akhlāq-i pizishkī i.e., Medical Ethics

World Health Organization. world health report 2000 - health systems: improving performance. world health organization. Geneva: Switzerland; 2000.

Amiresmaili M, Nekoeimoghadam M, Esfandiari A, Ramezani F, Salari H. Causes of informal payments in health sector: a qualitative study of viewpoints of physicians, policy makers and patients. Iran J Med Ethics Hist Med 2013; 6(3): 72-83. [Persian]

Mehrolhassani M, Najafi B, Yazdi Feyzabadi V, Haghdoost A, Abolhallaje M, Ansari M, et al. Total Health Expenditures and proportion of Out-of-Pocket payments in Iranian Provinces, 2008-2014. Iran J Epidemiol 2017; 12(5): 1-12. [Persian]

Vian T, Grybosk K, Sinoimeri Z, Hall R. Informal payments in government health facilities in Albania: Results of a qualitative study. Soc Scie Med 2006; 62(4): 877-887.

Tomini S, Maarse H. How do patient characteristics influence informal payments for inpatient and outpatient health care in Albania: Results of logit and OLS models using Albanian LSMS 2005. BMC Pub Health 2011; 11(1): 375.

Joudaki H, Rashidian A, Minaei-Bidgoli B, Mahmoodi M, Geraili B, Nasiri M, et al. Improving fraud and abuse detection in general physician claims: a data mining study. Int J Health Policy Manage 2016; 5(3): 165-172.

Lewis M. Informal payments and the financing of health care in developing and transition countries. Health Aff 2007; 26(4): 984-997.

Thompson R, Witter S. Informal payments in transitional economies: implications for health sector reform. Int J Health Plan Manage 2000; 15(3): 169-187.

Stepurko T, Pavlova M, Gryga I, Groot W. Empirical studies on informal patient payments for health care services: a systematic and critical review of research methods and instruments. BMC Health Serv Res 2010; 10(1): 273.

Onwujekwe O, Dike N, Uzochukwu B, Ezeoke O. Informal payments for healthcare: Differences in expenditures from consumers and providers perspectives for treatment of malaria in Nigeria. Health policy 2010; 96(1): 72-79.

Balabanova D, McKee M. Understanding informal payments for health care: the example of Bulgaria. Health Policy 2002; 62(3): 243-273.

Ensor T. Informal payments for health care in transition economies. Soc Sci Med 2004; 58(2): 237-246.

Killingsworth JR, Hossain N, Hedrick-Wong Y, Thomas SD, Rahman A, Begum T. Unofficial fees in Bangladesh: price, equity and institutional issues. Health Policy Plan 1999; 14(2): 152-163.

Barber S, Bonnet F, Bekedam H. Formalizing under-the-table payments to control out-of-pocket hospital expenditures in Cambodia. Health Policy Plan 2004; 19(4): 199-208.

Thompson R, Xavier A. Unofficial payments for acute state hospital care in Kazakhstan. A model of physician behaviour with price discrimination and vertical service differentiation. LICOS Discussion Paper; 2002.

Grant MJ, Booth A. A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Inf Lib J 2009; 26(2): 91-108.

Lewis M. Informal Payments and the Financing of Health Care in Developing and Transition Countries. Health Aff 2007; 26(4): 984-997.

Cohen N. Informal payments for health care–the phenomenon and its context. Health Econ Policy Law 2012; 7(3): 285-308.

Gaal P, Belli PC, McKee M, Szócska M. Informal payments for health care: definitions, distinctions, and dilemmas. J Health Polit Policy Law 2006; 31(2): 251-293.

Stepurko T, Pavlova M, Gryga I, Groot W. Making Patients Pay: Informal Patient Payments in Central and Eastern European Countries. Front Public Health 2015; 3: 192.

Vahidi R, Saadati M. Determining the distribution of effective factors on out of pocket payment (formal and informal) in hospitalized cardiac patientsof Shahid Madani hospital and its side effects on the patient or companions-Iran-Tabriz 2010. Hospital 2013; 11(4): 45-52. [Persian]

Vian T, Feeley FG, Domente S, Negruta A, Matei A, Habicht J. Barriers to universal health coverage in Republic of Moldova: a policy analysis of formal and informal out-of-pocket payments. BMC Health Serv Res 2015; 15(1): 319.

Riklikiene O, Jarasiunaite G, Starkiene L. Informal patient payments in publicly financed healthcare facilities in Lithuania. Scand J Public Health 2014; 42(6): 488-496.

Cockcroft A, Andersson N, Paredes-Solís S, Caldwell D, Mitchell S, Milne D, et al. An inter-country comparison of unofficial payments: results of a health sector social audit in the Baltic States. BMC Health Servs Res 2008; 8(1): 15.

