Akhlāq-i zīstī i.e., Bioethics Journal

جنبش‌های اجتماعی به هر گونه کوشش جمعی برای پیشبرد منافع یا رسیدن به هدف از طریق عملی خارج از حوزه نهاد رسمی اطلاق می‌گردد .این رفتارهای جمعی پاسخ عده‌ای از مردم نسبت به یک وضعیت یا مسأله خاص می‌باشد. از سویی حقوق شهروندی به مجموعه‌ای از تکالیف، مسؤولیت و مطالبات شهروندان در قبال یکدیگر، جامعه و دولت گفته می‌شود. از مهم‌ترین منابع متضمن و حمایت‌کننده حقوق شهروندان قوانین موجود، به ویژه قانون اساسی می‌باشد؛ قوانینی که از طرف نخبگان و حاکمیت بر مبنای اصول فرهنگی، سیاسی و اجتماعی شکل گرفته است. چیستی جنبش‌های اجتماعی، انواع و ارتباط آن‌ها با گسترش و شکل‌گیری حقوق شهروندی پرسش‌هایی است که به شیوه توصیفی ـ تحلیلی در این پژوهش مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و نتیجه اصلی آن این است که جنبش‌های اجتماعی از طریق اثرگذاری در ساختار حکومت زمینه‌ساز ایجاد قوانینی تازه در جامعه شده و به تبع آن خاستگاهی برای شکل‌گیری و رعایت حقوق شهروندی به حساب می‌آیند. کارکرد دیگر جنبش اجتماعی، افزایش مشارکت، آگاهی سیاسی و اجتماعی در جهت مطالبه حقوق مردم از دولت‌ها می‌باشد.

در قرآن کریم مکرراً تصریح ‌شده که خداوند متعال مواهب عالم را برای انسان آفریده‌، لذا بین او و مواهب آفرینش نوعی ارتباط وجود دارد. خالق جهان هستی و مدبر امور، قوانین حاکم بر افراد و جوامع انسانی را وضع ‌کرد و انسان را مکلف به اطاعت از دستورات و قوانین قرار داد. در سیره پیامبر اکرم (ص) و نوع تعامل ایشان با افراد جامعه نیز حقوق هر فرد به عنوان شهروند، همواره در دستور کار بوده است. منابع اسلامی به ویژه تشیّع، جنبه‌های مختلف حقوق فردی شهروندی در حکومت اسلامی را به طور مستقیم و غیر مستقیم مورد بررسی قرار داده است. امام خمینی (ره) اسلام‌شناسی خبره بود و اساساً دیدگاه‎های مختلف سیاسی و اجتماعی ایشان مبتنی بر برداشت و تفسیر ایشان از منابع اسلامی بود. ایشان دیدگاه‌های مختلفی را در زمینه الگوهای راهبردی نظام جمهوری اسلامی ایران، ضرورت تبیین هرچه بیشتر و بهتر منابع اسلامی و شیعی نمایان ‎ساخت. اولین حق انسان، حق نفس و شناخت جایگاه حقیقی خویش به عنوان اشرف مخلوقات است که با توجه به آیات قرآن کریم و سخنان ائمه اطهار (ع)، شناخت حقوق اموال و افراد در جامعه مورد عنایت این مقاله می‎باشد، لذا در این راستا، پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از روش‌های تحقیقی کتابخانه‌ای، میدانی و مطالعه اسنادی، حقوق شهروندی فردی را در حکومت اسلامی ایران با استناد به بیانات امام خمینی (ره) مورد تحقیق و پژوهش قرار داده است.

حاکمیت قانون به عنوان زیربنای اصلی و اولیه تأمین حقوق شهروندی و اجرای آن به شمار می‌رود. علاوه بر این باید اذعان کرد که حاکمیت قانون به عنوان یک اصل حقوقی در جهت تعدیل قدرت حاکمان و پاسخگویی آن‌ها در برابر شهروندان به کار می‌رود. به همین جهت نیازمند بررسی جامع و مستقلی هستیم که در اثر آن بتوان به مبانی مهم تأثیر حاکمیت قانون در تأمین حقوق شهروندی دست یافت. در همین راستا در این مقاله به دنبال پاسخگویی به این سؤال هستیم که چگونه می‌توان با حاکمیت قانون رعایت حقوق شهروندی را از طرف نظام قانونگذاری و طبقه حاکمه تضمین کرد که به نظر می‌رسد وضع قانون مناسب و اعتقاد شهروندان به اجرای آن می‌تواند حاکمیت قانون را ابزاری جهت تأمین حقوق شهروندی گرداند. در این مقاله از شیوه تحلیلی و توصیفی جهت گردآوری مطالب و نگارش آن استفاده کرده‌ایم که این موارد در راستای تحقق و هدف این پژوهش که کشف رابطه‌ای میان حقوق شهروندی و حاکمیت قانون می‌باشد، صورت پذیرفته است.

نظریه اقتصاد مقاومتی، یکی از مهم‎ترین نظریه‌های مطرح‌‌شده در حوزه اقتصاد است. از نظر بسیاری از مفسرین، این نظریه دارای ابعاد صرف اقتصادی در شرایط بحران نیست و ضمن توجه به اصول مقاومت، عزت‎مندی، مصالح جمعی، جهاد، تساوی و عدالت اقتصادی و رعایت حقوق اجتماعی اقلیت‌ها و دو اصل مهم کرامت و عدالت، زمینه‌های تحقق حقوق شهروندی را نیز فراهم آورده است. این موضوع مهم با رعایت کامل جنبه‌های فقهی، در منشور حقوق شهروندی، قانون اساسی و اسناد نهادی و رسمی کشور مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. از آنجا که حقوق شهروندی زیربنای اقتصاد مقاومتی و بسترساز تحقق عدالت اقتصادی در جامعه می‌باشد، آگاهی‌بخشی به مردم و آموزش حقوق شهروندی، زمینه‌های لازم را برای نیل به اهداف اقتصاد مقاومتی و بهبود فضای کسب و کار فراهم می‌سازد، چراکه مقتضیات تحقق اهداف اقتصاد مقاومتی با تحقق حقوق شهروندی، ایجاد خواهد گردید. بنابراین با توجه به فرهنگ و اصول اسلامی‌، تجربیات موفق دنیا و بومی‌‎سازی آن‎ها، باید با عزم ملی و همدلی بین دولت و مجلس و مردم، در اجرای صحیح قوانین کارآمد دقت شود، لذا ضروری است تا پیش از ورود به بحث اصلی، مفاهیم عدالت اقتصادی، اقتصاد مقاومتی و حقوق شهروندی به خوبی تبیین گردد. پژوهش حاضر، با استفاده از روش‎های تحقیقی میدانی و مطالعه اسنادی و کتابخانه‌ای، درصدد بررسی سیاست‎های اقتصاد مقاومتی است تا لزوم به هم پیوستگی این سیاست‎ها و رابطه آن با حوزه تحت شمول حقوق شهروندی در راستای تحقق عدالت اقتصادی و عدالت توزیعی، ایجاد رفاه و پویایی اقتصاد مبتنی بر تولید و اشتغال، به خوبی روشن ‌‎شود.

