Tārīkh-i pizishkī i.e., Medical History

Background and Aim: In recent years, the use of medicinal herbs for memory improvement and the treatment of Alzheimer's disease has been the subject of many medical researches. The aim of this research is study and prioritizing of medicinal herbs enhances memory in Iranian Traditional medicine.
Materials and Methods: First, 33 medicinal Mofradeh (single drug which can be herbal, animal or mineral) derived from the book Canon of Medicine by keywords which were related to enhancing of memory, mind, senses and understanding, effective on amnesia (Nesyan), beneficial for the brain and memory disorder. Then 12 Mofradeh that were herbal and specific for memory improvement more than others were selected from 33 drugs and was searched their impact on memory in books Makhzan al-advieh, al-Havi fi-Alteb, al-Shamel fi-alsenaat altebbiah, Tohfeh-Almomenin, al-Abnieh aan Haghayegh al-advieh. Al-Moetamed fi-al-advieh. Each of Mofradat, obtained special score based on descriptions in books and were prioritized.
Findings: 12 medicinal herbs memory enhancer are respectively: 1- Boswellia sp; 2- Anacardium occidentale; 3- Cyperus rotundus, Zingiber officinalis, Aquilaria malaccensis; 4- Terminalia chebula; 5- Piper elongatum, Phylanthus embolica, Acorus calamus,Brassica nigra; 6- Aloe sp., Rosa damascena oil.
Conclusion: Numerous studies have shown beneficial effects of plants on learning and memory improvement. It seems the survey of effectiveness of medicinal herbs enhancing memory that mentioned specially herbs with more score need to clinical research in healthy people and patients with memory disorder and it helps memory enhancing in healthy people and treatment of patients effectively, if approved.

Please cite this article as: Mirheidary R, Esmaeili Saber SS, Shaeiri MR, Gholami Fesharaki M. A Survey and Prioritizing of Medicinal Herbs Effective on Memory Improvement in Iranian Traditional Medicine. Med Hist J 2018; 10(35): 7-19.

Please cite this article as: Mirheidary R, Esmaeili Saber SS, Shaeiri MR, Gholami Fesharaki M. A Survey and Prioritizing of Medicinal Herbs Effective on Memory Improvement in Iranian Traditional Medicine. Med Hist J 2018; 10(35): 7-19.

Background and Aim: Emmenagogues in Traditional Iranian Medicine are called "Moder Heiz" or "Moder Tams" and are prescribed for the treatment of some cases of menstrual bleeding cessation. Full comprehension of Traditional Iranian Medicine treatment requires a deep understanding of how drugs work in this medical doctrine. The purpose of this article is to explain how emmenagogues work in Traditional Iranian Medicine and to come up with a series of general rules for how they affect menstrual bleeding.

Material and Methods: "Moder Heiz" or "Moder Tams" were extracted from valid Traditional Iranian medicine books, their quality and performance were studied and collected and the findings were presented in the form of a general rule in this paper.

Findings: "Moder Heiz" drugs with two effects cause menstrual bleeding: One with changes made to the blood make it ready to go out and the other by opening the path of blood. To prepare the blood for excite it is necessary to create "taskhin" and "taltif" and "tahrik" in the blood. For these actions it is essential that the predominant quality of the drug is warm. For opening the pathway it is necessary that drug be "mofatteh" and for "taftih" it is necessary that the "latif" essence be dominant in drug. The only drug that has any other act is "khollar" which by creating soda blood and forcing nature to expel such blood causes menses.

Conclusion: "Moder Heiz" drugs all have the subtle (latif) essence and warm quality, and are useful only in cases where cessation of menstrual bleeding is due to the concentration and coldness of blood. Therefore other drugs which do not have these characteristics, but cause menstrual bleeding in cases where cessation of menstrual bleeding is due to other causes, are not called "Moder Heiz".

Please cite this article as: Danesh AS, Shafiee M, Nojavan F. Explanation of the Functioning of Oral Emmenagogues in Traditional Iranian Medicine. Med Hist J 2018; 10(35): 21-31.

Background and Aim: Studies on the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of headache disorders are abundant but headache is still known as a prevalent, debilitating and costly disorder. Persian Medicine may be used to assist modern medicine in the management of this disorder.

Material and Methods: With a purposive sampling method and criterion based approach all topics related to headache disorders from most important Persian Medicine Textbooks; Ghanoon, Al-Kamel, Al-hawi, Zakhireh, Sharhe-Gharshi, Sharhol-Asbab, Moalejaat and Ekseer were studied and summarized. In addition, The textbook of "The Headaches", The International Classification of Headache Disorders, and a number of treatment guidelines were reviewed. At the end the results were analyzed and compared.

