Archives of Advances in Biosciences

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to understand factors influencing the immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies serve as indicators of prior exposure and potential immunity. This study aims to identify demographic, clinical, and exposure-related predictors of IgG positivity in individuals exposed to SARS-CoV-2 before the initiation of vaccination programs.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 944 participants recruited from healthcare facilities. Eligible participants were aged 18 years or older, presented with COVID-19 symptoms or known exposure to confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases, and had not received a COVID-19 vaccine. Data were collected via structured questionnaires, including demographics, clinical symptoms, and exposure history, and analyzed using logistic regression. IgG antibodies were detected using the SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA method.

Results: IgG antibodies were detected in 75.0% of participants. Younger age (B = -0.026, p < 0.001), divorced marital status (B = 0.973, p = 0.021, Exp(B) = 2.65), recent international travel (B = 0.953, p = 0.047, Exp(B) = 2.594), and symptoms such as runny nose (B = 2.561, p = 0.012, Exp(B) = 12.96), nausea (B = 1.614, p = 0.048, Exp(B) = 5.025), and lack of appetite (B = 1.366, p = 0.049, Exp(B) = 3.918) were significant predictors of IgG positivity. Each additional year of age was associated with a 2.6% reduction in the likelihood of IgG positivity. The model achieved 75.4% classification accuracy with an AUC of 0.640, indicating moderate predictive performance.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates the importance of demographic, clinical, and exposure-related factors in predicting IgG positivity. The findings enhance understanding of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and provide insights that can guide public health strategies in mitigating the pandemic's impact.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is a leading cause of mortality among women, largely influenced by clinical and histopathological tumor characteristics at diagnosis. While tumor size is an effective predictor of chemoradiotherapy (CRT) response, variability in treatment outcomes highlights the need for reliable biomarkers. OCT4 and SOX2, key stem cell markers, have been linked to cancer progression, poor prognosis, and chemoresistance. This study aims to evaluate the expression of OCT4 and SOX2 in cervical cancer tissues and assess their potential as predictive biomarkers for radiotherapy efficacy.

Materials and Methods: The study included 56 cervical cancer patients, with detailed data on cancer stage, tumor characteristics, and treatment modalities collected from medical records. Tissue microarrays were constructed from paraffin-embedded samples, and immunohistochemical staining was performed to assess OCT4 and SOX2 expression, with staining intensity analyzed using specialized software. Histoscores were compared across subgroups, and ROC analysis determined cut-off values for biomarker expression. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, Cox regression, and chi-square tests were used to evaluate associations between biomarker expression, survival, and disease characteristics, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05.

Results: The study found that 66.1% of cervical cancer patients achieved a complete response to radiotherapy, while 33.9% had a partial response. Higher SOX2 and OCT4 expression levels were significantly associated with partial response and some toxicities like diarrhea. SOX2 showed stronger predictive value for radiotherapy response compared to OCT4, with significant differences in expression between complete and partial response groups. ROC analysis highlighted SOX2 as a more reliable biomarker for predicting treatment outcomes.

Conclusion: Higher expression of SOX2 and OCT4 was significantly associated with partial response to radiotherapy in cervical cancer patients, with SOX2 showing a stronger predictive value. These biomarkers may serve as useful tools for predicting radiotherapy efficacy and guiding personalized treatment strategies.

Introduction: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is defined as having elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), normal levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), and little to no hypothyroidism symptoms or indicators. In essence, it is a laboratory-based diagnosis. Microcytic anemia coupled with hypothyroidism is related to iron deficiency arising from malabsorption and menorrhagia. The body's iron reserves are indicated by serum ferritin (SF). Based on these data, we decided to investigate serum ferritin levels and their relationship to TSH in individuals with subclinical hypothyroidism.

Materials and Methods: The study was carried out at AIMSR, Bathinda's Department of Biochemistry in partnership with the Department of Medicine. The study included 100 euthyroid controls and 100 cases of subclinical hypothyroidism.

Results: In this investigation, there was a noteworthy distinction (p=0.001) in the TSH levels in the patients (7.7 ± 1.9 uI/ml) and controls (2.3 ± 1.1 uI/ml). Serum ferritin levels in cases (9.3 ± 1.7 ng/dl) and controls (101±5.6 ng/dl) differed significantly (p=0.001). In the cases, there was a non-significant negative correlation (r = -0.09, p = 0.79) between serum ferritin and TSH.