تربیت شهروندان مسؤول و آگاه یکی از محوری‌ترین و بنیادی‌ترین رسالت‌های نظام آموزشی در کشو‌های مختلف است. هر کشوری در قالب آموزش رسمی و غیر رسمی، وظیفه آماده‌کردن شهروندان را برای ورود به زندگی اجتماعی، اقتصادی، سیاسی و فرهنگی دارد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی میزان اهمیت مؤلفه‌های تربیت شهروندی دانشی، نگرشی و مهارتی، در کتاب‌های مطالعات اجتماعی سه پایه، چهارم، پنجم و ششم ابتدایی صورت گرفته است. در این پژوهش از روش آنتروپی شانون که دارای سه مرحله می‌باشد، استفاده شده است. کل جامعه آماری (شامل: متن، تصویر، فعالیت‌ها) مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است. پژوهش حاضر نشان می‌دهد که توجه به مؤلفه‌های مهارت شهروندی با فراوانی 183 بیشتر از دو مؤلفه دیگر است. نگرش شهروندی با فراوانی 170 در جایگاه دوم قرار دارد و دانش شهروندی با فراوانی 127 در جایگاه سوم اهمیت قرار دارد. از میان مؤلفه‌های مربوط به حقوق شهروندی، توانایی انتخاب و تصمیم‌گیری از بیشترین ضریب اهمیت برخوردار است.

مکتب اسلام، در تدوین حقوق شهروندی، نگاه تعالی‌جویانه به انسان دارد. هدف این مقاله پاسخ‌دادن به این سؤال است که نقش مبانی سیاست اسلامی در تبیین حقوق شهروندی چیست؟ در این تحقیق با رویکرد توصیفی و تحلیلی به این موضوع پرداخته شد. حاکمیت قانون الهی و حقوق شهروندی، دوساحتی‌بودن انسان و حقوق شهروندی، کرامت انسان و حقوق شهروندی، خلافت الهی انسان و حقوق شهروندی، از جمله یافته‌های این پژوهش می‌باشد. از جمله نتایج تحقیق عبارت است از این‌که دین اسلام با سیاست و حقوق و...، سازگار است. اسلام، بُعد روحانی آدمی را اصل و بُعد جسمانی او را فرع دانسته و زمینه رسیدن همه انسان‌ها را به سعادت در دنیا و آخرت هموار نموده است. تدبیر امور انسان به دست خداوند و منشأ حاکمیت نیز، اراده و إذن اوست، زیرا با آگاهی، در سیاستگذاری‌ها، وضع قوانین و تشریع احکام، حقوق شهروندی و مصالح مادی و معنوی واقعی او را رعایت می‌کند و برای رسیدن او به حقوق شایسته شهروندی، بر نهادینه‌سازی اخلاق، ارزش‌های دینی و انسانی در فرد و جامعه تأکید نموده است.

حاشیه‌نشینی از پیامدهای توسعه ناهمسو در نظام شهرنشینی است. در روند گسترش‌ شهرها نیز طی‌ چند دهه‌ اخیر آبادی‌ها و روستاهای ‌بسیاری‌ به‌ شهرها پیوند خورده‌ و در آن‌ها ادغام‌ گردیده‌اند. شهر یزد از این امر مستثنی نبوده است و حاشیه‌نشینی تمام مناطق شهر یزد را دربر گرفته است. از آنجایی که آثار نابرابری محله‌های شهر یزد در برخورداری از کاربری‌های شهری در شکل استفاده از فضا بازتاب پیدا کرده است، بنابراین وقتی حاشیه‌نشینان پراکندگی نابرابر منابع و حقوق شهری را ناعادلانه دیدند، خود را ناتوان از بهبود موقعیت اقتصادی ـ اجتماعی دیدند. از این رو در این مقاله درصدد بررسی عوامل مؤثر برحاشیه‌نشینی و همچنین رابطه استفاده از خدمات و حقوق شهروندی توسط حاشیه‌نشین‌ها و ارتکاب جرم هستیم. با توجه به ضریب پراکندگی کاربری‌ها و خدمات شهری در محلات حاشیه‌نشین (188/9) و محلات غیر حاشیه‌نشین (14/49) چنین استنباط می‌شود که شاخص‌های آموزشی، بهداشتی، فرهنگی، تجاری، ورزشی، فضای سبز به عنوان یکی از عوامل تأثیرگذار در حاشیه‌نشینی محسوب می‌شوند. بر اساس مدل‌های رتبه‌بندی سکونتگاه‌ها، درجه توسعه‌یافتگی در 41 محله شهر تفاوت چشم‌گیری را نشان داده است. همچنین میزان اعتبار همبستگی بین عدم توسعه‌یافتگی و حاشیه‌نشینی با 0/035 قابل اعتبار بوده است. بر اساس رگرسیون خطی نیز ارتباط معنی‌داری بین حاشیه‌نشینی و توزیع ناعادلانه خدمات و عدم توسعه‌یافتگی وجود داشته است. علاوه بر این، نتایج مدل خوشه‌ای، حاکی از این است که برای حاشیه‌نشین‌بودن یک محله، غیر از کمبود خدمات و کاربری‌ها، فاکتورهای دیگری نیز مطرح بوده است. یافته‌های این قسمت از تحقیق به موازات دیدگاه بوم‌شناسی شهری است. در رابطه با آسیب‌ها و جرائم اجتماعی حاشیه‌نشینی باید گفت، بر اساس نمونه‌ای به حجم 282 نفر از ساکنین مناطق حاشیه‌ای شهر یزد مشخص گردید که افراد بیکار و با درآمد پایین نسبتاً بیشتر مرتکب جرائم اجتماعی شده‌اند. همچنین نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که بین مهاجرت و ارتكاب جرائم اجتماعی رابطه معنی‌داری وجود ندارد. نتایج این تحقیق، همسو با نظریات قشربندی اجتماعی بوده است. معضل حاشیه‌نشینی حاصل بی‌توجهی و بی‌عدالتی به حقوق شهروندی است. اطلاق ساکنان حاشیه شهر به شهروند درجه دو مغایر اصول قانون اساسی و منشور حقوق شهروندی است. برای رفع این امر دولت باید در ارائه خدمات به حاشیه شهرها توجه بیشتر نماید تا شخصی به عنوان حاشیه‌نشین یا ساکن سکونتگاه غیر رسمی شناخته نشود.

