Tārīkh-i pizishkī i.e., Medical History

Background and Aim: Books that deal with the science of grammar and translation of the Arabic language have always been important among scholars and jurists because they are necessary to understand the words of the Qur'an and the Sunnah. Among these works is the book of al-Shafiyyah by Ibn Hajib, edited by Mohammad Hadi Mazandarani. It has been translated into Persian. However, this effect has received less attention. Therefore, in this research, we want to address the topic of "Persian translation of Ibn Hajib's commentary by Mohammad Hadi Mazandarani". In addition, the purpose of this research is to examine the Persian translation of Ibn Hajib's commentary by Mohammad Hadi Mazandarani.

Methods: This research is descriptive-analytical.

Ethical Considerations: In the present research, the principles of trustworthiness, honesty, impartiality and originality of the work have been respected.

Results: The findings of this research are related to the Persian translation of Shafieh Mohammad Hadi Mazandarani's description in the subject areas and content of al-Shafieh book, Mohammad Hadi Mazandarani's motivation, Mohammad Hadi Mazandarani's mastery in translation.

Conclusion: Al-Shafiyyah book was translated into Farsi by Mohammad Hadi Mazandarani. This book has features such as Basmalah and Tahmid, and it is only about science, and it deals with such things as correct and correct nouns and verbs, ambiguous adjectives, first, waqf, settlement, abdal, etc. In fact, the results indicate that Mohammad Hadi Mazandarani's motivation is to transfer the Arabic language to Persian to make it necessary to understand Arabic texts, and he has a complete command of Arabic grammar. Also, the importance of this book is to understand the text of the Qur'an and Arabic books and to prevent foreign words from entering the Persian language and to familiarize Persian speakers with the Arabic language. Mohammad Hadi Mazandarani's method in the Persian translation book Sharif Shafie's introduction is to refer to quotations from Sheikh Razi and other scholars, bring a title in Arabic grammar and explain it, limited use of literary techniques, trying to communicate easily with the audience.

Background and Aim: It is very important to study the history of sciences of the Islamic period and to know the progress of Muslims in many scientific branches. Ophthalmology is one of the progressive branches of science in the Islamic era. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to examine the treatment methods in ophthalmology during the Islamic period, emphasizing the treatment methods of Razi, Ammar Mouseli, Zahravi, Ebn Sina and Jurjani as some of the prominent doctors and ophthalmologists of this period.

Methods: This article is descriptive and library method is used.

Ethical Considerations: In this article, the originality of the text, honesty and trustworthiness are observed.

Results: Treatment methods for different eye diseases have been different depending on the type of disease. In some diseases, it is tried to cure the disease by correcting nutrition and behavioral habits. In some diseases, drug treatment method has been used. For example, for the treatment of eyelash disease, an ointment prepared from a mixture of sekbinj has been used and in some diseases, such as cataracts, if nutritional methods and medical treatment do not work, surgery has been performed.

Conclusion: The treatment and surgery of eye diseases in the Islamic period was considered a specialized field apart from general medicine. Doctors of the Islamic period put a lot of effort in the path of recognizing and treating eye diseases; Their efforts were not limited to studying and translating the works of Greek doctors and brought achievements in the treatment of eye diseases including cataract surgery.

Background and Aim: Censorship and self-censorship in Iranian thought and literature reach thousands of years ago due to the background of patriarchal thinking. Which in the Qajar period and constitutionalism, took on more formal and systematic aspects and finally in the first Pahlavi period, became one of the living areas of the government.

Methods: This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Results: The findings of the present study show that all methods of censorship have been used in this period; Including overt, legal: Passing an audit law, establishing a think tank..., illegal: Assassinations, deportations and imprisonments without trial, overt: Using Reza Shahi's propaganda machine in the education system and national media and using the power of indoctrination.

Conclusion: Censorship as an extra-textual factor in the first Pahlavi period changed the worldview of poets and writers and led them to social poetry and committed literature, the emergence of degenerate poetic currents, the spread of literature and literature to safe literary and historical research. Self-censorship as an in-text factor, the evolution of the poetic form and the formation of a new (free) poetry format, the use of symbolic language, especially natural symbolism (such as the frequency of the night symbol) to express deep social concepts, attention to human values in poetry and strengthening It caused a dimension of thinking parallel to the emotional dimension.

Background and Aim: Public acceptance of genetically modified products is largely rooted in religious beliefs. However, different religion's viewpoints and its effect on the consumer’s decisions about genetically modified products have not been reviewed yet.

Methods: This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Results: Among the religions, the most opposition is seen among Christians, but in the view of Jews, there is a more favorable opinion about genetically modified product. However, most of the jurists and experts of the Islamic world, especially the Shia jurists, adopted an approach based on permission and abaha when dealing with biological technologies and genetic engineering.

Conclusion: From examining the approach of monotheistic religions in this regard, it can be claimed that despite the opposition of critics of the production and supply of genetically modified products, in many parts of the world, many researchers and religious thinkers have supported biotechnology for the modification and production of food. The impact of religious views on policy and legislation in the field of genetically modified products has led to the development of the production and supply of such products in countries where the majority of the population belongs to the Shia school or Judaism.