Conclusion: The non-significant negative correlation between ferritin and TSH in subclinical hypothyroidism can be explained by several factors, such as the mild nature of thyroid dysfunction in subclinical hypothyroidism, the influence of inflammation and autoimmunity on ferritin levels, iron status variability and inflammatory markers across individuals, and study design limitations. 

Introduction: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels increase in diabetes mellitus due to excessive glucose oxidation. The inflammatory response in cells triggers the activation of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, interleukin (IL)-6, and interleukin (IL)-18. Variations in the promoter region of the TNF-α gene can influence both the susceptibility to and severity of the disease. This research examines the correlation between TNF-α gene polymorphisms and the development of respiratory distress in patients with diabetes who are undergoing treatment in an intensive care unit.

Materials and Methods: A total of 100 participants were involved in the study, comprising 50 individuals diagnosed with diabetes and an additional 50 non-diabetic individuals who served as a control group. The nested T-ARMS PCR assay was employed to determine the genotypes associated with the TNF-α T>C single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Randomly selected samples underwent sequencing to validate the PCR findings, which revealed distinct genotypes for the TNF-α SNPs. Patient data were collected, and laboratory variables were assessed. The information was subsequently entered into SPSS Version 26.

Results: The presence of the heterozygous C/T genotype emerged as a notable risk factor, exhibiting an odds ratio (OR) of 5.87 (65% CI, 1.12 - 27.8) with a p-value of 0.03. In contrast, the homozygous TT genotype did not demonstrate statistical significance, presenting an OR of 1.87 (95% CI, 0.59 - 7.33) and a p-value of 0.25. These findings are derived from the genotyping of the TNF-α (rs1799964) C/T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in a cohort comprising patients experiencing respiratory distress and a control group.

Conclusion: The association between the emergence of respiratory diseases and the TNF-α (rs1799964) T/C polymorphism has been established. This specific genetic variant may represent a potential risk factor for the development of respiratory distress and could also function as a prognostic indicator for patients with diabetes who are undergoing treatment in intensive care units.

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus, known for its extensive genetic resistance elements and biofilm-forming capabilities, poses a significant challenge in clinical settings. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes, the occurrence of biofilm formation genes, and the interrelation between zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and gene expression in S. aureus.

Materials and Methods: Clinical isolates were procured from samples in Tehran, Iran, and identified through biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined, and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains were selected. The presence of resistance genes (vanA, mecA, and tetC) and biofilm formation genes (fnbA, fibA, clfA, and clfB) was assessed. Microdilution methods were employed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using ZnO-NPs, and real-time PCR monitored the relationship between nanoparticle treatment and gene expression.

Results: Results indicated high resistance among isolates to tetracycline (100%), amoxicillin (91%), ciprofloxacin, and oxacillin (85%), with low resistance to vancomycin (1%) and linezolid (2%). Profiling of resistance genes revealed a high prevalence of tetC (100%) and mecA (57%), while vanA exhibited a 0% prevalence. Biofilm formation genes were prevalent in 98% of strains, including clfA (98%), clfB (85%), fib (75%), and fnbA (0%). The MIC of iron oxide nanoparticles inhibiting S. aureus growth was recorded at 750 μg/mL. Real-time PCR results demonstrated a significant decrease in the expression of mecA (74%) and biofilm formation gene clfB (76%).

Conclusion: This study underscores the potential efficacy of ZnO-NPs in mitigating bacterial resistance in both methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and less-resistant strains (LRSA), impacting the expression of resistance and biofilm formation genes. The utilization of ZnO-NPs presents a promising strategy for managing MRSA/LRSA-associated diseases while minimizing antibiotic use.

Introduction: Parallel to the significant and global expansion of research activities, various examples of research misconduct are also increasing and, in many cases, lead to the retraction of scientific publications. This study aimed to examine the characteristics of retracted papers in the field of basic medical sciences and conduct their citation analysis.

Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using scientometrics and citation analysis. The statistical population comprised retracted papers related to selected fields of basic medical sciences in the Web of Science (n=1576) retrieved by the end of January 2022. The characteristics of these papers and their citations were analyzed.

Results: The countries with the most retracted papers were China, the US, and Japan. The shortest time interval for retraction belonged to pathology (0.07 months). Most retraction petitioners were authors and editorial teams. Most of the retractions involved research misconduct. The highest and lowest number of citations belonged to cell biology and anatomy and morphology, respectively.

Conclusion: The results provide a basic analysis for researchers in basic sciences to better understand the reasons for the retraction of papers. Journals, peer reviewers, and publishers should all play their roles in ensuring adherence to publishing ethics.

Introduction: Inflammatory lesions of breast are close mimickers of malignancy clinically and therefore warrant a thorough examination and histopathological report for final diagnosis and treatment. Granulomatous mastitis may arise from bacterial, viral, mycobacterial infections, and systemic granulomatous diseases.

Materials and Methods: This study was conducted retrospectively by retrieving the medical records during the past 3 years. All cases that were histopathologically diagnosed as inflammatory lesions were included included in the study and the clinical and histopathological findings were analysed.

Results: The highest number of cases were seen during the year 2023.The age of the patients ranged from 23 to 73 years, with majority of the patients in the age group of 20 to 40 years. The presenting complaints of the patients included pain, swelling in breast and nipple discharge. The histopathological diagnoses of the patients included the following inflammatory lesions: Abscess, Granulomatous mastitis, Cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis, plasma cell mastitis, and Periductal mastitis. Granulomatous mastitis was the most common histopathological diagnosis in the study population. In patients who presented with complaints of pain, the most common histopathological diagnosis was abscess. Twelve patients gave a history of recurring breast lump after incision and majority of these cases were reported as granulomatous mastitis.  Out of the cases that showed a duration of more than one month, majority were reported as granulomatous mastitis.

Conclusion: This study shows that majority of cases of inflammatory lesions have been noted in the reproductive age group and the most common histopathological diagnosis was granulomatous mastitis.

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the role of demographic characteristics and personality traits in ascertaining the severity of COVID-19 induced anxiety and the effectiveness of preventive behaviors among university students in Iran.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive-correlational study included a sample of 203 students (47 males and 156 females) enrolled in universities located in Mashhad (Iran) in 2021. Data collection was conducted using standardized questionnaires such as COVID-19anxiety questionnaire, Big Five personality traits, Preventive behaviors, and demographic characteristics through online platforms via social media to comply with health protocols. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26. Descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise regression analyses were conducted to analyze the data.

Results: The findings from the regression analysis indicated that the personality traits of agreeableness and conscientiousness significantly elucidated the variability in COVID-19 anxiety. Specifically, agreeableness emerged as a significant predictor of preventive behaviors. Furthermore, this study revealed that male students exhibited higher anxiety levels than their female counterparts, while females demonstrated a greater engagement in preventive behaviors. Moreover, the consumption of substances and alcohol was associated with heightened anxiety and diminished preventive behaviors.

Conclusion: The results underscore the necessity of considering both demographic characteristics and personality traits when designing interventions that aim at mitigating health crises. Notably, the traits of agreeableness and conscientiousness may help reduce anxiety and promote preventive behaviors within such contexts.

Introduction: The presence of anti-A1 antibodies in individuals with A2 and A2B blood types can have clinical significance, particularly in transfusion medicine, organ transplantation, and genetic studies, as these antibodies may lead to hemolytic reactions. Therefore, assessing the prevalence of anti-A1 antibodies is essential to ensure patient safety. This study aimed to determine the frequency of A2 and A2B blood types with anti-A1 antibodies among blood donors in Bushehr Province.

Materials and Methods: The cell typing and reverse (back) typing results of all donors referred to the Blood Transfusion Institute in Bushehr Province between 2017 and 2023 were examined to identify any discrepancies between forward and reverse blood grouping. Donors with cell type A or AB and reverse type O were included in the evaluation. The collected data were then analyzed using statistical software. The study determined the frequency of A2 and A2B blood groups with anti-A1 antibodies among donors in Bushehr Province during the specified period.

