Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat (Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention)

Background and Objectives: Road Traffic Accidents around the world cause about 1.2 million deaths each year. Also, injuries and disabilities of 20 to 50 million people are estimated annually. According to UNICEF reports Road Traffic accidents are the second leading cause of death for people between the ages of 5 and 25. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the epidemiological indicators of mortality and road traffic injuries in children and adolescents under the age of 15 years old in Mashhad.

Materials and Methods: This is a Cross-sectional-analytical study and was done cross-sectionally. In this study, all traumatic injuries victims of Mashhad city in 2016, who referred to City Hospitals were investigated and was used by Ferdows Organization of Mashhad to collect death data. This study was a survey-based study and lacked sampling.

Results: The findings of this study showed that the total number of children died in Road traffic accidents in 2016 was 72, of which 45 (62.5%) were male and 27 (37.5%) were female. The total number of injured children was 4298, of which 2814 (65%) were male and 1484 (35%) were female. The incidence of lesions in males and females and in both genders was 740.5, 412, and 581 per 100,000, respectively.

Conclusion: Our study shows that most of the deaths were due to car occupants, and this shows the importance of using seat belts and child seats. In the case of pedestrian deaths, there also seems to be an urgent need for Culture building for drivers and educate children in this area. 

How to cite this article: Mohammadi A, Yousefi M, Ebrahimipour H, Adel A, Adineh H, Taghipour A. Epidemiological Study of Deaths and Injuries Caused by Road Traffic Accidents in Children and Adolescents under 15 Years Old in Mashhad in 2016. J Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2021; 9(1):1-8.

Background & Objectives: Neurological Critical Care Unit is allocated for patients with critical conditions in the field of neurological diseases. ICU beds and their equipment are very expensive and there are some economic constraints for increasing the ICU beds. At the same time, the admission waiting time for patients in this unit is not favorable. Therefore, an initiative for better management of this ward was needed.  The objective of this study was to examine an optimal program for allocating beds to patients, based on their required length of stay in the unit.

Methods and Materials: In this study, different categories of patients and their quantity was investigated in the Loghman Hakim hospital. Then, by using the design of experiments technique, optimal combinations were obtained. The obtained combinations were simulated for each of two criteria was calculated; patients' average waiting time and bed occupancy rate. Subsequently, a mathematical model with the objective function of minimizing the average waiting time for patients, as well as the average bed occupancy rate was presented using the linear response method.

Results: According to the results of this study, an optimal combination of beds allocation to different categories of patients for the Neurological Critical Care Unit were respectively 6, 2, 3, 3, and 2 beds, and average waiting time was 1.4 hours and an average bed occupancy rate was 34.5%.

Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that optimization of bed allocation in ICU by using a combined approach of simulation and design of experiments, resulted in a decrease in average waiting time and increase in bed occupancy rate (bed productivity).

How to cite this article: Goharani R, Shafagh-sorkh O, Nateghinia S, Hajiesmaeili M, Alibabaei A, Shafigh N. Neuro-critical Care Unit Bed Allocation Optimization based on Hybrid Approach: Designing of Experiments and Simulation. J Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2021; 9(1):9-17.

Background & Objectives: Falling is the second leading cause of fatalities after road traffic accidents. Emergency care, particularly prehospital emergency care, is amongst the most important bases of therapeutic care. The present study aimed to assess the falling of children and adolescents and determining the time indices of the emergency115 service provider.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on3622 individuals based on the data recorded in the emergency care center dated 2017. The target population includes the injured people who had contacted the emergency115service. Demographic variables and time indices were evaluated. Univariate analysis was done using the chi-square test and multivariate analysis was carried out via a logistic regression model.

Results: The results indicated that out of the 3622 participants, 1228(33.9%) were female and 2394 (66.1%) were male. The mean age of the injured people was 11.35+4.27 years. The highest and lowest prevalence rates of falling belonged to the13-18-years (99.6 per10000 population) and <6 years(72.1per10000 population)age groups, respectively. The results revealed a significant relationship between the consciousness level based on Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS)and male sex,13-18-years age group, and height above two meters (p<0.001).The mean response time was found to be7.5 minutes.

Conclusion: The study results demonstrated that 28.9% of the contacts to the emergency115 service were due to fall accidents. Besides, sex, age, height, and location were the effective risk factors in the prevalence of fall accidents. Therefore, individuals’ living places should be designed appropriately and accurately for providing safe conditions specifically for children. Increasing individuals’ safety can, in turn, reduce the rate of fall accidents in society.

How to cite this article: Yadollahi M, Norouzi M, Moradian MJ. Investigation of Fall Accidents among Children and Adolescents and Determination of the Time Indices of Emergency 115 Service Provision in Shiraz, 2017. J Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2021; 9(1):18-26.

