Akhlāq-i zīstī i.e., Bioethics Journal

Background and Aim: Citizenship is a modern concept. This category covers all areas of political, economic, social and cultural law. Citizenship rights are one of the most important issues in the fundamental rights of any country, regardless of class, race and gender, based on the right to life, human dignity and security. According to the Charter of Citizens' Rights, one of the most important rights of citizens is to ensure their security in various areas of life, law, and especially financial and economic relations in daily communication. In religious teachings, in order to preserve the dignity and honor of the citizens, oppression and encroachment on the property of individuals in any form is prohibited.

Materials and Methods: In this research, a library documentary study is performed using descriptive-analytical methods.

Findings: Economic security is achieved in the light of factors such as the acquisition and conclusion of transactions in a healthy environment without any tricks, performing financial obligations by citizens and the protection of their assets from any encroachment by other people. Today, one of the problems with citizens' rights is the use of clever methods to escape social and economic obligations, which in legal terms is a transaction with the intention of escaping from debts. This is true in cases where the debtor, under the pretext of evading legal restrictions, has made a transaction in order to prevent his property from being seized by creditors in order to protect his property against another person's claim.

Conclusion: What leads to the loss of legal certainty and the weakening of credit in business relationships with others is the debtor's trick to escape paying the debt and damaging the creditor due to the impossibility of fulfilling all or part of the claim. Transactions with the intention of escaping from debts in Iranian jurisprudence and law (according to Article 218 of the Civil Code) in order to establish economic security, stabilize social trust and prevent the violation of citizens' rights, especially creditors, by considering the principles of dignity and security, are ineffective or invalid.

Please cite this article as: Mousavi RS, Azimi Garekani H. Legal Jurisprudential Dimensions of Transactions with the Intention of Escaping from Debts by Looking at Citizenship Rights. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 7-21.

Background and Aim: The eternal life of the infernal means eternal retention in hell, which has long been discussed by commentators and religious scholars. In the present study, the constantly of torment of the infernals will be criticized based on the principles of the Hekmate Motealiye and from the Perspective of the Holy Quran.

Materials and Methods: In this article, a library study is performed using descriptive-analytical method.

Findings: It should not be assumed that low and cruel delegations are hard on the soul, and as a result, a new kind of singleness arises in human beings who will always exist, and that singleness will be tormented forever.

Conclusion: Despite the fact that eternity in torment, or in other words, the immortality of torment, is one of the certainties in believes which is not essentially inconsistent with moral principles; but at the same time, it should be noted that if vile morals and ugly facial expressions do not enter the soul and not to be associated with its essence, that is, the soul is inherently pure and on a temporary basis, it has taken on ugliness and cruelty like the sinful believers, Such a spirit finally abandons that face and those states disappear from it; Because these status are in fact partial and unnatural.

Please cite this article as: Fedakar Langroudi M, Batahi SH, Akbarzadeh R, Dadjoo Y. A Study and Criticism of the Immortality of Hell on the Basis of the Sublime Theosophy and Its Adaptation to the Ethical Principles from the Perspective of the Holy Quran. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 23-37.

The political system, which assumes itself belonging to people, not only buys its citizens’ votes, but also marks their volition and will. Today, such emerging rights as freedom of expression, freedom of the press, the necessity to participate in crucial matters, etc. are called citizenship rights, the observance of which will result in the fair distribution of power, wealth and even information. Being the salient characteristic of democratic societies, these rights demarcate the relations between individuals living in a geographical limit and the sovereignty, though majority of regimes strive against granting them to their citizens. Given the democratic nature of the Islamic Republic of Iran, examining the legitimacy of citizenship rights is of vital necessity. Research into jurisprudential basics and arguments indicates the legitimate foundation of citizenship rights referring to the reason of intellect in affirmative verdicts and the principle of obscenity in affairs with explicit canonical prohibition together with the necessity of avoiding the rule of closing the corruptive. The present study was conducted based on a descriptive-analytic method.

Please cite this article as: Poursaeid R, Toutounchian M. Religious Foundations of Citizenship. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 39-49.

Background and Aim: Hajj, as one of the important practices in the behavior of believers, has various dimensions, the management of which can have different moral, political and social effects. For this reason, the present study seeks to examine the behavioral system of Hajj management and its impact on biological ethics from a moral perspective.

Materials and Methods: The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical due to the approach of the article from documentary sources, verses and narrations as well as valid jurisprudential and historical texts.