Results: Between 2017 and 2023, a total of 160,435 individuals donated blood in Bushehr Province, comprising 7,497 females and 152,938 males. Among these donors, blood group analysis identified five male individuals with the A2B blood type.

Conclusion: Although the prevalence of anti-A1 antibodies in individuals with A2 and A2B blood types is rare, it remains clinically significant due to the potential for serological reactivity during transfusion. Accurate identification of these subgroups is essential for precise ABO blood grouping. ABO discrepancies occur when forward and reverse typing results do not align. For the safety of patients, it is crucial that such discrepancies are thoroughly investigated and resolved before confirming the blood group and issuing compatible blood products.

Introduction: Telfairia occidentalis is a tropical plant widely grown in West Africa, traditionally used for treating several health issues. This study examined the effects of methanol and water extracts of T. occidentalis leaves on oxidative stress markers, liver function, blood parameters, and biochemical indices in Wistar rats with breast cancer induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene.

Materials and Method: A randomized design was used with five groups of rats (10 per group), treated with T. occidentalis extracts at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg doses. The methanol extract was prepared using Soxhlet extraction (1:8 plant: solvent ratio). DMBA (30 mg/kg in corn oil) was administered orally once weekly for 4 weeks. Standard techniques were applied for phytochemical screening and toxicity testing. Antioxidant enzymes, liver markers, blood cells, glucose, and cholesterol were analyzed.

Results: Phytochemical screening showed varied levels of bioactive compounds. No toxicity was noted up to 400 mg/kg. Results showed significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent improvement:  MDA, liver enzymes, WBC, glucose, and cholesterol levels decreased significantly, while SOD, CAT, and Hb levels increased in extract-treated rats compared to the cancer group.

Conclusion: The findings suggest that T. occidentalis leaves are rich in antioxidants and have liver-protective potential, making them a promising option for managing oxidative stress. The extract’s safety also supports its possible use in future clinical trials.

Introduction: Telfairia occidentalis is a tropical plant widely grown in West Africa, traditionally used for treating several health issues. This study examined the effects of methanol and water extracts of T. occidentalis leaves on oxidative stress markers, liver function, blood parameters, and biochemical indices in Wistar rats with breast cancer induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene.

Materials and Method: A randomized design was used with five groups of rats (10 per group), treated with T. occidentalis extracts at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg doses. The methanol extract was prepared using Soxhlet extraction (1:8 plant: solvent ratio). DMBA (30 mg/kg in corn oil) was administered orally once weekly for 4 weeks. Standard techniques were applied for phytochemical screening and toxicity testing. Antioxidant enzymes, liver markers, blood cells, glucose, and cholesterol were analyzed.

Results: Phytochemical screening showed varied levels of bioactive compounds. No toxicity was noted up to 400 mg/kg. Results showed significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent improvement:  MDA, liver enzymes, WBC, glucose, and cholesterol levels decreased significantly, while SOD, CAT, and Hb levels increased in extract-treated rats compared to the cancer group.

Conclusion: The findings suggest that T. occidentalis leaves are rich in antioxidants and have liver-protective potential, making them a promising option for managing oxidative stress. The extract’s safety also supports its possible use in future clinical trials.

Introduction: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by the absence of estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), and HER2 expression, which limits the efficacy of conventional targeted therapies. Immunotherapy, particularly peptide-based therapeutic vaccines, offers a promising alternative strategy by harnessing the body’s cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against tumor-specific antigens (TSAs). This study aimed to identify and validate immunogenic peptide epitopes derived from highly tumor-specific antigens for the design of a multi-epitope vaccine targeting TNBC.

Materials and Method: Using a comprehensive immunoinformatics workflow, tumor-associated antigens with high immunogenic potential—Survivin (BIRC5), MAGE-A3, and NY-ESO-1—were selected based on expression profiles and previous evidence of immunoreactivity. Candidate epitopes were predicted through NetCTL, SYFPEITHI, and MHCflurry servers, with selection criteria including strong binding affinity to HLA-A*02:01, favorable proteasomal cleavage patterns, TAP transport efficiency, and minimal cross-reactivity.