زمینه و هدف: نظر به نقش حاکمیت قانون در تحقق حقوق شهروندی در مقولات مختلف زیست اجتماعی، این تحقیق با هدف آسیب‌شناسی خدمت سربازی از این منظر انجام شده است.

مواد و روش‌ها: این مقاله با روش تحلیلی و تفسیر همگرای قانون پس از اشاره اجمالی بر نظریه حاکمیت قانون، در پی پاسخ به این پرسش است که عناصر قانونمندی نظام سربازی در ایران کدام است؟ نقاط قوت و ضعف این نظام جهت تحقق حقوق شهروندی و حاکمیت قانون چیست؟

یافته‌ها: فراگیری خدمت سربازی نسبت به تمامی اولاد ذکور عاملی مؤثر در تعمیق حاکمیت قانون است. هم‌ترازی و تساوی همه جوانان ایرانی فارغ از قومیت، پایگاه اجتماعی، تحصیلات و...، عاملی مؤثر در تثبیت انگاره تساوی در برابر قانون برای همه شهروندان است، اگرچه پار‌ه‌ای رویه‌های نادرست و زمینه‌های بحران زا می‌تواند عامل نقض حقوق شهروندی سربازان گردد.

نتیجه‌گیری: اجرای بدون تنازل و تبعیض قانون، تأکید بر شهروندی سرباز و محوریت آموزش حقوق و تکالیف قانونی خاصه قانون اساسی، ضمن تقویت حقوق شهروندی سربازان، تثبیت این حقوق در جامعه را نیز به دنبال خواهد داشت.

بعد از شکل‌گیری جوامع بشری، اولین رابطه‌ای که میان انسان‌ها شکل گرفت، تبادلاتی بود که بر اساس نیازشان بین آنان صورت پذیرفت و در حوزه‌های مختلفی، مانند خرید و فروش و معاوضه کالاها انجام شد. با پیشرفت و افزایش سطح فکری مردم این تبادلات شکل پیچیده‌تری به خود گرفت که امروزه به آن «اقتصاد» می‌گویند. بعدها اقتصاد شکل کامل‌تری یافت تا این‌که نظریات بسیاری در حهت ارتقای سطح کیفی آن بیان شد. در کشور ما یکی از موضوعاتی که در سال‌های اخیر مورد توجه قرار گرفته، نظام اقتصاد رقابتی است که مقام معظم رهبری برای تحقق و اجرایی‌شدن اصل 44 به آن تصریح نموده‌اند. در عین حال از مهم‌ترین مبانی که در حقوق شهروندی، رییس‌جمهور وقت از آن نام برده بردند، «اصل حمایت از اقتصاد رقابت و شفاف» است. این اصل در به وجودآوردن یک اقتصاد سالم تأثیرگذار است و می‌تواند یک راه‌کار برای تحقق اصل حیاتی اقتصاد مقاومتی بوده و تأمین‌کننده حقوق شهروندی باشد. حال این سؤال مطرح می‌شود که فقه چه راه‌کار مناسبی برای دستیابی به اقتصاد سالم، شفاف و رقابتی ارائه می‌دهد؟ فقه هم با قواعدی، مانند قاعده آزادی و عدم اکراه، قاعده عدم انحصار یا عدم رفتار انحصارگرایانه، قاعده تعاون و قاعده حق اولویت توانسته راه‌کارهای مناسبی ارائه دهد. این نوشتار به روش اسنادی ـ کتابخانه‌ای تهیه شده است.

Background and Aim: International arbitration as the best and most effective dispute resolution mechanism is subject to the intervention of national courts. One of these ways of influencing is the role and influence of national courts in not recognizing and enforcing international arbitral awards. Which is related to human rights issues, ie arbitration requires principles such as fair trial, which are present in human rights and must be observed in order for proper arbitration to take place. Iran is a French legal system and UNCITRAL rules with an emphasis on international human rights law.

Research Method: The research method in this article is citation method and using valid books and articles.

Ethical Considerations: In pre-ethical research such as; Preservation of the originality of the texts and fidelity has been observed.

Findings: The issue of integration between international arbitration and human rights has always been the subject of discussion and discussion of doctrine. Although there are pros and cons, but the views of human rights advocates for human rights involvement in private law and arbitration Although there is much debate today about limiting the involvement of national courts in international arbitration in order to respect human rights issues, governance requirements, in particular the need to comply with national and international public policy and Preserving the dignity of arbitration and respecting the will of the parties, as well as supporting them in order to enjoy a fair and just trial, justifies the intervention of national courts in cases authorized by law. Accordingly, in this article, we try to examine the cases of non-recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards in the rules of the UNCITRAL, the Iranian legal system and French law.

Conclusion: In general, the most important cases of non-recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards: incompetence of the parties to the arbitration agreement, invalidity or lack of a valid arbitration agreement, incompetence of the arbitral tribunal, violation of the composition of the arbitral tribunal or non-compliance with arbitration procedures. Violation of public order and violation of the principles of fair trial.

Please cite this article as: Moghiseh H, Moradi H, Nagizadeh Ansari M. A Study of the Iranian and French Legal Systems Regarding the Non-Recognition of Arbitral Awards in the Light of International Human Rights Rules. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Citizenship Rights, Autumn 2018; 123-141.

Background and Aim: corresponding to the second paragraph in act 156 of the constitution, one of the duties of judicature is the revitalization of the public rights and expansion of the legitimate freedoms and justice; this issue has also been taken into account in the citizenship rights’ charter, passed in 2016. The present article aims at the pathological study of the extant structure of the judicature, particularly the suing authority, in regard of the guaranteeing of the public rights in interaction with the executive and legislative branches as well as the exploration of the foresaid branches’ supervisory and safeguarding roles in the actualization of the citizenship rights and also investigation of the challenges in the face of the suing institution; meanwhile recounting the examples of the public rights and exploring the similar and related professional institutes along with paying attention to the past history of the litigating institution in Iran, the legislative, interactional and structural shortcomings of the corresponding organs can be made up and, simultaneously, an Islamic governance model in proportion to the country’s expediencies can be designed through taking advantage of the constitution’s capacities. 

