Tārīkh-i pizishkī (i.e., Medical History)

Background and Aim: The state of the public health system was very deplorable on the eve of Pahlavi's arrival. The modalities of treatment were backward and modern medicine was unable to grow and be effective in the field of health and treatment, especially contagious and sexually transmitted diseases due to lack of necessary infrastructure. The purpose of the present study is to answer the question of what caused the widespread prevalence of these diseases and what the modern Reza Shah government did to prevent and treat sexually transmitted diseases.

Materials and Methods: In response to the above question, this paper examines the policies of Reza Shah's government in the field of health and combating infectious diseasesWith a research method in a library-based manner, relying on first-class sources, namely, documents, magazines, and journals.

Findings: The modernist and westernist approach to sovereignty has brought about changes in the field of health and the fight against sexually transmitted diseases. The government has sought to promote cultural tools such as publishing books and newspapers, conducting educational classes, advertising, film use, as well as policies such as expanding sexually transmitted disease centers, providing free health care, creating health posts, restricting access and enacting barriers, barriers. The prevalence of these diseases.

Conclusion: Despite these efforts, the combination of cultural, political and economic barriers prevented the government from succeeding significantly. The rise of the Reza Shah government in modern medicine without serious infrastructure in the Qajar era made it difficult to provide services to the population, with problems and constraints such as a lack of labor, especially in the provinces, a shortage of medicines and medical centers, and a lack of proper communications. In addition, cultural resistance, along with widespread lack of awareness and illiteracy of people who had difficulty accessing STD education services, were important reasons for the government's failure to control sexually transmitted diseases.

Please cite this article as: Hosseini SM, Fasihi S. First Pahlavi Government Policies to Combat Sexually Diseases. Med Hist J 2019; 10(37): 7-19.

Background and Aim: In the period of the translation movement and before that the medical and philosophical ideas of ancient Greece were considered definite. Among the features of the authoring period are innovations in medicine and the creation of doubts in some Greek science beliefs.
This study examines the flaws that the mystery of medicine with the subject of Galen in the book of Razi’s criticize on Galen.
Because for the first time in the period of Islamic civilization, some of Galen's ideas have been criticized in this book, the study and analysis of Razi's book is of special importance.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in order to express the theoretical independence of Islamic scholars, especially Razi, through library survey method based on authentic sources of medical history.
Findings: The deficiencies that Razi inflicts on Galen's medical views, as well as the opposing views about Razi in this book, are expressed .The reviews revealed that the book of Razi’s criticize on Galen was not fully translated into Persian; only a few corrections were made. Two examples of corrections belong to Mehdi Mohaghegh and Mustafa Labib Abdul Ghani. Three copies of Razi’s criticize on Galen are available in the Malek Library No.4573 (now owned by the Astan Quds Razavi Library), the Islamic Consultative Assembly library No.9014 and National No.2915085, which have been extracted from the version available on the property, available.
Conclusion: Razi’s criticize on Galen can be used as a credible scientific and historical resource for scholars who intend to study about Galen and even the mystery itself. Om the copy in the Property from this work we can write valuable articles on various medical and philosophical topics.

Please cite this article as: Rajabnejad MR, Asadi SH. A Review of Book of Razi’s Criticize on Galen. Med Hist J 2019; 10(37): 21-30.

Background and Aim: The prevalence of superstition became widespread in Iran, especially after the Mongol invasion in the seventh century AH and expanded from religious to scientific domains. In the meantime, the knowledge of medicine was subject to superstition more than other sciences and various works and books were written on the subject of the sciences of strangers or medical professionals. In this article, we have tried to analyze the methods and tools as well as the morphology of these medical superstitions based on three Persian manuscripts, which have been compiled between the ninth and twelfth centuries.

Materials and Methods: This research is a documentary study. In addition to historical books, three Persian-Arabic manuscripts have been used in this study: Two manuscripts are kept in the Turkish Nuruosmaniye library and one is kept in the library of the Islamic parliament in Iran.

Findings: This study shows that the most important causes of the spread of medical superstitions are: Unfamiliarity with the main causes of disease, trying to Ineffectively Show Medicine and cultural, social and economic disruptions. The overall structure of superstitions is based on: Using obscure titles and words, Inducing and using words in a specific way, the use of numbers and letters in a particular time and place and trying to gain the trust and confidence of the audience.

Conclusion: An examination of the similarities and general structure of superstitious medical beliefs shows that these superstitions focus on "simulation". Proponents of superstitions have sought to actualize their beliefs by making similarities between superstitions and religious beliefs - especially for women and children and gradually introduce superstitions as metaphysical alternatives to experimental medical methods.