Findings: Ethical principles and criteria of Hajj management include love and compassion, general management and based on trans-ethnic and transnational perspective, having insight in management, coordination and cooperation of speech and action of Hajj managers, justice-oriented and avoiding ethnic and tribal tendencies and criteria. The principle of "special manager and special audience" is in the management of the Great Hajj Congress. According to the political and social conditions of the contemporary society, these criteria can both show the world a model of Islamic moral management and be considered as a representative of the rules and teachings of Islamic management.

Conclusion: Holding Hajj and even managing it, is a public issue for different countries and nations and therefore it cannot be exclusive to a specific group or country. This privilege cannot even include the area where the Kaaba is located. Therefore, the management of Hajj should be based on ethics and a model for different nations in line with the Islamic system of behavior. This requires paying attention to the divine commands and rules, taking advantage of modern science, as well as transforming the management of the Hajj Congress as a model for introducing Islamic teachings and rules as a common heritage.

Please cite this article as: Shariatifard M, Khazaei AR. Moral Criteria of Hajj Management and Its Effect on the New Order of Biological Ethics. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 51-62.

The regime of international responsibility of States has been questioned by philosophers of international law. Their main critique pertains to the fairness of the burden of its implementation on blameless individuals in that State, and especially to the fairness of their secondary (mostly financial) liability under domestic or international law (e.g., through taxation in order to pay war reparations). This has been coined the Individualist Challenge to State responsibility. This essay starts by debunking that challenge, before taking the discussion a step further to discuss a related (albeit yet unmade) argument of fairness that one may refer to, by analogy, as the Statist Argument. The Statist Argument would endorse the fairness of the current regime of international responsibility of international organizations (IOs) and in particular the absence of secondary liability of member States of a responsible IO. Addressing the Individualist Challenge and Statist Argument together and understanding why regimes of international responsibility law and our moral intuitions about them each pull in different directions, are the two aims of this essay. The essay turns the Statist Argument on its head and argues that secondary liabilities of member States actually amount to a requirement of fairness to the individuals in those States. It thereby contributes to taking further the debate about the reform of IO responsibility law by drawing on arguments in moral and political philosophy, on the one hand, and does so from the integrative perspective of the moral interests of the individual by discussing both State and IO responsibility lawtogether, on the other.

Please cite this article as: Ahmadnia H, Jalali M, Arashpour AR. State and Citizens’ Secondary Responsibility Arising from the Responsibility of International Organizations under the Principles of Morality and Equity. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 63-79.

زمینه و هدف: سازمان‌ها برای بقا و موفقیت در محیطی بی‌ثبات و آشفته، نیازمند استراتژی‌هایی قابل اطمینان و استوار هستند. مؤلفان زیادی بر این باورند که دانش، مهم‌ترین ورودی فرایند تدوین، اجرا و ارزیابی استراتژی‌ است. به این ترتیب دانستن چگونگی گردآوری، تحلیل و پردازش دانش مورد نیاز، اهمیت یافته است. هدف این مقاله طراحی مدل فرایندی هوش استراتژیک و اصول اخلاقی در سطح تحلیل سازمانی است.

مواد و روش‌ها: داده‌های متنی این تحقیق به زبان‌های انگلیسی و فارسی و از طریق پایگاه داده‌های ای.بی.اس.سی.او (EBSCO)، گوگل محقق (Google Scholar) و ایران داک گردآوری شده است.

یافته‌ها: یافته‌های تحقیق نشان دادند که فرایند هوش استراتژیک از نظر خبرگان صنعت بانکداری دولتی از هشت مرحله تشکیل شده است. دو مرحله «تعیین نیاز» و «برنامه‌ریزی و سازماندهی»، پیشران‌های فرایند هستند که از طریق مرحله «گردآوری اطلاعات» منجر به شروع مراحل وابسته به شرح ذیل می‌شوند: «تصفیه و انبارش اطلاعات مفید»، «تحلیل اطلاعات»، «تولید هوش»، «توزیع هوش و اصول اخلاقی» و «کاربرد هوش و بازخورگیری».

نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این تحقیق بینشی را برای پیاده‌سازی فرایند هوش استراتژیک در سازمان‌ها و ارزیابی اثربخشی آن، فراهم می‌کند. به دلیل این‌که الگوهای تصمیم‌گیری از نظام‌های ارزشی پیروی می‌كنند، این نظام‌های ارزشی، به تصمیمات مختلف، رتبه‌های متفاوتی می‌دهند و هنگامی كه یك فرد، یا سازمان اجتماعی با چند تصمیم به طور هم‌زمان مواجه باشد، با مراجعه به نظام ارزشی حاكم، تصمیماتی را انتخاب می‌کند كه در مجموع، رتبه بیشتری در نظام ارزشی پذیرفته‌شده كسب كند و آن‌ها، تصمیماتی هستند كه مطلوبیت آن فرد و یا نظام اجتماعی را تأمین می‌نمایند. بنابراین صرف بررسی خط مشی‌ها، طرح‌ها و برنامه‌های عملیاتی (سطوح راهبردی) در ارزیابی راهبردی محیطی، به لحاظ تطابق‌پذیری آن‌ها با معیارهای محیط زیستی كفایت نمی‌كند، زیرا ممكن است در مرحله‌ای كه باید در مورد ضرورت «تدوین» طرح و اجرای آن تصمیم‌گیری شود، تصمیمات غیر قابل برگشتی گرفته شود كه اصلاح آن‌ها مستلزم هزینه‌های بسیار می‌باشد.

Background and Aim: Throughout history, various factors have prevented citizens from achieving their rights. One of the most important is gender. The situation of women in Iran has undergone many changes throughout history, and today it needs to identify needs and find legal solutions in various aspects. In the text of the "Charter of Citizenship Rights", the priority of respecting women's rights is considered as half of the society. However, the necessary efforts have not been made to identify the weaknesses and to observe them accurately and unconditionally, and observing them has faced many challenges. Given these points, it is essential for us to study and identify the challenges of women's citizenship rights. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the level of women's awareness of their citizenship rights, counting women's citizenship rights in the Charter of Citizenship Rights, as well as their expectations from the government.

Materials and Method: In this research, using library method, to collect and study the required resources and by comparing the data obtained from the study, try to select and benefit from the most accurate information in books, documents and sites that can be used. Access has been provided to describe and explain the subject.

Findings: The results showed that after the constitutional period, governments have always tried to improve women's citizenship rights. But some articles of the Charter are in stark contrast to the text of the law. Also, the lack of a mechanism for teaching citizenship rights, especially to women, and the lack of the necessary executive guarantees and less attention to violence against women are among the most important challenges to the Charter of Citizenship Rights.

Conclution: The situation of women's civil rights in Iran is the result of a complex set of historical, social, religious and political factors, and any change in this field requires full knowledge of these areas. It should not be assumed that the existence of laws, even the constitution's attention to civil rights, alone guarantees these rights in society. Citizenship is a culture that needs to be learned and institutionalized over time.

Please cite this article as: Lotfi T, Ebrahimian H, Ranjbar M. Charter of Citizenship Rights and Challenges of Women's Citizenship Rights in Iran. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 105-117.

One of the experimental medical methods today is cryonics. In this way, by protecting the human or animal body at a very low temperature (-196°C) that the body's proteins and cells are preserved and do not spoil, they are protected. Hopefully, with the advancement of medical science and technology, life can be restored to these people. The present study attempts to explain the process of human freezing and its application to the principles of medical ethics from the Islamic point of view with a descriptive-analytical method. In this study we will see that the principles of medical ethics, which are: the principle of respect for individual freedom, the principle of usefulness and non-harm, and the principle of justice, are in accordance with the principles and life-giving teachings of Islam And because of the revelation of these principles in Islam, they have stronger support. Also, since Cryonics adheres to these principles of medical ethics, it can be justified in this regard in Islamic societies.

Please cite this article as: Sotoudeh Ravesh N, Vaziri M, Yaghouti E. Cryonics and the Principles of Medical Ethics from the Perspective of Islam. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 119-131.

Background and Aim: The concept of the family has a great importance from the perspective of Islamic teachings, the absence or threat of which may have irreparable consequences in the moral and social spheres. For this reason, paying attention to the moral teachings of Islam and examining the principles of bioethics on the institution of the family has been selected as the main purpose of this study.

Materials and Methods: In this study, by descriptive-analytical method (library method), the moral teachings of Islam about the institution of the family were studied and information was collected through documentary methods and using jurisprudential and legal texts.

Findings: The establishment and continuity of the family institution from the perspective of Islamic teachings requires the observance of principles and conditions that are morally considered to be the promoters of individual and social morality. These principles include long-term relationship, respect for family members, good fellowship, agreement and understanding, honesty and patience, loyalty and trustworthiness, secrecy and fault, division of duties based on justice, which is considered a model for promoting morality in society.