Materials and Methods: this study has been conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and based on library research and taking notes from the relevant books and articles with the consideration of the charter of the constitution’s citizenship rights, especially the second paragraph of act 156.

Findings: considering the fact that the actualization of the citizenship rights has shifted towards such a necessity as the application of the extant legal capacities along with the more exploration in line with defining, safeguarding and guaranteeing the public rights, the related regulations should be accordingly suggested and supplemented via formative and substantive discourse-making. It is worth mentioning that in case of realizing the judicature and, specifically, the suing authority, as being responsible for guaranteeing the public rights and citizenship rights corresponding to the constitution and the penal trial procedures, it has to be stated that the intention of such public interests and their examples have not been clearly explored, defined and considered.

Conclusion: therefore, after determining the duties and frameworks on the grounds of law and correctly perceiving the legislator’s goals and specifying the limits of the duties to be shouldered by the executive branch, judicature and legislature in the constitution and the citizenship rights’ charter and even the corresponding people-driven organizations, measures should be taken for building discourse and making culture in line with investigating the requirements and guarantees of the public rights and citizenship rights but we are still in the beginning of the actualization of this important goal.

Please cite this article as: Bahramian M, Dashti A, Parvin KH, Alavi P. Exploring the Guarantees of the Public Rights with a Glance at Citizenship Rights and Position of the Suing Authority. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Citizenship Rights, Autumn 2018; 143-156.

Background and Aim: Education plays a key role in human life and today in the world; it is the most important issue to which special attention is paid. An important part of education in the developed world is to train people who are independent and, of course, interact with others, flexible and believe in teamwork. Our main goal is to help children to become independent by teaching them citizenship rights.

Materials and Methods: This study was conducted by using descriptive-analytical method and library resources and taking notes from related books and articles and the teachings of Islam, the Holy Quran and Nahj al-Balaghah.

Findings: When citizenship rights are taught and children know their rights and duties, they will come to an understanding and awareness of what rights and duties they have in front of others and it will provide the ground for their independence.

Conclusion: One of the educational problems in our society today is the excessive dependence of children to parents, which is experienced in adulthood and even after the formation of an independent life. The reason is the lack of proper education and training of civil rights in early childhood. After the separation from the parents, they are not able to cope with their new life and do not have enough self-confidence to manage an independent life. So part of the causes of divorce of young people originated from their lack of independence in married life, which is rooted in lack of independence in childhood.

Please cite this article as: Niasadegh G, Hosseini SH, Vakilian M. Investigating the Children’s Independence from the Perspective in the Family of Islam with Emphasis on Citizenship Rights Education. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Citizenship Rights, Autumn 2018; 189-201.

Background and Aim: Adoption is a legal institution for protecting two social groups of citizens: first, the families deprived of the blessing of having children; and the second, the individuals who, for different reasons, have no guardian for their affairs. Therefore, by considering the attitudes of the society and the people towards these two groups some legal rules have been created to regulate this social challenge.

Materials and Methods: Descriptive and analytical methods were used for the present research. A comparative approach is used to show the common and different points in the issue of adoption in Iranian and Malaysian law following from the standpoint of citizenship law. Data gathering was done by note taking.

Findings: The effort for creating an environment similar to a family for the individuals who are accepted for adoption is a step towards realizing citizenship rights which was considered in Iranian and Malaysian law. But, this matter is affected by another issues including adopting a child by a single person, a condition which doesn’t create an environment in harmony with a family hearth. While, the fact that Iranian adoption law has roots in religious rules, it has more family-centered aspects.

Conclusion: Adoption is the best instrument which has been used since the old times to help children without guardian. And continuing this policy is a necessity while considering its complexity and population growth. Therefore, establishing an adoption institution while making efforts to make its law accorded with family environment is a step towards improving the of rights of the concerned individuals as citizens.

Please cite this article as: Bashir Tash S, Eftekhar Jahromi G, Safaee SH. The Conditions for Adopting a Child in Iranian and Malaysian Law from the Standpoint of Citizenship Law. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Citizenship Rights, Autumn 2018; 171-183.

Background and Aim: In the justice department’s courts, numerous factors are involved in the process of the legal and penal files’ trials; the most important of them includes the justice department’s officers. The recognition of the duties and obligations of this set of officers who are effective in the formation of the legal and penal files, especially during the early stages and initial investigations and gaining information about the role they play for correct and legal safeguarding of the citizens’ rights exert a considerable effect on the judicial authorities’ method of judgment. Therefore, these officers play a vital role by the observance or non-observance of citizenship rights. The present article aims at identifying the civil and criminal liabilities of the justice department’s officers and police in case of the violation of citizenship rights.

Materials and Methods: Since this study has been carried out comparatively and in an interdisciplinary form between the two fields of penal laws and criminology and private laws, it has been prepared and codified using the books and articles related to the aforesaid study fields and through note-taking.

Findings: The study findings signify that the justice department’s executive officers play a role in the formation of the initial files and they are prone to faults when performing the assigned duties hence they might be subjected to criminal and civil liabilities. Ethical Requirements: in this study, fairness, trustworthiness and commitment to the avoidance of any nonscientific bias have been observed from the beginning to the end.

Conclusion: Citizenship rights constitute a relatively new area that is stretched to all the branches of law; their relatedness has been more intensively manifested regarding the duties of the justice department’s officers who are held civilly and criminally liable in case of violating them. Therefore, since the ultimate goal of the justice department’s officers is the support of citizenship rights, these rights should not act as barriers for their performance of their legal duties and, in case that the relationship between the citizenship rights and the duty of the justice department’s officers is instructed very well, they will be consequently saved from civil and criminal liabilities.

Please cite this article as: Rezaei M, Jafari MM, Shiri J, Rahmani F. Civil and Criminal Liabilities of the Justice Department’s Officers in Case of Violating the Citizenship Rights. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Citizenship Rights, Autumn 2018; 185-200.

Background and Aim: Apart from the legal requirements, ethics require that the compensation of the losses that are imposed by a party’s violation of the contract. Although there are differences in the methods of loss compensation in the legal systems, ethics-driven loss compensation is the common aspect seen in most of the legal systems.

Materials and Methods: The present study is descriptive-analytical research that has been conducted using library sources.

Ethical Considerations: Content originality and trustworthiness and fairness are the principles that have been carefully observed in this article.