Please cite this article as: Mojarrad M. Challenge with Medicine a Glance at the Battle between Superstition and Medicine in Iran from 1200 to 1800 AD with Reference to Three Pieces of Persian Writing). Med Hist J 2019; 10(37): 31-41.

Background and Aim: Iran's public health and health conditions have not been favorable for about 100 years ago, as the social history of Iran, especially in the field of medicine and public health, has not been favorable. Our goal was to investigate the health and medical condition of the Qajar period, based on Pollack's travel report.

Materials and Methods: This research is based on library work and is mainly based on an analytical history study findings: Iran was the target destination of many travelers, traders, government officials and curious people who visited Iran for various reasons and many of them recorded their observations. These travel logs are important because of the attention to the details of food, clothing, education, science, affairs, social behavior and customs, and so on for understanding the Qajar period. Among the items mentioned in travel logs, the health and medical condition of Iran is the Qajar era.

Conclusion: The result indicates that personal and general health was not respected at that time, and traditional medicine was the main method of treatment, but the arrival of modern medicine, especially from the period of Nasir al-Din Shah, was gradually welcomed by people and new therapeutic methods Infiltrated in traditional medicine and went a long way over it.

Please cite this article as: Torabi Farsani H, Jalali Chime FS, Boshasb F. Investigating the Health and Medical Condition of the Qajar Period Based on the Pollack Logbook. Med Hist J 2019; 10(37): 43-58.

Background and Aim: Old medical beliefs are part of the history of science. Although new studies have confirmed some of these beliefs, they rejected the others; also, some beliefs have not been examined yet. Persian poem from the sixth centuries onward was the representative of such academic subjects as medicine, mathematics and astronomy. Some of these areas are related to constellation effects on human's body and psyche and this way they show the graft of medicine and astronomy. This study intends to uncover some of the old beliefs in the framework of Persian poem to pave the way for research studies that verify the truth and untruth of these achievements from medical point of view. This way, by grafting securitization of the old and contemporaries, new view is opened from the history of Iran medicine and new knowledge.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was done with through desk study of the poems of sixth to eighth centuries considering the poems of Anvari, Khaghani, Masood Sad Salman, Sanai, Attar, Amir Khosrov Dehlavi, Hafez and Uhadi. After categorizing the findings, medical themes related to moon were entitled and analyzed. Then, new resources were investigated and were adapted with poetic evidence.

Findings: Persian Poem represents Iranian beliefs about the effects of moon on psyche and body. These effects can be categorized as follows: 1- the effect of moon light on nneurological diseases; 2- the positive and negative effects of moon when it is located in Scorpio; 3- the confluence effect of moon and sun; 4- the effects of moon when it places in Gemini.

Conclusions: The medical-astronomic beliefs in the Persian poem represents a part of Iranian science, experiences and views which in turn shows the longevity and range of this in the People's thinking and beliefs. Accordingly, it seems indispensable to consider other aspects of the poem, that is, medical and academic points in addition to the literal point, this way; it is possible to realize the truth and untruth of the poem. The negative medical effects of moon on nerve, psychic and moral conditions, bloodletting and phlebotomy when sun and moon become closer to each other and when the moon is in Gemini which have been represented in the Persian poem have been verified in the studies on the magnetic effects of planets on each other and the effects on moonlight on blood circulation as well. These investigations disclose the experiences of cogitation of ancestors and open new ways for exploring the skies.

Please cite this article as: Moeini M, Kolahdouzan A. Medical Effects of the Moon Based on Persian Poetry from the 6th to 8th Centuries Concentrating on Azarbaijani Style and New Researches. Med Hist J 2019; 10(37): 59-73.

Background and Aim: Studying the history of hospitals in Iran and Islam is one of the important studies in the field of health institutions development in Islamic civilization. With the spread of Islam in all fields, especially in the field of medicine, governments have generally recognized the importance of medical knowledge in some periods of Islamic and Iranian history and established well-established medical centers in most lands. The purpose of the present study is to better understand the evolution of health care institutions in Iran, especially Neyshabour Hospital and its role in the development of medical science.

Materials and Methods: This paper examines the texts and documents and explains the process of creation, growth and evolution of this hospital and its role in promoting health and medical education in Islamic civilization by relying on books such as Encyclopedia. The Islamic world deals.

Ethical Considerations: The ethical and literary aspects of the subject have been taken into account in the analysis and inference of the material, especially in reference books.

Findings: The findings of the study indicate that the mentioned hospital, as a scientific and sovereign necessity, was also one of the most important educational centers in northeast of Iran where some of the most prominent physicians have undergone a course of medical and scientific activity. In addition to the task of treating and caring for patients, these centers also covered other tasks such as training medical students and playing the role of research and research centers (dedicated libraries). The dimensions and impact of these systems on the evolution of health care institutions can be summarized in the prominent medical practitioners and their ideas that were presented to the medical community by the military schools, as these schools are the most important developmental point in medical research in the Islamic world. It has been the basis of study cycles in the field, strengthened by the training of hands-on physicians, who first tried to treat the disease and then tried methods of prevention and outbreak.