Conclusion: Relying on the institution of the family, the Islamic moral system can pave the way for a committed and transcendent generation that puts both divine values at the forefront of individual, family, and social behavior and confronts the challenges of the modern world that target the institution of the family. Accordingly, the history of secular moral systems shows that they are ineffective in making this institution desirable and sometimes in conflict with its higher interests.

Please cite this article as: Naeemipour N, Azimi Garekani H, Pourmanoochehri SA. Principles of Bioethics in the Institution of the Family from the Perspective of Islam. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 133-134.

Background and Aim: The citizen in Persian consists of two phrases: "city" the place of human community and "vand", the factor of human connection to this social place, and a citizen is someone who belongs to his place of residence and human community. This citizen is specific to when a person has a right and is opposed to a subject or a citizen or a follower. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of people and government in the realization and implementation of citizenship rights in society.

Materials and Methods: This research has been done in a descriptive-analytical method using library data. Also, the role of government and people in the implementation of citizenship rights in the system of the Islamic Republic has been studied by taking the method of research-related sources

Findings: Citizen means human being with dignity; the discussion of human rights makes sense by considering human dignity and specific human concepts such as human rights. There is no such thing as citizenship rights and the phrase "citizenship rights" is in fact a set of rules governing privileges and what is to the dignity of citizens within Iran.

Conclusion: The results showed that the government through judicial and non-judicial proceedings and the people through education, demanding, requesting a fair trial can play a role in the realization and enforcement of citizenship rights in society.

Please cite this article as: Karami Dehlan N, Hashemi SM. The Role of Government and People in the Realization and Implementation of Citizenship Rights. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 145-157.

Background and Aim: Citizenship rights and education of its basics and various dimensions is one of the necessities of today's societies. This is because today's societies often consider citizenship rights as an important dimension in politics. In this regard, the present study seeks to examine the legal guarantees of citizenship education within the framework of the Iranian legal system.

Materials and Methods: The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical which has collected the materials in the form of documents and libraries and has analyzed them in an argumentative and inferential manner.

Findings: Citizenship rights education has clear principles and dimensions in Iranian domestic law. Hence, it is a guarantee for its expansion. Education in schools, higher education centers and mass media is a basic necessity for the development of citizenship rights within the framework of the Iranian legal system.

Conclusion: Focusing on justice, individual and social freedom, the right to free education, civil, political, economic and social rights in the framework of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, are the guarantors for the realization of civil rights education. Therefore, civil society and non-governmental organizations should have a more effective position in civil rights education, and even in religious ways and in the form of charitable institutions; they can promote citizenship rights in theoretical and practical dimensions. In-service education in schools and universities is a basic necessity for guaranteeing citizenship rights and for the emergence of citizenship rights stemming from the Constitution and the Charter of Citizenship Rights.

Please cite this article as Ardalan E, Yaghouti E, Javad Javid M. Legal Guarantees of Citizenship Education within the Framework of the Iranian Legal System. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 159-172.

Background and Aim: Education is not only one of the important examples of human rights but also an important tool for the realization of other examples of human rights. The guarantee and enforcement of this right is a prelude to the guarantee and enforcement of other instances of human rights. The right to education was initially recognized as a general and flexible principle that had no clear and binding legal obligations under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Due to the fundamental differences that existed in the legal-political systems of governments, the development and strengthening of this right was entrusted to regional and domestic legal systems.

Materials and Methods: In this study with analytical-descriptive method, first the concept of citizenship and the importance of education will be discussed. After determining the status of this variable, the objectives of the educational process and the concept of "right to education" will be considered to explain more precisely the general framework of the main issue of the present study. In the third step, the teaching of democracy, tolerance and tolerance as the main criteria for promoting democratic citizenship will be discussed.

Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Findings: Within the framework of the right to empowerment, education is a mechanism by which individuals can acquire the tools necessary for full participation in society. Education plays a very important role in empowering the vulnerable, promoting human rights and democracy, providing the necessary conditions for sustainable development, and so on. As a result, education is considered as one of the best materials and spiritual investments that a government can make for the development, progress and welfare of its citizens.

Conclusion: Developments in the right to education and implementation and its guarantee within the framework of the doctrine of democratic citizenship and, consequently, its relationship with the development and strengthening of the concept of rule of law and its constituent elements can in the process of educating citizens committed to democracy and creating a legal-political system. The main and most effective guarantee of its implementation will be the real pressure of public opinion and public demand, to play a key role.

Please cite this article as: Rostami S, Soleymanzadeh T. A Rethinking of the Concept of Right to Education in the Light of Democratic Citizenship. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 173-186.