Findings: Based on the ethical and legal teachings, there are various methods for compensating the contractual losses in Iran’s jurisprudence and law. Three methods, namely compulsory fulfillment of the obligation, contract revocation and loss compensation, are shared by the legal systems as sanctions for the violations of the contractual obligations though the precedence and subsequence of these compensatory methods differ from a system to another.

Conclusion: in the laws of Iran and following the lead of Imāmiyyeh jurisprudence, coercion to the fulfillment of the contractual commitment is the most important sanction devised for the violations and it, as opined by some jurists, possesses longitudinal precedence to the other tools and, as long as coercion is possible, the emphasis is placed on the objective enforcement of the contractual obligations and granting of no right to the obligees for demanding contract revocation and loss compensation. However, in France’s legal system, the obligees can choose either loss compensation or coercion and it can be stated that this method is better and more reasonable for its more relevance to the ethical teachings.

Please cite this article as Farahati M, Sadri SM, Farahati AA. Jurisprudential-Legal Investigation of the Methods of Compensating the Losses Stemming from the Breach of Contractual Commitments in the Light of the Ethical Teachings. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Citizenship Rights, Autumn 2018; 201-212.

Background and Aim: Justice is an inseparable feature in any trial, especially the proceedings of quasi-judicial authorities. Observance of justice for the judicial system can be observed in several sections with a guarantee of implementation: including the principles stated in the Constitution and the Charter of Civil Rights adopted in 2016, international treaties and also in jurisprudential sources. Our purpose in this article is to examine the role of the principles of fair trial in the proceedings of quasi-judicial authorities in the light of the Charter of Civil Rights.

Materials and Methods: The research method is descriptive-analytical using library resources.

Conclusion: With the involvement of the government in many matters, new relationships were formed that required a special kind of trial and information and specialized knowledge in the field related to them. On the other hand, resolving disputes arising from those relationships required speed of action and quick decision-making that was inconsistent with the nature of the public judiciary and its procedure. Therefore, authorities were created outside the system of general judicial authorities, with the titles of organization, board, dispute resolution commissions, etc. which deal with disputes arising from the implementation of special laws based on substantive and special laws.

Please cite this article as: Fardoost GH, Rajabi A, Rajabiyeh MH, Golkhandan S. Analysis of the Rule of Fair Trial in Quasi-Judicial Authorities in the Light of Charter of Citizenship Rights Adopted in 2016. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Citizenship Rights, Autumn 2018; 213-227.

Background and Aim: The Code of Criminal Procedure adopted in 1392 with the amendments of 1394 has different innovations in different aspects. Innovations related to criminal plaintiffs as well as non-judicial persons involved in criminal proceedings are among the most important of these innovations. This article aims to recognize the important and salient points as well as the shortcomings of these innovations.

Materials and Methods: Our method is descriptive-analytical and using library resources.

Findings: The Code of Criminal Procedure adopted in 1392 and amendments in 1394 have many innovations that have been achieved in order to protect human dignity and individual and social rights of citizens.

Conclusion: In the new law of criminal procedure, many innovations have been developed compared to the previous laws and the role of non-judicial persons has become more prominent than in the past. Among these, the active and effective presence of social workers in different stages of criminal proceedings, the presence of competent persons in forming personality files, the presence of counselors in juvenile court and the role of NGOs in criminal proceedings and some competent centers and organizations are more significant. In a way, we can say that the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1392 has different aspects of restorative justice with the presence of non-judicial persons.

Please cite this article as: Shirsavar Shahvand M, Mirkamali SA, Rajabi A. Innovations in the Code of Criminal Procedure in Order to Protect the Citizenship Rights. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Citizenship Rights, Autumn 2018; 229-244.

Background and Aim: Every citizen has a series of rights and duties in every legal system that should not be ignored and many of the countries have accordingly taken measures in line with the preparation of the citizenship rights charter. There are certain effects following the delegation of full authority for confession to a representative and these outcomes may cause the negligence of the original rights granted in a community of citizens and result in the wastage of their rights and this entails the more careful scrutiny and investigation of the legal affairs when granting these rights. The highest priority should be given to the observance of the citizens’ rights. The present article aims at comparing Imamiyyeh jurisprudence and statutory provision and common law regarding the delegation of authority to representatives.

Materials and Methods: The present study has been conducted based on a documentary method through taking notes.

Ethical Considerations: Trustworthiness and honesty are the principles observed from the beginning to the end of this article.

Findings: The findings indicated that jurisprudence and statutory provisions have a common stance in respect to the representatives’ confession to wit they have accepted the delegation of the representatives’ confession. In common law, as well, the delegation of the representatives’ confession may take effect under certain conditions.

Conclusion: Article 1259 of the civil law points in regard of the confession to such a property as "self-loss". Using scrutiny in the meaning "the necessity of confession’s being against the confessor in regard of such a topic as feasibility of delegating confession to a lawyer", it can be stated that a lawyer or a representative confesses on behalf of a principal and ward and it is in fact the lawyer who confesses and the confession is against him or her and influential. Resultantly, the citizenship rights are in this regard jeopardized. Thus, concerning the representatives’ confession and since Iran’s laws are drawn on Imamiyyeh jurisprudence, a somewhat identical position has been taken and this right has been accepted. In common law system, as well, it has been stated in this regard that such a confession may be considered authentic.

Please cite this article as: Narimani Fam Shabilooy Oliya P, Eyvazi H, Sokuti Nasimi R. Investigating the Feasibility of Representatives’ Confessions Delegation Meanwhile Observing Citizenship Rights in Imamiyyeh Jurisprudence, Iran’s Laws and Common Law. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Citizenship Rights, Autumn 2018; 245-259.

Background and Aim: The law creates rights and obligations for everyone against each other by setting fixed criteria. An organization with an impartial structure is necessary to guarantee the rights of citizens in addition to the judge’s independence for, on the one hand to prosecute and punish those who violate the rights of others by violating these criteria and on the other hand to prevent that any claim against the person bothers him and ignores his individual and social rights and let end his punishment. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of structural factors on the judge’s independence in the light of the charter of citizenship rights.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical article has been written in a library method by taking notes and collecting information.

Findings: Usually the existence of rules and regulations that are fair and appropriate to social needs and in harmony with the lofty purpose of life, as well as the health of the judge's personality and purity of conscience and the correctness of his perceptions are taken for granted, but the debate on the judiciary independence will be complete and efficient when the nature of the law and its role in the order of today's societies and the criteria for recognizing the judge’s importance and competence and its impact on the functioning of the judiciary are explored. Because not paying attention to these two issues in examining the concept of judiciary independence and implementing it in the community in the best case will lead to the judge’s governance over the fate of affairs within framework of the law.

