Tārīkh-i pizishkī i.e., Medical History

The overlap and interaction of historical, social, political, moral, religious and legal aspects in medical matters is prominently recognizable to the extent that it can be said that the legacy of the rules of medical jurisprudence in any nation is a mixture of the above cells. Thus, although ethics has universal and unchanging principles, with developments in the socio-historical arenas under the influence of philosophical and religious teachings in different geographical areas, there are differences in legal policies that often reflect the prevailing moral orientation. Brought in a community.

In fact, ethical principles such as independence, justice, profitability, and non-harm, although confronted with complex issues owed to the ever-evolving relationship of medicine and new biomedical technologies, will encounter conflicts within themselves, even in the stage of interpretation. They are influenced by historical, social and religious considerations. The impact of these forces will vary according to the circumstances of the nations and their affiliations; We see the culmination of this influence in school systems in which moral orientation is the product of ideals embodied in the heat of the obsolete ideas of these schools; Nevertheless, history has shown that some doctrinal and philosophical components always distance themselves from the revelatory truths, and in the face of social and scientific developments, they will no longer remain paralyzed in the hands of a minority.

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Introduction: Today, develop in science and technology, particularly in medicine field - diagnostic procedures and drugs lead to increasing life expectancy in Iran from 60 years to 80 years. Therefore aging as a global phenomenon, which has caused concern placed. Moreover, according to the physiological and physical conditions aging increases the need for health care in this period.

As most elderly people simultaneously suffer from one or more chronic diseases or are under treatment in medical centers. Because of the elderly cause to create unique characteristics of the elderly people and attention to human dignity is a primary need for as attention. This condition requires that caregivers with elderly in health care team should be aware of the concept of dignity is one of the most important needs of the elderly. Since the researchers did review to determine the dignity of the elderly.

Methods: To achieve the objectives , the researchers investigate and asses the literature , resources, and articles between 2000 to 2012 in English and Persian languages and Medline data base, CINAHL, Web of Science, Pro Quest CSA, Elsevier, Iranmedex with keywords of elderly people, respect, dignity, Nursing, senior citizen, pensioner. The sources were selected 27 nursing resource dedicated to regularly review the Garrard method evaluation was summarized in writing and taking notes.

Results: Results showed that the concept of elderly dignity is a subjective experience and moral in the first place is because of we are human being, and it can threaten relationships with others or promote. Concept of elderly dignity consists of factors such as individualism and dedicated care, restoration of self-control and independence, respect, listening with sensitivity and support the elderly takes place.

Discussion: Dignity clarification in care lead to promoting more perception in caregivers from this concept in elderly people, on the other hand moral dimension attention and cause to increase quality in care. This manner cause to care providers support and the individual and their unique set the creation of this behavior will prevent the same old routine.

Introduction: Respect of human rights and patients’ dignity are the most important aspects of nursing practice, and nurses are one of the best patients’ advocates in the hospitals. Growing knowledge of the people in our society caused patients to notice to their rights more precisely in the hospitals.

Method: A descriptive- Analytic and cross sectional study performed to investigate the nurse’ knowledge of patients’ bill of rights, the level of observing these rights and determining effective factors from their viewpoints, in teaching hospitals of Kerman, Iran2012. Research samples were 282 nurses who were selected through Quota sampling. An investigator made questionnaire was used for data gathering.

Results: Mean score of knowledge was (0.68± 0.19), and 67% of respondents gained knowledge score above the average. The mean score of observation part of questionnaire was (4.09± 0.65) and 45.8% of nurses assume that patients’ bill of rights is well observed. Correlation of nurses’ knowledge of patients’ rights and their viewpoints of observation of rights has positive statistical significant differences (ρ=0.000), the more knowledgeable the nurses, the more observing patients’ rights. Confounding variables such as: attending in ethics and patients’ bill of rights courses and request of managers for observing patients’ rights in nursing practice were positively correlate with observation of the rights (ρ≤0.05).

Discussion: Nurses’ knowledge of patients’ bill of rights was more than average and observation of these rights from their viewpoints were also good, but nurses who were not aware of patients’ rights can deteriorate patients’ rights in hospitals and dissatisfied them from the healthcare system. The positive effect of attending in patient’s bill of rights courses on knowledge score and ethics education and request of the managers for observing patients’ rights on observation scores, can be effective on meeting these rights in the hospitals.

Because this study was self-reporting, assessing the knowledge and the level of observation of patients’ rights from patients’ view and conducting the same studies on healthcare system consumers (patients) is obviously necessary.

Introduction: Spiritual intelligence is human capacity for asking final questions about life meaning and is integrated relationship between us and the world we are living in. The present study has been carried out in order to investigate the spiritual intelligence among nursing and midwifery students of Kerman University of Medical Sciences during 2012.

Methods: The methodology of the research was of a descriptive cross-sectional type. The population consisted of 222 students of nursing and midwifery studying in Kerman University of Medical Sciences, all of which were chosen as the sample of the study. A 42-item questionnaire of spiritual intelligence, which had been designed by Ali Badi' et al, was used to gather the data. The obtained data were then analyzed through SPSS 20 software using parametric statistical tests such as independent T-test and Anova test.