Background and Aim: A contract of sale is the most common and important ownership contract by which the seller transfers the money to the buyer in return. Today, the contract of sale is used both in the domestic law of countries and in different societies and as a tool for trade. The expansion of the means of communication and the transportation industry has made the importance of the contract of sale more and more important. For this reason, the study of the ethical conditions of the contract of sale has been selected as the main purpose of the present study in order to examine the approach of the said contract in various areas of transfer, risk, guarantee of the parties, etc.

Materials and Methods: According to the approach of the present study, the descriptive-analytical method has been selected as the research method and information has been collected through documentary and library methods.

Findings: Satisfaction of the contract of sale is a moral and accepted principle between the parties, which is considered both in the domestic law of countries and in international and commercial laws and regulations; in a sale contract, as soon as the sale is realized, the buyer becomes the seller and the seller becomes the owner of the price. The principle of obligation as another moral principle in the contract of sale is that each of them, in exchange for legal life and influence from the other. Therefore, if one of the two is lost, it is released from the obligation, so the loss of the seller is imposed on the seller as a result of a coercive accident. Also, the existence and validity of the price is the basic principle and moral condition for the realization of the contract.

Conclusion: Transaction and commitment in the contract of sale due to the accompaniment of will and action, the existence of price and transfer of risk and ownership to the buyer has ethical aspects that in the absence of these conditions, is considered a formal transaction. By proposing "Delivery" as a turning point in legal systems that use a "conceptual approach" to sales and related issues, it has taken a step forward in which ownership and risk will both be transferred by Delivery. The above argument can be used to support the theory of risk transfer at the same time as Delivery and lead to the improvement of domestic and international transactions. From both a legal and a moral point of view, the acceptance of risk transfer, satisfaction and commitment of the parties can be considered as effective principles in benefiting from the contract of sale.

Please cite this article as: Mozafari Niapour SMK, Mousavi Zenooz M, Ameri P. Ethical Conditions for the Transfer of Ownership in a Contract of Sale. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 187-198.

Background and Aim: The establishment of a parliamentary system in the Islamic Republic of Iran has been the challenge of thinkers and the focus of many studies. Previously, the possibility of transforming the political regime into a Parliamentary in the structure of the Iranian legal system and its challenges and threats have been discussed and conflicting. However, considering the importance of consequentialism in the construction of political systems, a specialized-analytical research in this area becomes more priority. With this objective, the present study, with a consequentialist approach, considers the impact of parliamentarization in the Islamic Republic of Iran on the components of development and citizenship rights. 

Materials and Methods: The present research is done by descriptive-analytical method and using library-documentary sources.

Findings: Citizenship rights at political, social and economic levels are directly or indirectly affected by the change of political regime through the components of the synergy or divergence of forces, as well as the manifestations of democracy and the participation of citizens in determining their own destiny. In the Islamic Republic of Iran due to the special status of presidential elections and the situation in it, as well as the weaknesses of the party and the parliamentary elections and also the quality of the relations between the ruling powers, changing the regime from a presidential to a parliamentary system, without fulfilling the requirements and preconditions of this change, narrows the scope of citizens' political rights which subsequently in the context of individual freedoms and social rights, as well as economic development, can have negative effects.

Conclusion: Providing the requirements of the parliamentary system, such as party culture, legal changes and structural changes, makes the transition to a parliamentary in the Iranian legal system possible by promoting the components of citizenship rights, however, considering the costs that this process imposes on the government and the citizens, the hypothesis of improving the quality of the current presidential system with the aim of having a positive impact on the political, social and economic rights of the citizens is supported.

Please cite this article as: Razaghi MR, Habibnejad SA, Taheri M. The Outcome of the Parliamentary System in Islamic Republic of Iran in the Field of Civil Rights. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 199-200.

Background and Aim: Human genome project in its general sense is a genetic project that with the genetic engineering of a human provides the possibility of any change in the human race, including genetic repair or improvement and even the production of a new human without the need for a father sperm. he does. Since the date of the beginning of genetic studies is not long, the issue of simulation is in the realm of emerging affairs. Ethical considerations actually address the moral barriers that may arise from the human genome. Therefore, the present study seeks to address these ethical points.

Materials and Methods: Descriptive-analytical method has been used to investigate the present issue, which is considered as a qualitative method. The present method examines the issue of human genome change by collecting information from texts and documentary sources in the field of ethics and medicine.

Findings: Human simulation needs to consider many ethical considerations from various aspects, including: lack of technical and medical security; Weakening of the family institution and violation of the principle of human dignity and damage to human lineage; Lack of personal identity and full psychological development; Creating a racist approach and creating a superior race; It includes the violation of human creation and the manipulation of God's work.