Conclusion: The highest values are equality and justice and judges are the main guardians of justice. When a judge is independent, in fact, no one interferes in his work, so citizens’ rights are respected. In fact, judge’s independence includes personal and institutional relations and it is structural independence in the face of pressure from litigants and government officials and internal independence refers to mechanisms related to protecting the judges’ independence from the pressure that may be exerted by the judiciary itself.

Please cite this article as: Beyranvand R, Mirkamali SA, Rajabi A. Guarantees Governing Judge’s Independence in the Light of the Charter of Citizenship Rights. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Citizenship Rights, Autumn 2018; 261-271.

Background and Aim: Poets and writers have long been a full-fledged mirror of the environment of their time. They are sharp and sensitive people in social issues and because they have interacted with people, so they have felt responsible for the issues and problems of society and recognized the citizenship rights of the society of their time and silent by composing social systems against the adversity of their time. They did not sit down and with their words; they tried to realize these rights. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study is to examine the social themes of citizenship and its impact on the poems of Obaid Zakani, Parvin Etesami and Malek al-Sho'arai Bahar.

Materials and Methods: The present study has a descriptive-analytical approach that is done by qualitative method. And by using the poems and main texts of poets such as: Parvin Etesami, Obaid Zakani and Malek al-Shoarai Bahar, this research has been formed, then the manifestation of social themes of citizenship and its impact on their poems will be considered.

Findings: Parvin Etesami has criticized the unhealthy situation of her society through debate, Obaid reacted to the perversions of the governing body, their oppression, discrimination and class differences and criticized the authoritarian rulers in various ways with the language of humor, Bahar has written social poems with protest content to express public rights and obstacles to the growth of society, they were influenced by society and demanded the citizenship rights of the society of their time through the language of poetry.

Ethical Considerations: In doing this article, the author has observed the principle of fidelity from the sources used.

Conclusion: Examining the poems of these three precious poets (Obaid Zakani, Parvin and Bahar), it became clear that they were influenced by the social events of their time and spoke about their sufferings and pains. The predominant way they have chosen to express problems, criticize and demand the citizenship of individuals is indirect. Because the dark conditions of the time had prevented them from revealing the facts. Not only did they express the music of the word, but they understood the lost rights of the people of their time and shouted with the beautiful elements of speech to reform social affairs.

Please cite this article as: Nikookar H, Majidi M, Ghergi Z. Investigated the Social Themes of Citizenship and its Impact on the Poems of Obaid Zakani, Parvin and Bahar. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Citizenship Rights, Autumn 2018; 273-284.

Background and Aim: Islamic Republic of Iran’ economy is broadly defined by large governmental and quasi-governmental companies. This has created a strong dependence on the economy, especially in large state-owned companies, while most of Iran's economy belongs to small and medium-sized industries. Therefore, this study aims to study the role of these industries in the economic development of the country and the economic citizenship rights and its perspective.

Materials and Methods: In order to test the main research hypothesis and the proposed questions, descriptive-survey research method has been used. The statistical population is small manufacturing industries with 10 to 49 employees, who have mainly obtained the necessary licenses from the Ministry of Industries and Mines and other relevant agencies to set up and operate. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software.

Findings: The development of small industries in the framework of economic goals and programs of the country is one of the effective ways for economic growth and improving the economic situation of citizenship. Managing small industries, advertising and marketing, connecting to wide and diverse economic networks, as well as paying attention to creativity and entrepreneurship are ways to achieve economic growth and create diverse economic opportunities for citizens.

Conclusion: Investigating the sustainability of registered small industries, investigating the problems of small industries in order to create appropriate production value, investigating the compliance of quantitative and qualitative goals of development programs with the performance of small industries, drawing a suitable vision for the development of small industries according to the Fifth Development Plan and the vision document, reviewing and presenting an appropriate support model for small companies to achieve the goals of development programs, studying and providing strategies to increase the role of small industries in exports and creating added value in the country are the results of this research.

Please cite this article as: Alirezaoff PA, Rahimlooi Benis A. The Impact of Small Industries on the Realization of Citizenship Economic Rights and Iran's Economic Growth Using a Nonlinear Model. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Citizenship Rights, Autumn 2018; 285-300.

Background and Aim: eschatology and the discussions related to the life after death are amongst the most controversial topics in every Religion and creed. These issues also hold true in Jewism and Zoroastrianism each of which has its own specific properties and approaches and even realizes the existence of life after death as an ethical issue for observing the results of one’s own deeds and actions. The present study deals with the life after death in Zoroastrianism and Jewism from an ethical perspective.

Materials and Methods: The present descriptive-analytical research has been carried out based on a comparative approach.

Findings: Jewism and Zoroastrianism accept resurrection from ethical perspectives and abundantly emphasize on the continuation of life after death and express that the human beings’ actions and behaviors in the material and earthly life directly influence the type, degree and position of the human soul in the life after death. Therefore, justice and ethics require every person to be judged in the other world based on the results of his or her deeds and achieve ranks in proportion to the same deeds.

Conclusion: Zoroastrians realize death as a mischievous thing but belief in the human beings’ judgment based on their actions and deeds causes the acceptance of the life after death; the material life’s termination also means transferring to the other world. Therefore, the life after death is acceptable ethically and according to the specification of chastisement and reward for the human beings. Jewism, as well, believes that the dead are resurrected and judged and that the Christian soul will capture the other world wherein, as stated by most of the philosophers, soul and body will be united again. Every soul will be judged and, subsequently, receive the reward or chastisement it deserves. Therefore, according to Jews, there should be life after death so that the human beings can be either rewarded or chastised for what they have done in this world.

Please cite this article as: Davani Bahran S, Bahrami Kahish Nezhad A, Azari A. Ethical Necessities of the Existence of Life after Death in Zoroastrianism and Jewism. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Citizenship Rights, Autumn 2018; 301-313.

Background and Aim: Inefficient performance of criminal justice system in dealing with criminal phenomena, inefficiency of common criminological solutions in discussing the etiology of crime and non-respect of citizens’ rights, provided a suitable platform for providing critical views in the field of criminology in protest of the current situation and institutions of criminal justice. The main causes and factors of crime should be sought not in the offender and his environment, but in the unequal and discriminatory structure of society. The unequal structure in society ignores citizens’ rights and leads them to crime. The purpose of this article is to apply the concepts of criminology in the Code of Criminal Procedure based on the teachings of citizenship rights and we try to legislate effective criminological theories to eliminate gaps and shortcomings with the help of criminological findings and to legislate the rights of litigants by using these findings.