Background and Objectives: Patellofemoral pain syndrome is one of the most common disabilities among women. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of Thera-band exercises on pain, range of motion, and function of nurses with patellofemoral pain syndrome.

Methods and Materials: Thirty female nurses with patellofemoral pain syndrome were selected from the statistical population and divided into two groups of control and practice. After selecting subjects based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, in a pre-test, pain with visual analog scale, range of motion with a universal goniometer, and function with KOOS questioner were measured. Then the training group performed their Thera-band exercises for 8 weeks and in 3 sessions in a week. The control group was also prevented from doing any exercise program and they were only allowed to do their daily activities. Then all the tests that were taken in the pre-test phase, were measured in the post-test again. Paired t-test and independent t-test were used for statistical analysis of the results. In all statistical analyzes, alpha was smaller than 0.05.

Results: The results of eight weeks of Thera-band exercises showed a reduction of the pain and induced an improvement of function in the subject of the exercise group. However, there was no significant difference between the post-test knee flexion range and pre-test in any of the study groups that indicates that the Thera-band exercises do not affect the range of motion of the knee flexion.

Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it is recommended that women with patellofemoral pain syndrome use Thera-band exercises to reduce their pain. Besides, the Thera-band exercises can be introduced to these individuals as an appropriate solution to improve their performance.

How to cite this article: Mazhari-Abbasi F, Tabatabaei H. The Effect of 8 Weeks the Thera-Band Exercises on Pain, Range of Motion and Function in Nurses with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome. J Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2021; 9(1):27-34.

Background and Objectives: Osteoarthritis is a joint disease characterized by pain, joint swelling, muscle disorders, and functional disability associated with stability. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of Pilates and combination exercises on pain management, improving motor function and quality of life in middle-aged women with knee osteoarthritis.

Methods and Materials: Using a purposive and accessible sampling method, 30 individuals were selected and randomly divided into three groups of 10 patients with Pilates training, combined exercises, and control group. Visual analog scale tests were used to measure pain and the KOOS questionnaire was used to measure motor function and quality of life. Then the training groups performed the exercises for 8 weeks and at the end of the eighth week, these tests were measured and repeated as the pre-test. During the eight weeks, the control group did not experience any of the training protocols (Pilates or combination exercises) and did their daily activities. Also, a dependent t-test was used to compare the means in two stages before and after the test, at the significant level of P ≤ 0.05.

Results: A comparison of the combined group with the control group showed that there was a significant difference in pain and Pilates training on quality of life. In addition, both exercises had a significant difference in motor performance.

Conclusion: The results show that eight weeks of Pilates and combination exercises have a significant effect on pain, motor function, and quality of life in middle-aged women with osteoarthritis of the knee, but the effectiveness of combined exercises was better.

How to cite this article: Barzeh S, Shojaedin SS. The Effect of Eight Weeks of Pilates and Balance-Strength Training for Pain Reduction, Enhancing Motor Function, and Quality of Life in Middle-aged Women with Knee Osteoarthritis. J Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2021; 9(1):35 - 43.

Background and objectives: The use of fossil fuels in industries has the potential to the occurrence of accidents such as fires and explosions. The occurrence of these accidents will have irreparable financial, human, and environmental consequences, which can be prevented by identifying and controlling their contributing factors. This study aimed to identify and model the factors affecting the fire incident of fuel oil tanks in an industrial plant.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on fuel oil tanks of an industrial plant using the Tripod Beta method in 2020. The necessary data for modeling were collected using methods of interview, observation of operations, and review of documents. Then main risk factors, preconditions, and hidden causes as well as the existing protective barriers were identified and an accident tree was drawn.

Results: The results of this study identified 19 main risk factors and showed that the highest share was related to controlling methods and equipment (36.8%) and the lowest was related to design and hardware (5.2%). Failure of escape and rescue methods and equipment and inadequate supervision was identified as the widespread prerequisites, and failure to appropriately or adequately define the current monitoring method of work activities in the company as the common latent problems.

Conclusions: The results showed that the methods and equipment of defense, training, and organization had the greatest role in causing fuel tank fires, respectively. Therefore, it is necessary to use appropriate methods and equipment for improving safety, as well as train the managers and employees for the safe performance of the work activities and organize safety affairs for reducing the risk of fire in the fuel tanks of the company.

How to cite this article: Ghahramani A, Zavvar H, Hemmatjo R. Modeling the Causes of Fuel Oil Tank Fire in an Industrial Plant Using Tripod Beta Method. J Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2021; 9(1):44-54.

Background and Objectives: Patient safety is a global concern in the field of health services and an essential component of the quality requirements of health care, so the present study aimed to assess the level of patient safety substructures in three selected Mashhad’s teaching hospitals in 2017.

