Tārīkh-i pizishkī i.e., Medical History

Background and Aim: The manufacture and sale of counterfeit medicines is a highly organized crime and belongs to white-collar criminals. Poverty, high cost of medicines, lack of formal supply chain, lack of legislation and easy access to computer printing technology, inefficient equipment, law enforcement and light penalties all create strong economic incentives for counterfeiters. The consequences of using such medicines vary from treatment failure to serious side effects and even death. The purpose of this article is to point out the complexity of combating counterfeiting and ineffective medicines, in order to provide a better understanding of the fight against it and to explain more effective strategies.

Materials and Methods: This research is based on analytical-descriptive method and based on valid library documents and sources.

Findings: Lack of defined standards for counterfeiting, lack of deterrent laws and regulations in countries, global complexity of counterfeit goods market, high profitability of production and sale of counterfeit medicines and lack of control and commitment by many actors in this field, the main reasons for counterfeiting and making counterfeit medicines.

Conclusion: Failure to pay attention to counterfeiting measures leads to the growth of fraudulent networks. Effective and specific international deterrent measures, including international cooperation with strict market surveillance, are essential at every stage from the purchase of raw materials to the sale of counterfeit materials to the patient. Legislators as the main guarantor of maintaining the health of communities in the face of crimes in various fields of medicine and treatment, including corruption in the pharmaceutical industry and counterfeiting; By enacting strict laws with effective and robust enforcement guarantees, and bridging the legal gaps in the countries' pharmaceutical systems, they play a prominent and vital role.At the same time, the pharmaceutical industry must be able to detect and eliminate counterfeit networks by creating protective features in its products and complementing counterfeit analysis technologies.

Please cite this article as: Mohammadi Kajidi H, Mahmoudi A, Ghanbari A, Delpasand K. A Review of Medicine Counterfeiting in Medical History. Med Hist J 2020; 12(43): 7-18.

Background and Aim: Traditional medicine and the properties of medicinal plants have shown a significant effect in the poetic and prose works of classical and contemporary Persian literature. Poets and writers have talked about medicinal plants and their properties in their poems as much as their mastery of Medical Preliminaries. Meanwhile, Ibn Sina, Khaghani and Saadi Shirazi have paid special attention to medicine, especially herbal medicines and its therapeutic applications. Therefore, the purpose of this study is Analysis of the properties of medicinal plants from the perspective of Khaghani, Saadi and Ibn Sina.

Materials and Methods: In this library research, using the descriptive-analytical method, first by referring to the book of Ibn Sina's law, Khaghani's divan, Saadi's divan and other sources, the properties of medicinal plants in texts and verses have been extracted and then they have been analyzed and studied.

Findings: By studying the works of these thinkers, we can understand the ancient beliefs of herbal medicine and its importance among poets and writers and also the high frequency of phytotherapy and medical issues in their writings.

Conclusion: The results of this study showed that these sages, considering their mastery of the common sciences of their time, have also expressed the importance, properties of medicinal plants and herbal medicine in their works. In this regard, they have a deep belief in each other and have significant intellectual commonalities in the effectiveness of these plants in the treatment of diseases, which is the result of their experience and knowledge. Topics related to medicine and herbs are mentioned in several places in Ibn Sina's Law Book. In the second book of the law, in which the spicy spices and their properties are mentioned, in the fifth book of the law of medicine and in other volumes. Khaghani has mastered plants and their medicinal properties through personal observations, knowledge and experience and has discussed them in various fields in his divan. Stories about doctors, ophthalmologists, patients, pain and treatment and medicinal plants also have a significant appearance on Saadi's works.

Please cite this article as: Shadigoo SH. Review and Analysis of Medicinal Plants from the Perspective of Khaghani, Saadi and Ibn Sina. Med Hist J 2020; 12(43): 19-32.

Background and Aim: personal and public sanitation are very important to provide health of society. This important subject was not considered too much due to various reasons, during Qajar era-especially before establishment of Darolfonoon. As some temporary reformations and considerations were related to the person in charge but not the system and culture of society sanitation itself, they were sentenced to failure. In 19th century, modern elements of public sanitation were inserted in superstitious society of Iran and challenged the traditional medicine. The aim of this research is to review considerations and treatments of Dr.Jakob Eduard Polak. He did many theoretical and practical actions in modern medicine in Iran.

Materials and Methods: based on Dr.Polak's diary, historical references, travelogues, new researches and studies the author tries to give a clear description of Dr.Polak’s considerations and treatment methods via descriptive-analytical research method.