Materials and Methods: Our method in this article is descriptive-analytical using library resources.

Findings: The Code of Criminal Procedure through the formulation and approval of existing regulations, including serious attention to the judicial process and avoidance of the criminal process and reform and improve the performance of this system, based on the findings of citizenship rights and through the use of alternative strategies in various mechanisms such as the agreement on restorative justice and greater respect for the citizens’ rights, in addition by providing a special procedure for children and adolescents, as well as the adoption of a special procedure for legal entities distinct from natural persons, reflects the teachings of criminology.

Conclusion: Despite the recognition of new rights for the victim, the Iranian legislature faces with deficiencies such as the lack of explicit identification of legal persons as victims, the disregard for the victim's right to a lawyer during the investigation, not benefiting of adequate medical and psychological care and support, and the lack of enforcement guarantees for violations of citizenship rights.

Please cite this article as: Hashemzadeh SA, Aghaei Jannat Makan H, Rajabiyeh MH. Applied Study of Criminological Concepts Based on the Findings of Citizenship Rights in the Code of Criminal Procedure. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Citizenship Rights, Autumn 2018; 315-330.

Background and Aim: The doctrine of responsibility to protect (R2P) was proposed as a new initiative in the twenty first century by the states enjoying governance right and it is amongst the novel topics in the area of the international laws. This provision stepped into the arena for supporting the citizens’ rights and limiting the autocratic states’ measures. The present article aims at elaborating the role of citizenship rights from the side of the doctrine of the responsibility to protect (R2P) and humanitarian interventions.

Materials and Methods: The present descriptive-analytical research has been codified based on a library research method.

Ethical Considerations: In all the stages of this research’s writing, principles like content originality and impartiality have been observed.

Findings: Considering the war atrocities during the ending years of the 21st century and the human right violations and the crimes against humanity that led to the vast breach of the international laws and the citizenship rights in regions like Rwanda and former Yugoslavia, Iraq, Syria and some others, the findings signified that the global community should be persuaded to set the ground for the enforcement of the R2P doctrine in case of the vast violation of the international and humanitarian regulations.

Conclusion: Definition of governance as the states’ responsibility for protecting and supporting their citizens and limiting the domain of the autocratic states’ measures like the breach of their citizens’ rights through giving the priority to the concept "human" in contrast to "state" and "support" in lieu of "governance" is indicative of this doctrine’s efforts for delineating a novel path in the international laws. In line with these goals, R2P doctrine was organized following two decades of endeavors by the UN and in three responsibility sections, namely prevention, reaction and reconstruction. Each of the aforesaid doctrine’s three sections has been stabilized based on the documents affirmed by the UN in the form of R2P doctrine and efforts have been made for using it in the international crises like Sudan’s Darfur, Libya and Syria. Based on a 2001’s Canadian commission, the scale for the operationalization of R2P doctrine, as well, is massacre, ethnic cleansing, genocide and invasion. The decisions by UN’s Security Council for recognizing the conditions of the doctrine’s operationalization, as well, play a major role hence all the stages of this doctrine’s operationalization are to be supervised by the UN.

Please cite this article as: Khalili Far H, Goldoziyan I, Asgar Khani AM. Position of Citizenship Rights in Protection Responsibility Doctrine (R2P) and Humanitarian Interventions. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Citizenship Rights, Autumn 2018; 331-345

Background and Aim: In order to analyze the rights of the child, the concept of family and its position in internal legislation systems of countries is very important. Child rights are a subset of family law; the development and survival of children are evaluated in relation to family members.

Materials and Methods: This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

Findings: The rules relating to the scope of child rights in the family environment have an objective in order to study the rights of children first and provide a comprehensive definition of the family and child and their relations with family members. The answer to the question of what approach should separate family and child duties and rights are in terms of child interests as well as determining the rights and duties of families ahead to the jurisdiction of States on family and children`s rights.

Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Conclusion: In the present study, it will be observed that some examples of child rights have a descriptive character due to their close relationship with the examples of fundamental human rights. As a result, governments in their internal procedures and regulations cannot deviate from these examples for any reason.

Please cite this article as: Shabani MH. Children's Rights in the Family in the Light of International Human Rights Instruments. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Citizenship Rights, Autumn 2018; 347-362.

Background and Aim: Recompence of errands resulting from fault and fraud of managers is one of the contests of advancing domestic laws for the rights of the victims, as well as in the field of bankruptcy, the determination of this article is to study the internal laws to recognize and achieve the assets and weaknesses of these responsibilities and boundaries to help the rights of the losses, as well as stockholders and third revelries, which in a comprehensive view, considers citizens.

Materials & Methods: Descriptive-analytical methods as one of the qualitative methods for investigating communal and human issues have a high gradation of validity, bearing in mind the subject of this debate, using descriptive-analytical method and using biopic and library resources have been designated as research method.

Findings: The impression of compensation for residency rights in the issue of responsibilities ascending from the fault and fraud of managers and from a jurisprudential and legal point of view founded on the rule of waste, waste, Tasbib (authorship indirect destruction), incapability, violation of the powers and disgraces of managers is considerable by examining the role of the manager in the formation of fault and fraud, the idea of reimbursement for their responsibility for the rights of civilization and citizens is substantial.

Conclusion: International recompence laws are effective based on universal and general rules, but in domestic law of Iran, jurisprudential rules are defensible as backers for compensation rendering to the rule of waste, waste, Tasbib (authorship indirect destruction) and also the powerlessness of managers. Consequently, one of the effective ways to classify and deal with the fault and fraud of managers from the perspective of citizenship rights is to secure the idea of compensation in order to compel managers to respond to citizens and to authorize the grounds for transparency and drill of managers.

Please cite this article as: Khatibzadeh HR, Paseban MR, Zaare' A. Defensive the Idea of Recompense in Responsibilities Subsequent from the Fault and Fraud of Managers from the Viewpoint of Citizenship Rights. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Citizenship Rights, Autumn 2018; 363-374.

Background and Aim: In Islamic law and subject law, based on the teachings of The Islamic Religion, which is also presented in the Citizenship Charter, the protection of individual and social dignity of individuals has been protected, so according to the Islamic religion such cases are proof of limitations. And our goal is to study new examples of Qazf with the unity of the criteria for citizenship rights.