Results: Three high-scoring CD8⁺ T-cell epitopes were identified—LMLGEFLKL from Survivin (BIRC5), FLWGPRALA from MAGE-A3, and SLLMWITQC from NY-ESO-1. All epitopes exhibited IC50 values below 50 nM and high immunogenicity scores, supporting their suitability for incorporation into a multi-epitope vaccine construct targeting TNBC.

Conclusion: Our results support the rational design of a peptide-based therapeutic vaccine for TNBC by integrating three validated epitopes derived from the tumor antigens Survivin, MAGE-A3, and NY-ESO-1. This study contributes to the growing field of cancer immunotherapy by offering a novel, computationally driven approach for vaccine development against refractory breast cancers.

Introduction: Sepsis is a leading cause of death in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. This condition, in its advanced stage, leads to dysfunction of vital organs, resulting in the death of patients. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) aid tissue regeneration by migrating to damaged areas, a process regulated by the CXCR7 gene. This study investigates the effect of serum from septic patients on the CXCR7 expression in MSCs.

Materials and Methods: The blood serum of 20 patients with sepsis was collected. The hUCB-MSCs were cultured under laboratory conditions (in vitro). Four groups of cells were treated with serum from patients and a control group was treated with serum from healthy volunteers. After 24 and 48 hours, the cells were trypsinized and RNA was extracted. cDNA was synthesized using a reverse transcription reaction and a specific kit. The expression level of this gene was determined using qRT-PCR.

Results: The results indicated that the expression of the CXCR7 gene in hUCB-MSCs treated with serum from sepsis patients significantly increased after 24 hours compared to the control group. Additionally, the expression level of this gene in the 48-hour treatment group showed a significant increase compared to the control groups and the 24-hour treatment group.

Conclusion: Exposure of hUCB-MSCs to septic patient serum led to a significant upregulation of CXCR7 compared with healthy serum (mean relative 2^−ΔΔCt fold-change: 24 h = 3.3-fold; 48 h = 19.3-fold; P < 0.01). These results are preliminary and warrant further functional and in vivo studies to confirm the biological and therapeutic implications of CXCR7 modulation in MSCs.

Introduction: Soursop, or Annona muricata, is a plant that has long been used to treat a variety of illnesses, including cancer. The purpose of this study was to use an in-silico method to assess the anti-cancer activity of chemicals produced from Annona muricata. 

Materials and Methods: To determine the bioactive substances found in Annona muricata that are known to have anti-cancer qualities, a thorough literature research was carried out. Following that, these substances were put through molecular docking tests against important protein targets linked to cancer, including receptors implicated in angiogenesis, apoptosis, and cell proliferation. Possible interactions between the identified Annona muricata chemicals and cancer-associated protein targets were discovered by the in-silico research.

Results: Several compounds demonstrated favorable binding interactions with Caspase-3. Coreximine showed the most favorable docking score (−6.7 kcal/mol), followed by Catechin (−6.5 kcal/mol), making these two the strongest potential bioactive or therapeutic candidates, Anomurine (−5.8 kcal/mol), Solamin (−5.4 kcal/mol), Annonacin (−4.8 kcal/mol), and Gallic acid (−4.7 kcal/mol). In contrast, the reference compound Doxorubicin displayed a weaker score (−2.2 kcal/mol). These docking values suggest potential micromolar-range affinities for several A. muricata compounds, which, while encouraging, indicate that they are likely to serve as lead compounds rather than direct therapeutic agents. The docking results highlighted promising candidates, although weaker docking indicates natural compounds’ potential advantage; however, real-world efficacy depends on multiple pharmacological factors and their biological and clinical significance can only be established through further experimental studies, including enzyme inhibition assays, cell-based apoptosis assay and in vivo validation.

Conclusion: In summary, this in-silico work opens the door for the creation of innovative natural anti-cancer treatment medicines by offering important insights into the molecular mechanisms behind Annona muricata's anti-cancer action.

Context: Intelligent microbial systems capable of real-time adaptation to environmental perturbations represent a transformative innovation in synthetic biology and bioprocess engineering. These systems dynamically regulate gene expression and metabolic activity through context-responsive genetic circuits, enabling stable and efficient biosynthesis in variable and unpredictable environments. By integrating sensor technologies, control theory, and artificial intelligence, such platforms emulate cognitive biological functions such as perception, decision-making, and response at the microbial level.

