Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat (Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention)

 Background and Objectives: The use of various additives containing lead compounds in the production of thermoplastic tubes and the growing use of these materials in plumbing and water distribution systems, it has increased concern release metals like lead in drinking water. Lead is a neurotoxic metal. The aim of this study was evaluation of the probability of water pollution due to lead leaching of thermoplastic pipes in drinking water distribution networks.

Materials and Methods: In this study two un-plasticized polyvinyl chloride pipes (entitled UPVC 1, 2) and a polyethylene(PE) pipe were Investigated using locally manufactured pipes and with a length of 50 cm. the effects of pH, alkalinity, chloride /sulfate mass ratio, total dissolved solids and water temperature were studied on thermoplastic tubes.

Results: This study showed that the effect of the parameters on UPVC1 tubes were measured less than the standards. The release of lead in The PE pipe from the effect of pH and dissolved solids were measured over the standard (EPA). The release of lead in The UPVC2 pipes from of different concentrations of pH, chloride/sulfate mass ratio, temperature were measured over the standard (EPA) and guidelines (WHO) and national standards. Statistical analysis of the results showed that lead release of tubes are significant and have reliability in probability of 95% (p ≤ 0.05).

Conclusion: By attention to effect of chemical parameters on the release of lead and importance role of the thermoplastic pipes in distribution of water system, to protect the health of society, authorities’ surveillance is necessary on the thermoplastic pipe plants.

How to cite this article: Massoudinejad M, Saeadi M, Hosseini R, Aghayani E.Evaluation of the probability of water pollution due to lead leaching of thermoplastic pipes in drinking water distribution networks.Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat (Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention).2016; 3(2):77-82.

Background and Objectives:Compliance with safety standards before setting up a work is absolutely essential. All procedures being followed in a clinical laboratory entail potential risks. The Staff of a clinical laboratory are constantly exposed to a variety of physical, chemical, and biological risks. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety standards of clinical diagnostic laboratories, both the private and public ones, in Kerman city in 2014. The safety of warehouses, equipment, and ergonomics of the laboratories were evaluated.

Materials and Methods: Four clinical diagnostic laboratories of Kerman Medical Science University along with 21 private laboratories were evaluated and all the necessary information was obtained through interviews and observations. The information was then analyzed using statistical methods.

Results: The results revealed that in the 25 observed laboratories of Kerman city, the percentage of safety compliance components in the warehouse safety section, equipment and ergonomics were different as the obtained mean and deviation score of the warehouse safety in clinical diagnostic laboratories is 24/3 ± 6.9, whilethe obtained mean and deviation score of public laboratories is 15.7 ± 5.4, andthat of the private laboratories is 25.9 ± 5.9. None of the public laboratories had favorable safety. The obtained mean and deviation score of laboratory equipment safety in public laboratories is 11.2 ± 1.7 and private laboratories is 4.0 ± 2.1. The obtained mean and deviation score of the ergonomics standards in clinical laboratories is 3.9 ± 1.5, while it is 3.5 ± 1.3 for public laboratories and 4.0 ± 1.6 for private ones.

Conclusion:The safety standards in the observed laboratories were not desirable and thus, to promote safety in different parts, essential steps ought to be taken using the modern methods of safety management.

How to cite this article: Majlesi M, Khalooei A, Mehdipour Rabouri M. Evaluation of safety standards in medical diagnostic laboratory in Kerman in 2014. Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat (Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention).2015;3(2):83-90.

  Background and Objectives: Workers may be exposed to non-ionizing radiation from sun or artificial sources such as some types of lamps and the arc-welding process. Skin burning, accelerating the skin aging, cataract, retinal burn, gene mutation, and adverse effects on human immune system are the other causes for concern. The objectives of this research are to determine the amount of workers’ exposure to ultraviolet and infrared radiations in different occupational groups and assessing the effectiveness of eye protection equipment on protection of workers against exposure to ultraviolet and infrared radiations inSarcheshmeh Copper Complex.

Materials and Methods: The amount of workers’ exposure to ultraviolet and infrared radiations in two conditions (using eye protection equipment and not use protective equipment) was investigated. For the purpose of measuring the amount of workers’ exposure, measurements were conducted using Hagner digital radiometer at 8 times during each month over a one year period.

Results: The average intensities of ultraviolet radiation according to different months in the mining workshop, smelting unit, and engineering workshop were 0.29, 0.25, and 0.08 MW/cm2, respectively. The average intensities of infrared radiation in the smelting unit, casting unit, and refinery unit were 5.96, 2.60, and 1.87 MW/cm2, respectively. The results of study indicated that eye protective equipment was significantly associated with decreases in the amount of workers’ exposure to ultraviolet and infrared radiations in these workplaces (p< 0.001).

