Journal of Behdasht dar Arseh (i.e., Health in the Field)

Background and Aims: Drug compounds, including acetaminophen, enter the environment through urban and industrial wastewater. The presence of these substances in very small amounts causes adverse effects on health. The goal of this research is to investigate of acetaminophen removal from aqueous solution by batch proxy electrochemical reactor with using zinc-copper electrode and hydrogen peroxide.

Materials and Methods: This study is a laboratory experimental research. Water sample containing acetaminophen was prepared and removal efficiency in different conditions of variables pH (4-8), c reaction time (30-90 min), concentration of acetaminophen (50-200 mg/L), current density (3-9 mA/cm2), and concentration of hydrogen peroxide (0.5-1.5 mg/L) were studied. Acetaminophen was determined by high performance liquid chromatography at 360. Ethical considerations were observed at all stages of the study.

Results: In electrochemical reactor, the removal rate of 50 mg/L acetaminophen was obtained in the optimal conditions of 2 cm distance between electrodes, 9 mA/cm2 electric current density, 30 minutes electrolysis time, and pH equal to 4, 63%. In proxy electrochemical reactor, the amount of acetaminophen removal at a concentration of 1.5 mg/L hydrogen peroxide, 9 mA/cm2 electric current density, 30 minutes time reaction, an optimal pH equal to 4, and 50 mg/L acetaminophen concentration was obtained 100%.

Conclusion: Based on these results, the peroxy electrochemical method, as a promising and environmentally friendly advanced oxidation technology, is effective in removing acetaminophen from aqueous solutions and the process implementation conditions are more cost-effective compared to electrochemical method.

Background and Aims: Sharps injuries are a threat to the nursing community during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of nurses working in Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital in Ilam towards the prevention of injuries caused by sharp and sharp objects in 2020.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted among 157 nurses working in Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital in Ilam. The study sample were included by census method. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 54 questions. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed by experts' opinions and approved (CVR > 0.54). The reliability of questionnaire was confirmed by using Cronbach's alpha method (0.74, 0.78 and 0.78 for knowledge, attitude and practice alternatively). Data analysis was performed using SPSS software by independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance and linear regression. Ethical considerations were taken into account throughout the study.

Results: In this study, the mean and standard deviation of nurses’ knowledge, attitude and practice were 6.41(± 1.94), 31.76 (± 6.09) and 18.85 (± 6.50), respectively. There were significant differences in nurses’ knowledge according to the age, duration of employment, employment status, vaccination history, previous training and place of work. Also, there were significant differences in attitude according to place of work; and practice according to duration of employment, place of work, and degree of education (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Due to the poor knowledge, attitude and practice of nurses of Ilam Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital towards injuries caused by sharp objects, it is necessary to plan and implement an intervention in order to improve nurse’s knowledge, attitude and practice. Designing and continuous presentation a set of appropriate trainings for nurses, requiring nurses to be vaccinated against hepatitis B, establish an accurate and credible reporting system, and as well as principles of ergonomics in the workplace can be used as the necessary solutions in this area.

Background and Aims: Drug compounds, including acetaminophen, enter the environment through urban and industrial wastewater. The presence of these substances in very small amounts causes adverse effects on health. The goal of this research is to investigate of acetaminophen removal from aqueous solution by batch proxy electrochemical reactor with using zinc-copper electrode and hydrogen peroxide.

Materials and Methods: This study is a laboratory experimental research. Water sample containing acetaminophen was prepared and removal efficiency in different conditions of variables pH (4-8), c reaction time (30-90 min), concentration of acetaminophen (50-200 mg/L), current density (3-9 mA/cm2), and concentration of hydrogen peroxide (0.5-1.5 mg/L) were studied. Acetaminophen was determined by high performance liquid chromatography at 360. Ethical considerations were observed at all stages of the study.

Results: In electrochemical reactor, the removal rate of 50 mg/L acetaminophen was obtained in the optimal conditions of 2 cm distance between electrodes, 9 mA/cm2 electric current density, 30 minutes electrolysis time, and pH equal to 4, 63%. In proxy electrochemical reactor, the amount of acetaminophen removal at a concentration of 1.5 mg/L hydrogen peroxide, 9 mA/cm2 electric current density, 30 minutes time reaction, an optimal pH equal to 4, and 50 mg/L acetaminophen concentration was obtained 100%.

Conclusion: Based on these results, the peroxy electrochemical method, as a promising and environmentally friendly advanced oxidation technology, is effective in removing acetaminophen from aqueous solutions and the process implementation conditions are more cost-effective compared to electrochemical method.

زمینه و اهداف: این مطالعه با هدف بررسی وضعیت هیجانی، درک از خطر و دانش پرستاران درباره بیماری کووید-19 در شهر زنجان انجام گرفت.

 مواد و روش‌ها: پژوهش حاضر یک مطالعه توصیفی- مقطعی بود که بر روی 271 نفر از پرستاران انجام شد. ابزار شامل، پرسشنامه‌های دانش و درک از خطر و پرسشنامه وضعیت هیجانی (HSCL) بود. روایی ابزار با سنجش CVI و CVR و پایایی آن با استفاده از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ ارزیابی شد. داده‌ها با نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 23 تجزیه‌ و تحلیل شدند. رعایت ملاحظات اخلاقی در تمام مراحل اجرای مطالعه درنظر گرفته شد.