Findings: during Qajar era, European medicine appeared and gradually, skills of their doctors and surgeons gained court’s and people’s trust. Establishment of Darolfonoonincreased number of European doctor and new scientific methods and confirmed medicine as a professional skill. Polak, as one of the founders of modern medicine, not only taught in Darolfonoon, wrote and translate some books but also treated and cured patients in various methods.

Conclusion: Facing various diseases, Dr.Polak was curious and a researcher. It seems that he was professional, precise and deep which let him consider many factors and considerations for his patients. Age, sex, race and geography of life were some of these factors. While paying attention to methods of Iranian doctors, sometimes criticize, accept, reject or use their ones. But in the treatment of other diseases such as stone diseases, cancer surgery, leishmaniasis and… used his own method.

Please cite this article as: Moradi MH, Esmailzadeh A. Review on Considerations and Treatments of Dr.Polak (Case Study of Dr.Polak’s Travelogue). Med Hist J 2020; 12(43): 33-47.

Background and Aim: The achievement of Muslim physicians in medical ethics has been a result of special attention to ethical issues in their profession. This attitude has been fruitful in the light of Islamic teachings and has found a special place in Islamic medical history. Their valuable legacy today can be instrumental in organizing a new Muslim approach to medical ethics.

Materials and Methods: The present study has attempted to investigate the status of medical ethics in Qajar era and the ethical practitioners of the time by using a descriptive-analytical approach. It also studies the book of Vasaya-ie Hakim by Mirza Jafar Tabib, a prominent scientist and at the same time the lesser known person from Qajar period, summarizing its instructions and ethical guidelines for how the physician relates to the patient and his family. It finally infers the principles of his medical principles ethics by surveying and analyzing the findings of the research.

Ethical Considerations: In references to the texts, honesty and trustworthiness, citation of the texts used avoidance of bias in inferring the texts or analyzes have been observed.

Findings: The present study shows that paying attention to medical ethics has an important place among Muslims physicians in Qajar era. It is also the basis of the ethical recommendations and guidelines in Vasaya-ie Hakim regarding to the interaction of the physician with the patient and his Family in a framework of six ethical principles consists of trust, trust in God, benefit to the Patient, non-injury, compassion and kindness and justice.

Conclusions: Hakim Mohammad Hossein Aghili Khorasani, Hakim Mirza Mohammad Taghi Shirazi, Mirza Seyed Ahmad Sharif Tonekaboni, Mirza Ali Hamdani, Ayatollah Seyed Hossein Hakim and Dr.Saeed Khan Kordestani are among the top examples of ethical practitioners in the period. Mirza Jafar Tabib is also one of the Muslims and faithful practitioners who have devoted himself to discussing medical ethics in the time of the decline of Islamic civilization. His ethical advice and tips besides how to deal with the patient are related to the physician's relationship with the patient's family.

Please cite this article as: Bagheri M, Tavousi Masroor S. The Practitioners' Attitude to Medical Ethics in Qajar Era with an Emphasis on Mirza Jafar Tabib Mashhadi’s Vasaya-ie Hakim. Med Hist J 2020; 12(43): 49-59.

Background and Aim: Satisfaction from health services is an important criterion for measuring the quality of health care and so far, there has been no study on the satisfaction of patients referring to traditional medicine health centers. Therefore, in this study, for the first time, the quality of services in the traditional medicine health center of Shahid Beheshti University was assessed.

Materials and Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional study, in order to measure patients satisfaction, out of 150 patients referred to Shahid Beheshti University Traditional Medicine Health Center, it was performed in 2016. Samples were examined through available sampling, after obtaining consent, with the researcher-made satisfaction questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software and descriptive and inferential statistical indices.

Ethical Considerations: This research is the result of a research project approved by the Research Vice Chancellor of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences with the code IR.SBMU.RETECH.REC.1395.487 and all patient information was kept confidential.

Findings: Patients' satisfaction with good general health center performance was reported (Mean 4/54). Mean of satisfaction in different dimensions, including The situation of doctors with patients was 4/73, the situation of patients with patients 4/69, the condition of space and health facilities 4/66, the status of diagnostic services, 4/74, the state of health care 4/40, the manner of staffing and staffing 4/59, satisfaction from the pharmacy 4/62 that this range represents a fairly pleasingly satisfactory range. The average of the highest satisfaction among different specialized departments, in terms of the situation of doctors, with patient’s gastrointestinal tract are 4/82. The highest satisfaction rate was observed in the diagnostic services status in the various specialized departments, which is related to the neurology and psychiatry is significant (P=0/039).