Baji P, Pavlova M, Gulácsi L, Farkas M, Groot W. The link between past informal payments and willingness of the Hungarian population to pay formal fees for health care services: results from a contingent valuation study. Eur J Health Econ 2014; 15(8): 853-867.

Khodamoradi A, Rashidian A, Aghlmand S, Arab M, Moini M. Informal Payments and its Related Factors in Urmia Hospitals. Hakim 2015; 17(4): 313-321. [Persian]

Belli P, Gotsadze G, Shahriari H. Out-of-pocket and informal payments in health sector: evidence from Georgia. Health Policy 2004; 70(1): 109-123.

Özgen H, Şahin B, Belli P, Tatar M, Berman P. Predictors of informal health payments: The example from Turkey. J Med Sys 2010; 34(3): 387-396.

Farcasanu DO. Population perception on corruption, informal payments and introduction of co-payments in the public health system in Romania. Management 2010; 14(1): 8-13.

Parsa M, Aramesh K, Nedjat S, Kandi MJ, Larijani B. Informal Payments for Health Care in Iran: Results of a Qualita tive Study. Iran J Publ Health 2015; 44(1): 79-88.

Barr DA. The ethics of Soviet medical practice: behaviours and attitudes of physicians in Soviet Estonia. J Med Ethics 1996; 22(1): 33-40.

Stringhini S, Thomas S, Bidwell P, Mtui T, Mwisongo A. Understanding informal payments in health care: motivation of health workers in Tanzania. Hum Resour Health 2009; 7(1): 53.

Shahriari H, Belli P, Lewis M. Institutional issues in informal health payments in Poland: report on the qualitative part of the study; 2001.

Delcheva E, Balabanova D, McKee M. Under the counter payments for health care: evidence from Bulgaria. Health Policy 1997; 42(2): 89-100.

Aarva P, Ilchenko I, Gorobets P, Rogacheva A. Formal and informal payments in health care facilities in two Russian cities, Tyumen and Lipetsk. Health Policy Plan 2009; 24(5): 395-405.

Gaal P, McKee M. Fee-for-service or donation? Hungarian perspectives on informal payment for health care. Soc Sci Med 2005; 60(7): 1445-1457.

Miller WL, Grødeland ÅB, Koshechkina TY. If you pay, we'll operate immediately. J Med Ethics 2000; 26(5): 305-311.

Paredes-Solís S, Andersson N, Ledogar R, Cockcroft A. Use of social audits to examine unofficial payments in government health services: experience in South Asia, Africa, and Europe. BMC Health Serv Res 2011; 11(2): S12.

Kpanake L, Dassa SK, Mullet E. Is it acceptable for a physician to request informal payments for treatment? Lay people’s and health professionals’ views in Togo. Psychol Health Med 2014; 19(3): 296-302.

Kaitelidou DC, Tsirona CS, Galanis PA, Siskou OC, Mladovsky P, Kouli EG, et al. Informal payments for maternity health services in public hospitals in Greece. Health Policy 2013; 109(1): 23-30.

Tomini S, Groot W, Pavlova M. Informal payments and intra-household allocation of resources for health care in Albania. BMC Health Serv Res 2012; 12(1): 17.

Ghiasipour M, Poorreza A, Arab M, Mahmoodi M, Abutorabi A. The Analysis of Informal Payments Among Hospitals Covered Under Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) 2009. Hospital 2011; 10(3): 9-22. [Persian]

Tomini S, Packard TG. Informal gifts in public health care: scarce resources or governance failure? Evidence from Albania using living standard measurement surveys. Brussels: World Bank Internation Conference on Poverty and Social Inclusion in the Western Balkans; Belgium, 2010.

Setyesh T, Nakhaee N, Rohani A. A survey of Public Opinion on the Informal Payments to Physicians in Kerman, Iran. Iran J Ethics Sci Technol 2007; 2(1): 81-88.

Liaropoulos L, Siskou O, Kaitelidou D, Theodorou M, Katostaras T. Informal payments in public hospitals in Greece. Health Policy 2008; 87(1): 72-81.

Vian T, Burak LJ. Beliefs about informal payments in Albania. Health Policy Plan 2006; 21(5): 392-401.

Baji P, Pavlova M, Gulácsi L, Farkas M, Groot W. The link between past informal payments and willingness of the Hungarian population to pay formal fees for health care services: results from a contingent valuation study. Eur J Health Econ 2014; 15(8): 853-867.

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Gaal P, Evetovits T, McKee M. Informal payment for health care: evidence from Hungary. Health Policy 2006; 77(1): 86-102.

Aboutorabi A, Ghiasipour M, Rezapour A, Pourreza A, Sarabi Asiabar A, Tanoomand A. Factors affecting the informal payments in public and teaching hospitals. Med J Islam Rep Iran 2016; 30(1): 26-35.