یافته‌ها: میان وضعیت هیجانی شرکت کنندگان و میزان سابقه کار آنها ارتباط معنی‌داری مشاهده شد. دانش و آگاهی 92 درصد از نمونه‌ها درباره بیماری کووید-19 در حد "زیاد" بود. میان آگاهی و دانش درباره بیماری کووید-19 و جنسیت، وضعیت تاهل، رابطه معنی‌دار بود. بین آگاهی و دانش و سطح نگرش و ادراکات شرکت کنندگان و همچنین بین سطح نگرش و ادراکات با مقیاس حساسیت در روابط میان فردی، همبستگی معناداری وجود داشت. میان خرده مقیاس افسردگی در پرسشنامه وضعیت هیجانی HCLS  و جنسیت و سطح تحصیلات یک رابطه معنی‌دار وجود داشت.

نتیجه‌گیری: قرار داشتن پرستاران یک وضعیت ثبات هیجانی و عاطفی باعث می‌شود که آنها به خوبی بتوانند با کسب دانش، وضعیت بحرانی موجود را مدیریت کنند و بیماران مبتلا به کووید-19 و سایر افراد جامعه را در جهت پیشگیری از ابتلا راهنمایی کنند.

Background and Aims: The implementation of the online medical system in the country requires medical centers to respect patients' rights and their satisfaction. Accordingly, the aim of the present study is to link the online search for health information with the improvement of patient services and staff commitment to medical instructions during different stages of treatment.

Materials and Methods: The present study is a descriptive and applied study. The statistical population of this study includes hospitalized patients and staff working in different wards of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran, whose number is estimated at 297 people. According to Cochran's formula, a sample of 170 people was selected from them and using the standard questionnaire with a Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient greater than 0.7 were studied. SPSS20 software was used to analyze the data in two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results: The analysis of hypotheses using structural equation modeling showed that online information search before the start of the treatment period, the nature of interactions during the treatment period and upgrading the capabilities of the service provider to improve physician-patient communication through physician coordination and The patient, the quality of the nurse-patient relationship play a significant role in following the patient's instructions.

Conclusion: Based on the results of the research, it is suggested that in order to use the benefits of the online medical system for different segments of society, sufficient facilities and infrastructure for the use of the Internet and information technology should be made available to the public.

Background and Aims: Strengthening and improving self-efficacy among employees is effective in promoting mental health and reducing psychological symptoms during the Coronavirus outbreak. This study, therefore, aimed to study the relationship between psychological symptoms and self-efficacy of the staff of the Ministry of Health during Covid-19 pandemic.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted cross-sectionally among 330 staff members of the Ministry of Health in 2019. Sampling was done in a stratified random manner. Data were collected online using a general health and self-efficacy questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 16 software. Ethical considerations were observed at all stages of the study.

Results: Depression (10.39 ± 9.04) showed the highest score and morbid fear (3.20 ± 3.75) had the lowest score among psychological symptoms. The efficiency of employees was evaluated well. There was no significant difference between psychological symptoms and the variables of gender, marital status, employment status, and number of children. There observed a significant difference with variables of Corona involvement, age, education level, and work experience. The relationship between all psychological symptoms and self-efficacy was significant and inverse. The regression model showed that sensitivity variables in reciprocal relationships, age, depression, aggression and morbid fear together predict 38% of self-efficacy changes.

Conclusion: Considering the negative correlation between self-efficacy and psychological symptoms and the predictor of self-efficacy by psychological symptoms, holding training classes, coping methods and teaching self-efficacy skills can be useful in promoting mental health and self-efficacy of employees.

زمینه و اهداف: کیسه­های پلاستیکی با وجود کاربردهای فراوان، تهدیدی جدی برای محیط زیست و حیات انسان­ها و موجودات به شمار می­روند. مقابله با این تهدیدها، در گرو درک درست عوامل موثر بر کاهش مصرف کیسه­های پلاستیکی است. لذا این مطالعه به منظور شناخت این عوامل به مروری بر مطالعات صورت گرفته در زمینه کاهش مصرف کیسه­های پلاستیکی در ایران و جهان پرداخته است.

مواد و روش‌ها: در این مطالعه، جستجوی کلیدواژه­های Plastic bags،Reduction ، consumption، personal factor و Environmental factor  در پایگاه‌های معتبر اطلاعاتی همچون SID، PUBMED، Scopus و Google Scholar صورت گرفت. جستجوها محدود به بازه زمانی سال 2009 تا سال 2022 شد و در نتیجه­ی این جستجو بیش از 90 مطالعه، شناسایی و استخراج گردید. ملاحظات اخلاقی در تمام مراحل انجام مطالعه رعایت شد.

یافته‌ها: تعداد 32 مطالعه مرتبط­ مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. فاکتورهای مورد بررسی در این مطالعات در سه دسته عوامل روانشناختی، عوامل جمعیت شناختی و عوامل محیطی تقسیم بندی گردید و در نهایت تاثیر گزارش شده هریک از این فاکتورها با رفتار مصرفی مورد نظر، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.

نتیجه‌گیری: در رابطه با رفتار کاهش مصرف کیسه پلاستیکی بی­تاثیرترین فاکتور، نگرش و موثرترین فاکتور نیز هنجارهای ذهنی و کنترل رفتاری درک شده است. به نظر می­رسد در این رفتار محیط زیستی، نگرش مثبت به تنهایی کافی نیست و شکاف میان نگرش و رفتار با آگاهی از روش­های کاهش مصرف کیسه پلاستیکی، باور فرد به توانایی انجام این روش­ها و سازگار بودن فشارهای اجتماعی پر می­گردد.