Materials and Methods: Our method in this paper is descriptive-analytical using the library resources note-taking tool.

Findings: Well-known jurists recognized Qazf with the relevant words as the subject of quorum. By accepting the theory of concept unity and multiplicity of examples, considering the scope of electronic activities and excellence of Qazf concept in cyberspace, it seems necessary to address new examples. All types of online and recorded data, including writing, cartoons, Photoshop, videos, photos and emails, are all examples of modern Qazf.

Conclusion: In this paper, according to the laws of the Special Issue of the Charter of Civil Rights, which protects the sanctity of individuals in the field of electronic Qazf, we will pay attention to the realization of the main pillars of Qazf, giving any sexual relations in cyberspace with an approach based on the law of justice and good will, and if other conditions are met, will prove the limit of Qazf.

Please cite this article as: Valavi S, Ahangaran MR, Aghaei Bajestani M. New Examples of Qazf and its Effects by Unity of Citizenship Charter Criteria in Order to Protect the Dignity of Individuals. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Citizenship Rights, Autumn 2018; 379-393.

Background and Aim: Marriage contract features a special nature amongst the contracts and it has been interlaced with the rights and ethics from long ago and this same issue has made the interpretation of the regulations related thereto especially difficult. Lien rights which are usually applied in the swapping contracts have encountered various interpretations in marriage contract. On the one hand, the husband’s insolvency or solvency and their effects on the lien rights are controversial and, on the other hand, heavy marriage portions in terms of validity or invalidity. And, it is here that the Islamic ethics resolve the problem for there would be neither any news of heavy marriage portions and insolvency in case of the existence of financial and nonfinancial properties nor any misuse of the lien rights if reference is made to the Islamic norms. 

Materials and Methods: The present descriptive-analytical research has been carried out through the use of the library resources.

Ethical Considerations: The present article has been authored in adherence to such principles as content originality, fairness and trustworthiness.

Findings: The findings signify that there would be no sign of heavy marriage portions in case of adherence to ethics and resorting to the regulations and conduct way of his highness the great prophet of Islam (may Allah bestow him and his sacred progeny the best of His regards). Emphasis has been placed in Islam on easy marriage and Islam opposes strictness for marriage and setting of heavy marriage portions; on the other hand, no lien right is created for the wife through the paying of light marriage portions. However, we are unfortunately witnessing the misuse of the aforesaid rights from the side of the couples in the judicial procedures and sentences and this is not consistent with our religious and ideological regulations.

Conclusion: The result of not adhering to the ethics in determining the marriage portions would be disagreements between the couples and the intensification of these discrepancies in the courts; thus, in cases that the husband’s insolvency has been sentenced and its installments are being paid, the wife should keep on performing her marital life’s duties like the husband; in case that the husband again refrains from the paying of the installments, the wife can resume her lien right. Moreover, the procedural unity sentences no.708 and 718 pay insufficient attention to the status quo of the society and they have been issued without taking proper advantage of the jurisprudential notions that are more compatible with the current status and nature of marriage contracts. As for the heavy marriage portions, as well, that cannot be essentially and habitually paid by the husbands, an invalidation sentence should be issued considering the maxim of the contracts’ invalidation due to the parties’ being excused from the fulfillment of their contents, intellectuals’ way of conduct and haphazard nature of the marriage portion’s agreement.

Please cite this article as: Kheirkhah H, Naghibi SA, Musavi SMS. The Role of Ethics in Determining Heavy Marriage Portions and Creation of Lien Rights Based on Judicial Sentences. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Citizenship Rights, Autumn 2018; 391-405.

Background and Aim: Reproductive rights are a relatively new concept in the international community. Despite all the efforts on defining the examples of reproductive rights, there is still some disputes on this matter, Absence of the specific title of reproductive rights in international documents indicates that the international community needs to develop a certain treaty in this regard. This difference does not prevent to gather the reproductive rights examples by the other general concepts in the international law.

Materials and Methods: This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

Findings: The term reproductive right is often used in the literature of legal writers due to its close conceptual relationship with the term sexual orientation. The right to health also includes a number of examples related to reproductive rights. These concepts are in fact part of the international human rights field. As a result, it seems that in order to obtain examples of reproductive rights, we must refer to international human rights documents and sources. Differences in attitudes toward instances of reproductive rights due to differences in philosophical schools are the basis of this concept.

Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Conclusion: In the present study, it will be observed that examples of reproductive rights in international documents in this field are not considered as international rules. Of course, this does not mean that these documents do not create an obligation for the parties. This study seeks to explain the relations of this concept with sexual rights and the right to health by explaining the examples of reproductive rights and will examine the position of the examples of reproductive rights in international documents.

Please cite this article as: Hemmatian M, Aqaee Bajestani M, Taheri M. Reproductive Rights and Their Status of International Documents. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Citizenship Rights, Autumn 2018; 407-425.

Background and Aim: In everyday life, people enter into contracts, but the presence of some certain provisos, consciously or unconsciously, may lead to legal challenges. The aim of this study was to investigate renouncing the right of Khiyar al-Taraweeh and its effects on people's life and rights in view of the fact that civil courts have different views about contracts.

Materials and Methods: Both qualitative and descriptive methods were used in this study. The research data was drawn from jurisprudential and legal sources through library and documentary methods.

Findings: Rights of both parties, namely person in whose favor a condition is made and person who is responsible to perform a condition, need to be considered in such matters as marriage. Since by the term " Khiyar al-Taraweeh" is meant thinking and contemplating after making a contract, person in whose favor a condition is made has the right to wave provisos. Considering this person the rightful claimant, this option refers to justice and freedom of citizenship. However, renouncing the right of Khiyar al-Taraweeh for the person who is responsible to perform a condition violates citizenship rights, because it casts doubt on the fulfillment of an obligation. In fact, both parties consider themselves the rightful claimant, and so no transaction remains stable anymore.

Ethical Considerations: Principles like honesty and trustworthiness have been observed from the beginning to the end of the article.

Conclusion: If waving the right of Khiyar al-Taraweeh is realized on the basis of thought and freedom in accordance with terms of the contract, rights of the influential person is guaranteed. By agreeing on a proviso, it develops a right for the person in whose favor a condition is made and a duty for the person who is responsible to perform a condition, which it is perceived as a susceptible of waiving financial right for the former when it comes to citizenship rights.

Please cite this article as: Elmi H, Fijan M, Salehi M. Renouncing the Right of Khiyar al-Taraweeh and Its Effects on Citizenship Rights. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Citizenship Rights, Autumn 2018; 427-437.