Conclusion: The educational or so-called "laboratory and academic research departments" have always been an integral part of hospitals, as these subgroups, in addition to accepting and treating patients, have practiced medicine through methods and methods sometimes scientifically and sometimes formally. It was empirical, and this led many Taliban scientists and practitioners around the world to seek science related to this style and method.

Please cite this article as: Shafaie M, Abbas-Aliizade F, Ranjbari A, Hosseini AR. Investigating the Importance of Health and Medical Institutions' Relationship with Educational Centers in Islamic Civilization (Case Study of Neyzabour Nezamieh Hospital in 5th and 6th Centuries AH). Med Hist J 2019; 10(37): 75-88.

Background and Aim: Manuscripts are considered as one of the precious works of every nation. One of these valuable and eminent books is the exclusive work of the versified medicine written by Hakim Abdol-Karim Aaraj known as "Ajzi", registered under no. 757 in the national library in Sepahsalar Institute with Nastaliq font. The aim for knowing this work is becoming familiar with the medical concepts of the 8th century (H), diseases and their treatments. It is also a comparison of the significance and position of this work with earlier works.
Materials and methods: This research was conducted by using the desk study method. In this study, after reviewing and extracting the features of the poetic medicine book "Ajzi versified medicine", it is analyzed by the content analysis method. Then, it is compiled by using scientific corrections and according to modern writing principles. The mentioned diseases in this work can be observed in a table by the end of this article. He then studies the quantitative and qualitative aspects of this poem with one of the most important medical poems before this work.
Findings: "Versified medicine" is one of the unknown works about the traditional medicine. This work has not still been corrected and introduced. One of the features of this poetic book is transferring the medical concepts in simple and concise form. This work includes the general points and introductions about the medical science, explaining the instructions for single spices, nutrition instructions, introducing 135 diseases from head to foot and their treatments, explaining different types of fever and their treatments, different types of stings and useful points for the physicians. Medical ethics is also well-mentioned in this poem.
Conclusion: The exclusive book of "Versified medicine" includes the medical information of the 8th century (H). The physician has primarily described the diseases and their symptoms. Then, the treatments, methods of preparing different types of medicines and ointments, as well as required actions for treating each disease are explained. In addition to his experiences, the chiropractor has used past authoritative medical effects to treat diseases and to cure a variety of medications. This poem, in comparison with the similar poem before, is noteworthy in terms of the quantity and quality of expression of medical terms and concepts. Identifying and introducing this book are among the required approach for benefiting from the scientific-literature capitals.

Please cite this article as: Kamalvand M, Yalameha MR, Mahmoodi M. Versified Medicine by Abdol-Karim Aaraj Known as "Ajzi" (8th c). Med Hist J 2019; 10(37): 89-102.

Background and Aim: The tongue is a meaty organ that receives vessels and nerves much more than primarily expected. Since the texture of the tongue is porous and it is exposed to high amount of vapor coming from lower organs, especially stomach, changes in body temperament and appearing disorders in other organs can affect the tongue easily. So its color is one of the important signs that help the physician's approach, meantime, the effect of brain, stomach, and liver disorders on this organ are stronger. The aim of this study was a review on Persian Medicine (PM) manuscripts to find out the way Persian sage physicians approached to tongue diseases, categorized it and treated it.

Materials and Methods: The most valuable textbooks of PM such as Exir-e-Azam, Tebe Akbari, Kholasat-al tajareb were studied. We reviewed and analyzed the disease under the title of "tongue" and studied different effects of diseases on the tongue.

Findings: The most important organs reflect their diseases on tongue are brain, stomach and liver. Any significant injury in these organs can change the color, taste, form and the moisture on the tongue. For instance, color of the tongue in brain diseases changes to white in dementia, yellow and black in qarānīṭos (hot inflammation of the brain) and yellow and green in epilepsy. Furthermore, thickness or narrowing of the tongue reflects preponderance of wetness or dryness, respectively.

Conclusion: It was concluded from the study that attention to the tongue as an auxiliary diagnostic tool can open new ways to improve the process of diagnosis and treatment in the field of PM.

Please cite this article as: Majidi Z, Mohammadi Araghi M, Shirzad M. Tongue Reflects Health Status: A Review on Manifestations of Tongue Detected in Different Diseases from the Viewpoint of Persian Medicine. Med Hist J 2019; 10(37): 103-123.