The purpose of this study is assessment of the views of written sources of Iranian traditional medicine for the diagnosis of liver temperament.

Materials and Methods: In this review paper, some important textbooks of ITM were studied. Also, scientific databases such as PubMed, Scopus and Magiran was investigated using the keywords of liver and Mizaj or Temperament.

Findings: In ITM, various sign or symptoms are used to determine liver temperament, which are in fact, a part of the general temperament of the body. Among these symptoms, color of the body, phenotype, liver or body palpitation, pulse and the status of the vessel, food or air reaction, gastrointestinal symptoms, such as the quality of stool and urinary excretion, digestion, thirst, appetite, etc., and body hair, especially the hair on the abdomen, are more important.

Conclusion: In the ITM textbooks, diagnostic indices of liver temperament have been completely considered, but there is no mention of the diagnostic importance of each of the indices. According to the findings of this study, more clinical studies are suggested to determine the diagnostic importance of each of the symptoms, as well as the design and validation of the diagnostic tool for liver temperament.

Please cite this article as: Hakimi F, Mojahedi M, Jafari P, Movahhed M, Tansaz M, Choopani R, Ilkhani R, Khodadoost M, Mokaberinejad R. The Review of Indices of Liver Temperament (Mizaj) in the Iranian Traditional Medicine (Persian Medicine). Med Hist J 2019; 11(38): 97-109.

Background and Aim: Recognizing the role and function of the kidney in preserving human life has always been one of the concerns of different age practitioners. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the innovations of Rhazes in the diagnosis and treatment of renal diseases and their correspondence with the contents of the sages' books after him and modern medicine.

Materials and Methods: In this review and library study, Rhazes independent research ideas were examined in Hawi fi al-Tibb book. Then by analyzing the information obtained from this book with other relevant data from other articles by searching for keywords like razi, kidney, kidney stone, urinary retention, Iranian medicine, in databases such as SID, Civilivca, PubMed Ovid, Magiran, UpToDate, Google Scholar were obtained.

Findings: Rhazes offers novel ideas in the differential diagnosis of various kidney diseases such as kidney stones and colic. Also, his innovations in treatment, such as the invention of a flexible urethral catheter, include his independent views on the subject.

Conclusion: Rhazes offers an opinion on the diagnosis and treatment of kidney disease that not only physicians have not mentioned before but also the scholars after him have used this material in their books and some His views are also consistent with the findings of modern medicine.

Please cite this article as: Khosravi A, Changizi-Ashtiyani S, Haghverdi F, Tavan B. The Innovations of Rhazes (854-925 AD) in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Kidney Diseases. Med Hist J 2019; 11(38): 111-120.