Conclusion: Eye protective equipment is the effective barrier against workers’ exposure to ultraviolet and infrared radiations.

How to cite this article: Sahranavard Y, Omidi L, Karami M, Kalantary S. The effect of eye protection equipment on protection of workers against Ultraviolet and Infrared Radiations.Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat (Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention).2015;3(2):91-96.

Background and Objectives: Nowadays one of the most important dangers that affect health promotion and developing in society is increasing of the traffic accidents. Traffic accidents one of the most causes of mortality due to trauma in the world and Iran. With regarding to increase of incidence of traffic accidents, we decided to assess the mortality due to traffic accidents in guilan province in 2011-2012.

Materials and Methods: in this descriptive cross sectional study the samples include all the people died due to traffic accidents in 2011-2012.Sampling method is numb ration. For each person a check list include sex, month of accidents occurrence, site of death (accidents site, in ambulance, hospital and the house), site of accidents(in the city, out of the city and the country road), cause of death(head trauma, bleeding, multiple trauma, burning and etc) and the city of accidents occurrence were recorded. Data was inserted in SPSS Ver 17 and analyzed.

Results: There was 1620 death due to traffic accidents in guilan province in 2011-2012. Among them 1329 (82%) were male and 291(18%) were female.1147 (70/8%) of all accidents occurred in the city road about the site of death864 (53/3%) in accidents site. Data about the cause of death showed that941 (58/1) of persons died due to head trauma. The most prevalent season of the accidents as autumn458 (28/3) and about the month of death mehr170 (10/5).

Conclusion: Results of this study showed that the most of death occurred in the months of season summer. With regarding to these subjects it was advised that educational prevention and the efforts of all the organs in traffic accidents will be noted.

How to cite this article: Monsef V, Asadi P, Maleki Ziabari SM.Mortality due to road traffic injuries in Guilan province in 2011-2012.Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat (Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention).2015;3(2):97-102.

 Background and Objectives: Designing of a ventilation system is a complex process. In addition to the time consuming calculations of each branch, it requires iterative calculations for balancing parallel branches. Designing of a proper hood, selecting of appropriate duct diameters and choosing of suitable fan are designing processes in which the error may enforce to decrease the system performance and impose additional costs to the system. Error is likely in manual calculations. In present study, a software tool was developed and validated for local exhaust ventilation system design and calculations.

Materials and Methods: The program was written in Visual Basic. Validation of the software was carried out in two parts. The perfection of the provided codes was studied first. In the second part of the validation process, computational results were studied. For this purpose, the validation was conducted in three steps. The results of each part of the program were compared with the results of manual calculations for simple example, benchmark data, and the results obtained from a credited software program. The Bland-Altman analytical method was applied to statistically compare the overall results.

Results: The results revealed that in single hood ventilation systems where the ducts are connected in series, the maximum difference between similar results of the program and benchmark data was 1.27% and the least difference was 0 percent. In complex systems with more than one hood and parallel ducts, the maximum disparity between two similar results gained from this program and either benchmark data or a credited program was 1.77% while the minimum disparity was 0%. Bland-Altman analyses showed that standard deviation of the results from the application of this program to 38-duct pieces was in the range of ± 0.01% for velocity pressure, static pressure as well as total pressure.

Conclusion: The present software is a reliable tool for local exhaust ventilation design.

How to cite this article: Jafari MJ, Abbas Gohari F, Omidi L, Izadi SK, Khoshghovah MH. Development and validation of software for designing industrial ventilation systems.Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat (Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention).2015;3(2):103-110.

Background and Objectives: Melamine formaldehyde resin is proposed as commercial material in the industry such as melamine dinnerware manufactures. Formaldehyde is produced under the pressure and temperature in this industry. Because of heath hurdle, the aim of this study was to conduct a thorough occupational monitoring of formaldehyde exposure in the dinnerware manufactures and quantitative risk assessment for control measuring.

Materials and Methods: 54 workers from 4 melamine workshops (A, B, C, D) in Tehran were investigated) according to the NIOSH method No. 3500. Atmospheric condition including air temperature, pressure, the speed and relative humidity were measured. Quantitative risk assessment was conducted using the method of IRIS. Results were analyzed with SPSS statistical analysis software.

Results: Formaldehyde exposure in workers was evaluated 0.094 ± 0.033, 0.091 ± 0.028, 0.048 ± 0.015 and 0.121 ± 0.049 ppm in the A, B, C and D workshops, respectively. There are positive correlation between temperature and occupational exposure significantly. Pressing workers were exposed to maximum concentration of formaldehyde while grinding have minimum exposure. Result of risk assessment in the four melamine manufactures are different (P=0.002).