Conclusion: Patients' satisfaction from the health services provided by the study center was at a desirable level .In order to provide higher quality services, patients need to be more accurately planned.

Please cite this article as: Tansaz M, Adhami S, Choopani R, Mokaberinejad R, Movahhed M, Ghasemi E, Ilkhani R. Evaluation of Patient Satisfaction Referred to Health Center Traditional Medicine in Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 2016. Med Hist J 2020; 12(43): 61-72.

The first health and medical modernizations began in the time of Amir Kabir with the efforts to raise awareness and information on public health. With the journey of Nasser-al-Din Shah to Europe and seeing the progress of Europeans, conditions for some reforms in the country, including the development of health, were provided. The growth of public health and the promotion of preventive facilities for fighting and preventing the spread of various diseases, the establishment of a parliament for maintenance of public health, addressing public health and combating all kinds of contagious diseases became one of its most important priorities. The most important concern of the present research is how to expand health and medicine in Qazvin during the Nazarene era. The research method in this article is historical. Based on the results of the study, the reform of urban health and medical development in this era by urban management increased public awareness, improvement of people’s lifestyle, the growth of modern medicine, and the tendency of people from traditional medicine to modern medicine. But the growth rate of health and medical development was not the same in this era of Qazvin. Finally, it can be said that with the fundamental changes in the capital in the field of public health and medicine, the same happened in Qazvin. Had. Making any changes in Iran in the capital and other cities, including Qazvin, depended on the individual's power. If the health changes of Amir Kabir in Tehran and Saad al-Dawlah in Qazvin occurred more rapidly and in quality.

Please cite this article as: Chagini Z, Sadri M, Abadian H, Gharedaghi M. Condition of Health and Medicine of Qazvin in Naseri Era. Med Hist J 2020; 12(43): 73-86.

Background and Aim: Pharmacy and pharmacists located in it with various functions of manufacturing and providing medicine as one of the important parts of the hospital during the Islamic civilization has played an important role and position. The words al-Adawiya treasure, al-Sharab treasure, pharmacy, Sidna and Sididani are used in Islamic period texts for the name of the pharmacy. The purpose of this article is to answer the question of what is the position of pharmacists and the structure of hospital pharmacies in Islamic civilization.

Materials and Methods: This research is based on a descriptive-analytical methodology and the information was collected in a library, followed by a search for historical sources in order to categorize and analyze data for the article.

Findings: Pharmacies of the Islamic period were one of the most important parts of the hospital and pharmacists, along with physicians, played an important role in providing medicine to patients. The history of pharmacies is closely related to the social, economic, cultural and therapeutic history of its time and is an integral part of Islamic culture and civilization.

Conclusion: Hospital pharmacies in the Islamic period had a hierarchy, including the head, the Khazen, some pharmacist assistants and a number of vendors who worked under the supervision of Mohtar or senior sididani and played an important role in improving patients.

Please cite this article as: Dashti R. A Historical Study of the Position of pharmacists and Structure of Hospital Pharmacies in Islamic Civilization (Half of the Second Century to the Middle of the Eighth Century AH). Med Hist J 2020; 12(43): 87-97.

Background and Aim: The initial concept that is extracted from the term "weakness" is unpleasant condition with a reduction or lack of physical and mental powers that impede the normal and desired outcomes. Weakness in this concept is a common phenomenon and has serious effects on the quality of individual and social life. Today, the field of health is faced with many challenges in identifying and determining the causes of weakness. The study of traditional medicine with the support of ancient knowledge opens new horizons to us for weakness. The aim of this study is to investigate the types of weakness and its causes in the ancient texts of traditional medicine.

Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the main texts of traditional medicine using the "Noor" software by weak and weakness keywords. The search engines Up to date, SID, Magiran, PubMed, Scholar and Scopus were reviewed with weakness and fatigue keywords.

Conclusion: In terms of definition and symptoms fatigue and organ failure agree with general body weakness and functional weakness of organs. Considering the causes of weakness in traditional medicine, we can present new solutions in general and special (functional) weakness.

Please cite this article as: Nojavan F, Pourhosseini M, Ashouri A. Explain "Weakness" in Traditional Iranian Medicine. Med Hist J 2020; 12(43): 99-109.