Conclusion: The rules and regulations related to simulation in Iranian law are ambiguous and have various dimensions that cannot provide strong legal support to support simulation. The only cases that can be seen are the rules related to inheritance of transportation, wills for transportation and acknowledgment in favor of transportation, from which results are extracted in the field of simulation. Therefore, from a legal point of view, we need clear rules about the personality and identity of the fetus and the simulation process. Establishing rules to clarify the mechanisms for using simulation technology is essential.

Please cite this article as: Vahedi J, Ahmadi SM. Changing the Human Genome from the Perspective of Fundamental Moral Principles. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 213-224.

Background and Aim: social and individual upbringing is amongst the most important subjects underlined in the various schools and religions. This issue has been specifically taken into account in Islam the primary goal of which is the guidance of the human beings towards the worldly and otherworldly felicity. Based thereon, the present study deals with the axes of the social and individual upbringing based on the ethical principles in Nahj Al-Balāqah.

Materials and Methods: the present study uses a descriptive-analytical method to review and investigate the indicators of individual and social upbringing in Nahj Al-Balāqah.

Findings: the dimensions of education and upbringing in Islam and Imam Ali (PBUH)’s way of conduct have been established based on exercising justice, good and proper way of treating others, patience and forbearance, generosity and beneficence, denial of boastfulness and miserliness, disapproval of haughtiness and fight with tyranny that are considered as foundations for the formation of an ethics-based life and eventually lead to the correction of the individual and social affairs.

Conclusion: the ethical principles have been laid in Nahj Al-Balāqah and Imam Ali (PBUH)’s way of conduct on the foundation of the human beings’ clean nature and they intend to form peaceful and moral life amongst the human beings and finally organize the humans’ social life based on justice, cooperation and social collaboration, denial of haughtiness and aiding the fellow man. In Nahj Al-Balāqah, upbringing is influenced by the religious verdicts and teachings as well as the behavior of the great prophet of Islam (May Allah bestow him and his sacred progeny the best of His regards) as the real role-model of the moral life.

Please cite this article as: Pishro AR, Taban J, Maleki Y. A Comparative Study of the Main Axes of Human Individual Education in Nahj al-Balaghah and Ethical Principles. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 225-237.

Background and Aim: Worship has an important place in Islam which, in addition to cultivating and purifying the soul of individuals, is also a factor in improving the social life of human beings. Islamic worship, by promoting the idea of people living well together, shows certain manifestations of biological ethics, some of which are mentioned in this study.

Materials and Methods: Descriptive-analytical method is considered as the method of the present study, based on which by analyzing and interpreting verses and hadiths, as well as using related sources and articles in the field of worship and bioethics, to study the issue has been addressed.

Findings: Bioethics in prayer promotes a culture of humility and modesty, politeness and decency, as well as an invitation to monotheism and unity, which ultimately leads to public peace; Fasting is a manifestation of patience, silence and patience in the face of society's challenges; Zakat, khums, almsgiving and endowment make economic and social moral reform their top priority, which, by rejecting materialism and promoting sound economic and social practices, become the banner of the struggle against oppression and the multiplication of wealth; Hajj is also a universal symbol for joining the boundless sea of truth and confronting the manifestations of Satan in different historical periods.

Conclusion: Bioethics in Islam, as seen in its rulings, is not an individual matter and based on the separation of moral spheres from social spheres. Therefore, the set of rules of Islam and its worships are presented in order to reform and promote bioethics, which both seek individual happiness and show us social reform as a means to achieve happiness. Introducing and identifying the moral aspects of worship as well as preventing the distortion of the religious teachings of Islam is an important part of the process of reconciling Islamic bioethics in society that should be given more attention.

Please cite this article as: Azizi S, Azimi Garekani H. Boundaries of the Realm of Bioethics in Worship. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 267-277.

Background and Aim: Sexual abuse is one manifestation of social and ethical deviations with unfavorable effects on the various individual and social domains. Due to the same reason, the primary goal of the present study is investigating the cases and examples of the sexual abuse from the jurisprudential perspectives as well as investigation of the ethical effects of the sexual abuse control as stated in the religious teachings, including holy Quran’s ĀYĀT and narrations.

Materials and Methods: The present study has been authored with a descriptive-analytical approach and through the use of documentary and library resources like holy Quran’s ĀYĀT and narrations as well as the perspectives of the Shiite jurisprudents and individuals with knowledge about Islam.