Results: Results showed that spiritual intelligence of nursing and midwifery students was in the good range. No significant relationship was statistically observed between the mean of spiritual intelligence and parameters such as age, gender, marital status, academic year, trainings in spirituality, mean score, and field of study.

Conclusion: The good level of spiritual intelligence reported for these students can be considered as a positive point in educational planning of nursing and midwifery in order to further develop this capacity, and therefore, obtain more desirable professional outcomes.

It is estimated that one-fourth of 910000 pregnancies worldwide are unwanted and 150000 cases end in abortion among which 500 cases lead to death. Unsafe abortion is a life-threatening outcome of unwanted pregnancy and a major cause of mortality among mothers. Throughout the history, abortion legislations in each country have been subject to changes due to religious, political, and legal issues. Although Islam and most other religions ban abortion, the problems caused by its absolute prohibition have forced many countries to take a realistic approach and allow for abortion to save maternal life and also in case of rape or incest, fetal defects, and particular socioeconomic conditions. In order to prevent the negative consequences of illegal abortion and protect women’s rights, further research is required to facilitate the legislation or adaptation of laws while taking a novel attitude toward abortion. Therefore, the present study compared abortion laws in different countries of the world. The findings indicated that various procedures are employed to obtain an abortion in different countries. Moreover, despite the general prohibition of abortion in traditional Islamic jurisprudence, Islamic countries tend to legalize it under certain circumstances. More accurate legislation in this regard is thus warranted in Iran.

Therapeutic considerations noted. In this regard, any disruption in the observance of nursing ethics can affect the most scientific and best nursing care. Today, in the world of nursing, this is reflected in the definition and compilation of codes of professional ethics, which is based on attention to human and ethical issues in establishing communication between nurse and patient in providing care. Ethical codes should be understood by nurses and used in every aspect of nursing practice, so this study was conducted to investigate the knowledge and practice of nurses to the Iranian ethics of nursing ethics in Tabriz teaching hospitals.

Method: This descriptive study was performed in 2012 with the participation of 345 nurses working in the internal medicine-surgical wards of Tabriz teaching hospitals and by easy sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire based on Iranian nursing ethics and reliability by Cronbach's alpha method and face and content validity, then with SPSS software version 13 and descriptive and inferential statistics, independent t-test and ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient. , Was analyzed at the significance level of p <0.05.

Results: The highest percentage of nurses were women, married and had a bachelor's degree in nursing. / 40%) stated that the ritual of nursing ethics has been provided to them in a written form. 86.4% of nurses were aware of the practice of nursing ethics. 91.9% of nurses followed the ritual of nursing ethics. There was a statistically significant relationship between nurses' performance on nursing ethics and variables such as work department and sources of information in the field of ethical guidelines such as participation in conferences, in-service training and regulations. There was a statistically significant relationship between knowledge of nursing ethics and variables such as shift work, job satisfaction and history of complaints from nurses by patients.

Conclusion: The knowledge and ethical practice of the studied nurses showed that the Iranian nursing community is ready to follow the path of becoming a professional as energetically and energetically as possible by applying the Iranian nursing ethics and knowledge of professional ethics codes and ethical concepts affecting clinical practice.

Introduction: Palliative care concept is one of the most important concepts in cancer nursing and cancer patients require palliative care. Also, spirituality has an important role in caring of these patients. The purpose of this study was identifying viewpoints of nurses regarding spirituality- based palliative care in cancer patients.

Method: This study done with qualitative approach and using content analysis method. In this study, 14 nurses were selected through purposive sampling and face- to- face interviewed with semi structured interview. After data collection, all interviews were transcribed and reviewed and categories extracted. At first, similarity in meanings were reviewed and based on centralization arranged in a sub- category. Then with reviewing again relevant sub- categories arranged in a category.

Results: In general, original categories in the spirituality- based palliative care in cancer patients encompass; promotion of spirituality wellbeing and spirituality management. Promotion of spirituality wellbeing has 2 sub - categories consist of religious strategies promotion and protection of spiritual values and believes. Also, spirituality management has 2 sub- categories consist of trying to connect patient with god and spirituality support.

Conclusions: Content analysis of spirituality- based palliative care in cancer patients revealed the required conditions for this type of caring in cancer based on perception of nurses. The results of this study suggest that point of view nurses, promotion of spirituality wellbeing and spirituality management has important role in spirituality - based palliative care in cancer. The findings of this study will give nurses a greater knowledge about spirituality- based palliative care in cancer patients, lead to a better understanding of the spiritual needs of these patients, and ultimately help improve the nursing practice.

One of the most effective methods for many end stage liver patients is organ transplantation. The main source of transplantable liver is cadaveric organ. Since, the demand for such organs is more than procured livers, selecting is inevitable and usually debatable. In Shiraz organ transplantation center, the candidates are ranked based on MELD score. According to this ranking method, the patient who holds the highest score will be at the top of the transplantation list and priority for receiving organs. Although using MELD score decreases the mortality rate of people on the waiting list, but it cannot predict mortality rate after transplantation. So, in this regard, we are going to discuss the ethical issues about priority setting of end stage liver patients for liver transplantation in Shiraz Organ Transplantation Center.