Please cite this article as:

Rahmani Manshadi H.
The Effects of Monotheistic Religions on the Development of Genetically Modified Crops. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(Special Issue on Culture, History and Civilization): e2.

Background and Aim: Arabs faced the stubborn resistance of Iranians from the beginning of their arrival in Iran; Almost most of the cities of Iran were opened to war (legal term: Fath al-Anouh). Even after not being able to confront the Arabs, they still did not accept Islam, instead of converting to Islam, they agreed to pay jizya.

Materials and Methods: This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

Findings: After long conflicts and conflicts that lasted for several centuries, the conflicts gradually gave way to coexistence. The province of Jabal was extremely important during the conquest period. Because this state was adjacent to the administrative capital of the Sassanids (Persian state) and important Iranian cities such as Nahavand, Hamadan, Isfahan and Ray were located in it. This area is also the center of communication between the east and west of Iran and Iraq, and the most important and last war of Iranians took place in this state.

Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Conclusion: The results of the research will show how the wars and conflicts, as well as the coexistence and acceptance of the new religion among the people of Jebel province, are representative and an example of the attitude of all Iranians.

Purpose: The purpose of the current research is to compare the performance of Nubakht and Ash'aris families regarding the development of the spiritual heritage of Shiism in the sciences of Traditoins and theology. Due to the difference in the cultural and political conditions of the Islamic society in the two periods of life of the Ash'aris of Qom and Nubakhtis of Iraq, different necessities were created that have been influential in the cultural struggles of these two families. During the period of the Ash'aris, collecting written hadiths and dealing with the science of hadith was the procedure of their operation, and during the time of Nubakhtis, the need to respond to the intellectual doubts of numerous religious and theological differences was the criterion of their performance.

Materials and Methods: This article, using descriptive-analytical method and using library sources, tries to compare, criticize and analyze the role of Ash'aris of Qom and Nobakhti family in the development of the spiritual heritage of Shiism in the sciences of Hadith (Traditions) and Kalam (Theology). .

Results: From the results of this research, the key role of the Ash'ari family in collecting and compiling hadith books can be pointed out, and the role of the Nubakhti family in developing the foundations of theology by the Shia theologians of this family can be stated.

Conclusion: The science of Hadith and Kalam are among the most important intellectual sciences of Shia, along with the science of jurisprudence and ethics. In the 3rd and 4th centuries of Hijri, the science of hadith was indebted to the support of the Ash'ari family in Qom, just as the science of Shia theology was influenced by the support of the influential Nubakhti family in the Abbasid territory. They provided Shia hadith and kalam and became the standard bearer of promoting and consolidating Shia traditions.

Background and Goals: Gene editing  is a set of technologies that help scientists to modify the genetics  through changes in both body cells and embryonic cells. Gene editing process  used for treatment is considered as a positive aspect, however if it is used for gene modification , sterilization, gender reassignment purposes ,it can indicate negative aspects.Gene  editing has been analyzed in terms of ethics, international law and criminal policy. Finally, if gene editing is done for treatment, it will be supported by ethics and International  law .If it is used  to abuse  and modification of human genes, it is condemned by international law and criminal policy. The purpose of present study is to explain the acceptance trend of gene modifications in criminal law and World Health Organization.

Methods and Materials: The present study is theoretical and research method is descriptive _analytical.Data collection has been carried out through library  method by referring to documents,books and essays.

Ethical Considerations: The principles of trustworthiness, honesty, impartiality and text origionality have been observed.

Findings:The findings  indicate that in terms of the international law and World Health Organization ,gene modification has been accepted. In the global dimension, they intend to monitor the correct implementation of gene modification. In this regard, laws have been enacted .

Results: Based on the domestic law,no regulation  has been formulated in the field of gene modifications and the issue of gene modification is ongoing in Iran. In terms of international law , laws have been formulated that show the evolutionary trend of gene modification and its acceptance at global level.

Background and Aims: The differences between Iran and Afghanistan in the field of Hirmand water have not been resolved after more than a century. Studying the legal regime of the Hirmand River in the first and second Pahlavi period can provide a favorable context for a more accurate understanding of what exists now. Based on this, the purpose of this article is a comparative study of the legal regime of the Hirmand River in the first and second Pahlavi periods.

Method: The current article is descriptive and analytical and the library method is used.

Ethical considerations: In this article, the originality of the text, honesty and trustworthiness are observed.

Results: During the first Pahlavi period, a fair treaty with the title of half, half was concluded with Afghanistan in 1317, which unfortunately did not end with the occupation of Iran. However, in the second Pahlavi era, the sum of domestic political factors such as high oil revenues and the increase in the welfare level and a growing economic future perspective on the one hand and as a result of not feeling the need to develop agriculture and turn to industries in the country and as a result of the culture of consumerism and the structure of the international system Bipolarity and Iran's tendency towards the western bloc and the free world and the strategic ally of the United States, all of these factors play a greater role in the structure of the international system. The government obstructed the water talks and the result was the 1351 Blue Treaty, which significantly reduced Iran's quota compared to the 1317 treaty and limited it to 22 cubic meters per second.

Conclusion: Considering the unfavorable water situation in Sistan and Baluchistan province, it is necessary to use all available levers in order to realize Iran's ambition.