Conclusion: All workers exposure to formaldehyde are higher than the Time-weighted average TWA=0/016 ppm suggested by NIOSH and lower than the Time-weighted average TWA=0/75 ppm suggested by OSHA. The results of this study are comparable with other studies. Occupational monitoring and risk assessment remind occupational hazards of melamine dinnerware manufactures. Then, this study suggest further justify proceeding and engineering control measures.

How to cite this article:Mazinani M, Vahabi Shokrlou M, Khodakarim S, Kheiry H, Mosavi Mehraban AA, Zendehdel R. Evaluation of occupational exposure to formaldehyde from selected manufactures of dinnerware melamine production in Tehran.Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat (Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention).2015;3(2):111-116.

Background and Objectives: Traffic injuries and accidents are the ninth fatality cause in the world. Motorcycle riders account for about 14% of all traffic fatalities in the world. One of the main factors that threaten the Motorcycle riders’ safety while, driving is not using safety equipment. The present study aimed to investigate effectiveness of training in safety riding program on Motorcycle rider use of safety equipment.

Materials and Methods: The research design was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group and the follow-up period. The study sample included all motorcycle riders city of Babol. Using simple random, sample of 60 randomly selected the number 30 assigned in the experimental group and 30 in the control group. Participants completed on Motorcycle Rider Behavior Questionnaire. Safety riding training program was taught for eight weeks, 16 sessions and 32 hours for the experimental group and the control group received no training. To analyze the data Multivariate analysis of covariance was used. SPSS version 21 was used for statistical analysis.

Results: The results showed that there were significant differences the use of safety equipment scores motorcycle rider at pre-test with post-test (F= 32/824, P=0/001) and follow- up (F= 12/692, P= 0/001 experimental group,This difference was not observed in the control group scores.

Conclusion: safety riding training program to improve the use of safety equipment on the Motorcycle rider. Safety riding training program plays an important role in the use of safety equipment among motorcyclists.

How to cite this article: Zare H, Mohammadzadeh Edmollaii R,Alipuor A,Tarkhan M.Effectiveness of training in safety riding program on motorcycle rider use of safety equipment. Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat (Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention).2015;3(2):117-126.

Background and Objectives: One of the most important factors in traffic engineering is pedestrian crossing safety. Investigating the parameters affecting the pedestrian’s safety margins and their relationship on the identifying the main causes of accidents relate to pedestrians on the streets without the traffic signs and driving has an important role. This article examine some of the factors related to the safety of pedestrians and the relationship between them.

Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the videos were recorded of 56 pedestrians, were evaluated. This study was cross - sectional and conducted on the basis of observational data. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 21 software and linear regression method.

Results: The results obtained from software has shown that the influence coefficients of various factors affecting pedestrian’s safety margin that include waiting time before moving with 0.78, repeat looking at the vehicles before and while crossing with 0.58, looking time at the vehicles before and after passing with 0.73 and passing time with 0.29.

 Conclusion: In this case study that has been done in Tehran Motahari street, “The pedestrians waiting time before passing “ were determined as the most important factor affecting the pedestrians safetymargin on the streets without traffic signals.

How to cite this article: Ahmadi Marzaleh M, Naseri M, Naseri K. Evaluation of factors affecting pedestrians’ safety margin on the streets without traffic signs.Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat (Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention).2015;3(2):127-134.

Background and Objectives: Once of widespread transportation networks in Iran is distribution network of products oil inclusive benzine that in course of divulge accident in this networks will happen irrecoverable and extensive accidents owing to exist dangerous and extra inflammatory materials analogous benzine. Hence aim of this study inherent safety design in composes of urban gas Station in Qazvin city.

Materials and Methods: for achieve this cross sectional study in beginning with rudiment survey of Qazvin and standard safety in gas stations became adventurism design safety checklist which be complemented via observation, interview, assessment and audit safety. Then questions weighed and final score spot level of inherent safety design. For evaluation and analyze information utilized SPSS 20 and Excel software’s

Results: generally application deal of inherent safety design in composes of gas stations was marshal procedural method%81, inherent method% 63/1, passive method%48/3 and active method%32. As weighing question seven station perch in undesirable group at ought resolving halves in initial time and two stations perch in rather desirable group at ought resolving halves.

Conclusion: major of stations attitude procedural and inexpensive method, so suggest mostly inspection and survey of answerable organizations, increase standards and roots of safety before issuance justification and beatification of staff perch program of responsible, eke recommending more research in the field.

How to cite this article: Yari S.Inherent safety design in compose of urban gas station.Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat (Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention).2015;3(2):135-140.