نقش سوگیریهای شناختی در خطاهای پزشکی: مروری بر ادبیات، مفاهیم و تعاریف
مجله اخلاق پزشکی - علمی پژوهشی,
دوره 15 شماره 46 (1400),
7 خرداد 2021
,
صفحه 1-15
https://doi.org/10.22037/mej.v15i46.25365
چکیده
زمینه و هدف: خطاهای پزشکی یک بار مهم بر دوش نظام سلامت و مراقبتهای بهداشتی و چالشی بنیادین برای پزشکان، اخلاق و سیاستگذاران حوزه خدمات درمانی به شمار میرود. بیشتر این خطاها در تشخیص با نقص در استدلال بالینی همراه هستند. در حال حاضر بررسی و شناخت عوامل شناختی دخیل در این خطاها مورد توجه است.
مواد و روشها: در این مرور روایتی تاریخچه خطاهای پزشکی و سوگیریهای شناختی در تشخیصهای بالینی تشریح شده است. به همین منظور از چهار پایگاه داده Oxford، PubMed، SCOPUS و Google Scholar تعداد 400 مقاله در بازه زمانی 1900 تا 2018 استخراج شد.
ملاحظات اخلاقی: در این مطالعه مروری امانتداری و صداقت در استفاده از منابع علمی رعایت گردید.
یافتهها: بررسی ادبیات پژوهشی در این حوزه وجود سه فرضیه مدلهای پردازش سهگانه، سیستم پردازش یک و دو، تفکر شهودی ـ تحلیلی را به منظور تبیین خطاهای پزشکی و نقص در تشخیصهای بالینی نشان میدهد، به طوری که سوگیریهای شناختی یکی از اساسیترین خاستگاههای نقص در فرآیند استدلال بالینی در نظر گرفته میشوند. بر همین اساس یافتهها در سه بخش استدلال بالینی و خطا در تشخیص، مدلهای پردازش دوگانه و سوگیریهای شناختی تدوین شد.
نتیجهگیری: این مرور روایتی نشان داد که پرداختن به جنبههای شناختی خطاهای بالینی همراستا با علل رایج و شناختهشده خطاهای پزشکی، در حوزه بهداشت و سلامت ضرورت دارد.
- خطاهای پزشکی؛ سوگیریهای شناختی؛ پردازشهای دوگانه؛ تصمیمگیری
ارجاع به مقاله
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