Materials and Methods: This Descriptive-Analytical and cross-sectional study was performed using WHO patient safety assessment protocol as a research tool. The study population consisted of senior and middle managers, staff, physicians, and patients of hospitals that a total of 54 sample people were selected by purposeful sampling method. Questionnaire data were collected by observation, review of documents, completion of checklists and structured interviews, and then analyzed through descriptive and analytical tests using version 21 of SPSS software.

Results: In this study, a total of 20 critical patient safety standards were evaluated, the overall average level to achieve the standards was calculated to be 75.8%. Among the four domains studied, the domain of governance and leadership with a ratio (83.3%) had the best and the domains of a safe environment and patient and community participation with a ratio (50%) had the weakest status. There was no statistically significant difference between the three hospitals in terms of the level of compliance with the standards (p <0.05).

Conclusion: In general, the overall situation of patient safety substructure hospitals was evaluated at a relatively good level. The commitment of senior managers to the priority of patient safety, improving staff training, and increasing the informed participation of patients and companions to eliminate weaknesses and improve the current situation, can qualify for the title of patient safety friendly hospital for these hospitals that have a special place in the field of health tourism in the region and country.

Keywords: Assessing; Patient Safety; WHO Protocol; Critical Standards; Hospital.

How to cite this article: Taheri Namaghi M, Jahangiri K, Riahi L, Jabbari Gharebagh M. Assessment of the Patient Safety Substructures in Selected Teaching Hospitals in the City of Mashhad Based on WHO Protocol. J Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2021; 9(1):55-65 .

Background and Objectives: Employee safety citizenship behavior (SCB) is critical for workplace safety in a high-risk work environment, but few studies have addressed how safety stressors affect SCB. This study investigates the different relationships between safety stressors (safety role ambiguity, safety role conflict, and interpersonal safety conflict) and two forms of SCB (proactive and prosocial) considering the moderating role of humble leadership.

Materials and Methods: The present study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this research was 478 employees of Kermanshah Petrochemical Industries Company. The sample size was 214 people based on Morgan table using simple random sampling method. For collecting data, three standard questionnaires of safety citizenship behavior, safety stressors and humble leadership were used.and the proposed model was analyzed using structural equations modeling By Smart PLS 2 software.

Results: The results of this study showed: safety role ambiguity - 24%, safety role conflict - 22% and interpersonal safety conflict - 20% predict changes in proactive safety behavior. And safety role ambiguity -16%, safety role conflict -0.068% and interpersonal safety conflict -28% explain the changes in social safety behavior. Humble leadership also moderates the relationship between safety stressors (safety role ambiguity, safety role conflict and interpersonal safety conflict) with the dimensions of safety citizenship behavior (proactive and social) positively and significantly.

Conclusion: These results suggest that managers should instill safety citizenship behavior in their subordinates and combat stressful situations through interventions that increase safety-specific trust. Humble leadership increases employees' sense of self-efficacy and value by appreciating them.

How to cite this article:  Aghighi A. Investigating the Role of Safety Stressors on Safety Citizenship Behavior: Assessing the Moderating Role of Humble Leadership. J Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2021; 9(1):78-89.

Background and Objectives: The vertical jump is very important for improving an athlete’s performance, in which there is a possibility of an Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury. This injury is more common in women and one of the possible causes is the weakness of the neuromuscular system in women. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically review the studies that compared the activity of the lower extremity muscles in the vertical jump-landing task between men and women.

Method and Materials: Articles in Persian and English languages were searched in the Sid, Magiran, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed and Scopus databases without time limitation until 2020 and with keywords related to "electromyography", "muscle activity"," vertical-jump” and "gender". Inclusion criteria included cross-sectional and gender comparisons studies in which samples were male and female athletes with no history of sports injury, the task was one or two jump–landing and lower extremity muscle activity was measured before or after ground contact. The modified checklist of the Downs (1998) was used to evaluate the quality of the studies.

Results: Finally, 5 articles from 1262 studies met the inclusion criteria and were comprehensively reviewed. The results of the included studies showed that in the feedforward and feedback phase during the vertical jump and landing single-leg or pair-landing tasks, women recruit the quadriceps muscles and men the hamstrings muscle more. However, these differences were not significant in some studies and significant in others.

Conclusion: This study investigated the muscular activities of the lower limbs during the task of the maximum vertical jump in male and female athletes. The differences between men and women were scare and contradictory and for some muscles such as the rectus femoris, gastrocnemius, and gluteus, only one study was done. Therefore, it seems that there is a need for further and more accurate researches in this field.

How to cite this article: Seyedahmadi M, Minoonejad H, Karimi¬zadeh-Ardakani M, Bayattork M. Gender Differences in Lower Limb Muscle Activity during Vertical Jump Landing: A systematic review. J Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2021; 9(1):66-77.