Evidence Acquisition: This review conducts a systematic examination of the literature published between 2015 and 2025, sourced from PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. Inclusion criteria focused on experimental and computational advancements in adaptive microbial systems, particularly studies combining synthetic biology, real-time biosensing, AI-based feedback control, and optimization algorithms. Studies on static or non-intelligent microbial systems were excluded.

Results: Emerging research highlights the convergence of biosensors, machine learning models, and modular genetic networks that enable microbes to sense and interpret environmental cues with high temporal resolution. Real-time feedback systems facilitate metabolic flux reprogramming, enhancing yield and process stability. Notable applications span biopharmaceutical production, environmental remediation, precision agriculture, and renewable bioenergy. Case studies demonstrate improvements in ethanol, astaxanthin, and lycopene biosynthesis through dynamic control mechanisms, adaptive laboratory evolution, and in situ optimization strategies.

Conclusion: Real-time adaptive microbial systems embody the next generation of programmable biological platforms. Their potential to autonomously adjust to environmental variability positions them as critical enablers of scalable, sustainable, and intelligent biomanufacturing. Advancements in biosensor miniaturization, genome editing, and AI-driven regulation will be essential for their industrial translation. This review outlines a framework for future interdisciplinary research that bridges biology, computation, and engineering to advance autonomous bio-production systems.

Context: Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is a common condition affecting both men and women, characterized by progressive hair loss due to genetic and hormonal factors. Hair loss has significant impacts on psychosocial well-being and quality of life.

Evidence Acquisition: A comprehensive review of peer-reviewed studies was conducted, including clinical trials, observational studies, and emerging treatment reports published from 2000 to 2024. Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched using keywords related to AGA, hair growth, and therapies.

Results: Current treatments for AGA include topical agents like minoxidil and finasteride, oral medications, and advanced options such as hair transplantation. Emerging therapies, including platelet-rich plasma (PRP), low-level laser therapy (LLLT), JAK inhibitors, and gene therapy, show promising efficacy in promoting hair regrowth. Combination therapies often enhance clinical outcomes.

Conclusion: While traditional treatments remain effective, emerging therapies and combination approaches offer improved results for AGA management. Ongoing research in gene therapy and novel molecular interventions may transform future therapeutic strategies.

Context: The cancer epidemic is getting worse every day. Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, including in Pakistan. This condition is progressing due to a number of variables. According to recent investigations, lncRNAs play a major role in cancer development.

Evidence Acquisition: The post-surgical breast tissue samples were acquired by contacting different hospitals. The analysis of lncRNA expression profiles of publicly available breast cancer datasets will be done using overlapping Bioinformatics tools. To support the suggested mechanisms of lncRNA regulation in breast cancer, the experimental data will be compared.

Results: Almost 1900 lncRNA gene annotated in human genome so far (Gencode 41), which is almost equal to the number of genes that code for proteins. The effective characterization of lncRNAs remains a significant challenge in molecular biology, prompting numerous high-throughput initiatives and is a critical scientific priority. The great clinical potential that these molecules hold has sparked lncRNA research, which has been founded on the characterization of their expression and functional mechanisms.

Conclusion: This review depicted lncRNA role in breast cancer. Protein-coding genes and lncRNA are related to the development of breast cancer.

Context: Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked primary immunodeficiency characterized by microthrombocytopenia, eczema, recurrent infections, and a significant predisposition to autoimmune diseases and malignancies, particularly B-cell lymphomas.

Case presentation: We report the case of a 14-year-old male with a confirmed diagnosis of WAS since infancy, who later developed Crohn’s disease. He presented with vegetative lesions in the rectum and transverse colon, which were diagnosed as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) based on immunohistochemistry and positive EBV-encoded small RNAs (EBER). The patient received 12 cycles of chemotherapy, including Rituximab and Etoposide, along with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) support.

Conclusion: This is a rare case of EBV-associated DLBCL in a WAS patient from Iran. The case highlights the importance of early and routine malignancy screening in WAS patients, even in the absence of significant symptoms. Molecular and immunophenotypic assessments, including PCR and immunohistochemistry, are essential for accurate diagnosis and management.