Findings: Methods of the sexual abuse control causes the corroboration of the family’s foundation, creation of a spirit of balance and moderation in the society’s ethics, secondary avoidance of the sexual deviations, strengthening of the tendencies towards marriage, prevention of immoralities and lewdness, preservation of the human beings’ chastity and veneration as well as prevention of the newly emerging sexual abuses amongst the children and adolescents; all of the aforesaid cases are amongst the examples of the ethical control in the area of the individual and collective relations.

Conclusion: The known examples of sexual abuse incorporate a vast spectrum of physical, verbal and nonverbal sexual abuse as mentioned in jurisprudence and Islamic teachings and this is reflective of the importance of human veneration, prevention of the damage to the physical and psychological security of the human beings, punishment and informing of the society for and about the unfavorable unethical deeds and offering solution for proper and ideal ethical life.

Please cite this article as: Baghdadi E, Rahman Setayesh MK, Arabian A. Ethical Effects of Controlling Sexual Abuse in the Holy Quran and Islamic Narrations. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 255-266.

Background and Aim: In order to globalize and diminish the shadow of national sovereignty of states over human rights, all human beings (regardless of which state they are citizens of) are considered members of the international community and, as a result, enjoy different rights. In this regard, in order to design and present a set of legal standards and norms to ensure more and better human rights, the concept of fundamental human rights in the literature of international law in particular and international human rights, has emerged.

Materials and Methods: In this analytical-descriptive study, the concept of peremptory norms in international law and its effects will be discussed first. After accurately identifying this variable, we will introduce examples of peremptory norms in the field of international human rights. In the next step, the framework of citizenship rights in the Iranian legal system and examples of these rights will be identified as another variable of this research.

Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Findings: By accepting and ratifying the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Iranian government has incorporated the concept of fundamental human rights, which is one of the examples of the peremptory norms in international law, into its domestic legal system. In the present study, it is observed that the distinction between the concept of human rights and citizenship rights within the framework of domestic law will affect Iran's international obligations in relation to fundamental human rights.

Conclusion: On the one hand, the classification of international human rights norms and their division into two categories of fundamental and non-fundamental rights, and on the other hand, the lack of attention of the Iranian domestic legal system to this issue in some cases can cause international Responsibility for state in the field of International law and relations. As a result, the need to amend domestic laws and regulations in relation to fundamental human rights seems inevitable.

Please cite this article as: Jafari A, Rostami S, Rostami S. Examples of the Peremptory Norms of International Human Rights in the Light of the Citizenship Rights System of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 239-253.

Background and Aim: Being influenced by the global pattern of fair trial and adopting modern approaches, the law on the penal trial procedures, passed in 2013, has distanced away from the inquisitive system in the stage of the preliminary investigations and it has interconnected these stages with the legal ethics drawn on the Islamic teachings with its example being observable in the arraignment based on the ethical teachings in the courts. The present study’s goal is the investigation and elaboration of the position of the lawsuit parties’ awareness and its manifestations in the process of the penal trial with a glance at Iran’s penal trial procedures and in the light of the ethical teachings.

Materials and Methods: The present article will be carried out based on a descriptive-analytical method through the use of library-documentary research.

Findings: the relationship between the ethics and the laws is a sure issue scientifically confirmed by the jurisprudents and jurists. Amongst the topics that can be specifically used for exploring and investigating these two’s relationship is the ethics in the trial process with its most important stage being preliminary investigation and arraignment.

Conclusion: The regulations related to the arraignment right of the lawsuit parties have undergone important changes with reliance on the ethical teachings and the evolutions brought about in the law on the penal trial procedures. the legislator has been seeking to make the preliminary investigations more adversary and provide all the lawsuit parties with equal possibilities hence he has been inclined towards accusatory system. The right of having information about a right is in many of the cases not less important than the right itself.

Please cite this article as: Soroushnejad A, Ramezani A, Atasheneh M. Investigating Arraignment and its Proofs in Penal Trial Procedures by Looking at Ethical Principles. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 279-293.

Background and Aim: It can be found out through referring to the holy Quran that the evident religion of Islam gives a lot of importance to guidance to the extent that the general and primary objective of the holy Quran’s revelation is the very guidance of the people. In the holy Quran, guidance has been said to be of different kinds such as the innate and canonical guidance and the primary and secondary guidance and guidance with such a meaning as offering of the way and achievement of the optimum. The present study deals with topics like the grounds of the guidance such as contemplation and religious intellectuality, God, holy Quran, Kaaba, prophets, Imams and so forth as well as the signs and symptoms of accepting guidance and the examples of those deprived of guidance and the instruments of accepting guidance from the perspective of the holy Quran such as saying prayers (Salah), faith, endowment, piety and so on and the barriers of accepting guidance such as polytheism, ignorance, sin and other things of the like. The study also pays attention to the matching of the grounds and barriers proposed for guidance in the holy Quran with the citizenship rights.

Materials and Methods: This article will be conducted based on a documentary method through the descriptive analysis of the library data.

Findings: In regard of the match between the basics of guidance-ability in Islam and citizenship rights, it can be stated that the holy Quran believes that the human society can be assumed as a single live creature that is guided by the guiding force of the government towards goodness and correction. In the society, the values and roles and social creativities are manifested in the individuals’ existence and their growth is per se amongst the original and notable goals of the human beings’ life.

Conclusion: Based on the holy Quran, the human beings can enjoy certain rights and obligations and the attention to them can augment the humans’ discretion for the establishment of a correct and logical relationship with the government as well as in relation to the other community members and materially cause the healthiness and moderation of the society. Thus, the guidance of the human beings passes through the path of citizenship rights and the observance of the citizenship rights is the prerequisite and the gate of entry into the utopia of the guided human beings as mentioned in the holy Quran.

Background and Aim: As one of the essential pillars of the family system, marriage possesses a significant position in the Islamic verdicts and teachings. In the same line, minors’ marriage contract is one of the different aspects of marriage contract and it has been opposed and defended by many persons. However, the primary goal of this research is ethical criticism of minors’ marriage which will be explored from various sexual, physical, individual and social aspects. The question that can be asked is that what are the most important ethical criticisms that can be imposed onto the minors’ marriage from the perspective of the ethical principles of the individual and social life?

Materials and Methods: The study is a descriptive-analytical research and legal texts, articles and books, documents, hadiths and holy Quran’s ĀYĀT have been used as the sources of information gathering.

Findings: Because of creating full-scale obligations and difficulties for minors, their marriage contracts cannot be signed in adherence to the ethical principles. Moreover, due to the violation of some of the marriage conditions, including the minors’ lack of recognition and awareness about marital life, insufficient ability for selecting the fitting spouses, not having a proper plan for rearing children and difficulty in becoming obedient to the husband, such a marriage contract breaches the ethical principles hence not absolutely defendable.

Conclusion: Teaching the women and girls as well as the society as a whole about the physical, psychological and mental consequences of the minors’ marriage can clarify the detrimental and unethical outcomes of the minors’ marriage. Furthermore, we are in need of new regulations that can defend the rights of the girls and children who enter marriage contracts under the family’s coercion or their own unawareness. Prohibition of the minors’ marriage can prevent some of the sexual misuses of the children and consideration of these issues should actually lead to the observance of the individual and social ethical principles.

Please cite this article as: Zamani R, Saberian A, Rouhani Maghaddam M. Ethical Criticisms to Minors’ Marriage from the Perspective of the Individual and Social Life’s Principles. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 311-322.

Mehr, Mitra or Mithra is an ancient Aryan or Indo-Iranian divinity before Zoroaster which contains the most important principles and morals including treaty, friendship, devoutness and considering the animals’ and plants’ life rights.

Every animal and their symbols contain a nonmaterial, mythical, humane and moral meaning in Mehr ritual and Mithraism, and humans and animals have their own rights. According to the existing documents, Iran is known to be the main hometown of Mehr; however, there has been few monuments left in this land. The influence of Iranian Mehr on the Western Mehr, due to the function and position of

pictorial and operational symbols of animals, plants and geometrical figures of Mithra after its penetration into the West and affecting the political system and government of Europe and also the people’s beliefs and ideas has been very significant. The significant point in the ancient ritual of Mehr is considering the animals’ rights with the purpose of not annoying them, preventing the opposition to their realm and respecting their life rights. Considering the fact that animals, plants and other creatures in the nature were valuable in the ancient ritual of Mehr, this paper has tried to study the way of this valuation and its performance and the reasons of the Iranians’ interest in the animals. The current survey is going to study the concepts of the Mehr ritual and the animals’ rights with a focus on five distinguished animals in the different eras of Iran using a descriptive-analytical method based on a historical study.

Please cite this article as: Asgari Geloogahi A, Bahrami Kahish Nezhad A, Hassani MM. A Study of the Status and Biological Rights of Prominent Animals in the Ancient Ritual of Mehr. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 323-351.