Findings: Headache disorders in Persian Medicine are classified into more than 27 types based on the cranial tissue affected, being primary or secondary, having an internal or external etiology, their location on the head, their severity, having sequels, and the pathophysiology of pain. Some of these types are simple or material distemperments, Khoozeh, Hemicrania, headaches attributed to weakness or strength of sensations. For easier diagnosis one could utilize the algorithm of headache classifications in Persian Medicine which reviews the features of being primary or secondary, material or simple, warm, cold or dry, hypo or hypersensitive. Successful management of any type of headache disorder depends on the resolution of its cause. Nevertheless some measures may improve symptoms in most types of headaches. These are reducing eating and drinking, increasing sleeping time overnight, keeping calm and quiet, avoiding stimulation of humors and vapors, avoiding flatulent, vaporizing and sore tasting foodstuff.

Conclusion: Classification and diagnosis of headaches in Persian Medicine and Modern medicine are different to each other; however, both are in agreement about non-pharmacological treatments. Persian Medicine is capable of improving the management of patients with headache disorders.

Please cite this article as: Talafi Noghani M, Namdar H. Review of Sodae (Headache) in Persian Medicine. Med Hist J 2018; 10(35): 33-48.

Background and Aim: Headache has a high prevalence. Iranian Traditional medicine is a valuable treasure of the knowledge and experience of our country's scientists and it contains valuable solutions in the field of lifestyle modification for the treatment of diseases called science of Tadabir. The aim of the study was to identify gastric headache managements, what one of the of headache types mentioned in the books of hokama.

Material and Methods: This study has been conducted as library method.

Findings: Recommended strategies of the Iranian traditional Medicine and the scientific evidences of Conventional medicine in the field of headache management were collected and topics were classified in the six necessary principles (setteye zarurieh) are described and presented.

Conclusion: Some of the Gastric corporate headache measures, in Iranian Traditional medicine approved by conventional medicine practice. Iranian Traditional medicine has valuable doctrines and strategies for healthy lifestyle and nutrition, in the case of all diseases, especially gastric corporate headache. Use of these measures can be useful in preventing, treating or reducing the number of headache attacks, reducing the duration of headaches, reducing the severity of headaches, and improving the quality of life of patients with headache and paying attention to these strategies will reduce direct and indirect costs of primary headaches.

Please cite this article as: Soltanpour Gharibdousti M, Afshin-Majd S, Davati A, Emaratkar E. Gastric Corporal Headache Measures in Iranian Traditional Medicine and Investigating Related Evidences in Conventional Medicine. Med Hist J 2018; 10(35): 49-68.

Background and Aim: Since the field of medicine deals with human beings and the attitude toward man, it will be based on the anthropology, ontology and epistemology of each society. Understanding the principles of the philosophers and the physicians of the doctor in any society can show the orientation of that society in the field of medicine. In this regard Ibn Sina, as one of the most renowned Islamic philosophers, played a significant role in the development of human to general views and ethical education in particular. Since one of the steps to internalize ethical education is to train it from lower educational levels, therefore, the present study evaluates the attention paid by the textbooks of elementary school to ethical education from the perspective of Ibn Sina

Material and Methods: The research method was the content analysis based on Shannon Entropy technique. The statistical population included all books including 9 volumes in the academic year 1396-1397 and the statistical sample includes eight titles.

Ethical Considerations: Honesty in using resources, and examining and analyzing textbooks, including ethical considerations.

Findings :The results showed that the goals of ethical education were not paid attention and In line with the methods of ethical education, the highest frequency and amount of attention to "advice" and "education industry and professions to earn money by solvent and the least relevant "full knowledge of the self and its characteristics", "education of preventive methods", "charitable education to solve financial problems economic people of the community" and "training the right marriage to have a healthy life", which was not a case in this regard".

Conclusion: Since Ibn Sina's ethical education views as a practical reference in Islamic countries  and according to the results of the research, which indicates a lack of attention to the components of ethical education offered by Ibn Sina, In the review of textbooks, it is expected that ethical education components of ibn Sina will be taken into account.

Please cite this article as: Abedini Baltork M. Ethical Education from the Perspective of Ibn Sina and the Content Analysis of Elementary Textbooks on that Basis. Med Hist J 2018; 10(35): 69-77.

Background and Aim: Despite the wide range of legacy of the past architecture, there is no evidence from the scientific and technical ideas of these works and sources of knowledge from other sciences and the interaction of architecture with traditional medicine is not explicitly explained due to the wide field of these sciences and limited interactional studies between the two grounds and this relation will not be achieved only through examining the architectural works without regarding the scientific heritage. The scarcity and remaining unknown of these resources has led to its concealing or unilateral comments of some scholars from the related supporting science and the level of medical knowledge of architects. The goal of research is to explain the evidence based on the linkage of architecture to traditional medicine based on the history of scientific manuscripts to reveal various aspects of the hidden aspects of medical thought in shaping architecture and linking the owners of these two realms.

Materials and Methods: This fundamental research is done, using a descriptive-analytical method. Also in collecting data, the method is documentary, so that at first, the common aspects of architecture and traditional medicine were expressed and then the existing evidence based on the relation between architecture and medicine and its examples, using medical history, architecture and comprehensive software of traditional medicine, version 1.5 has been reviewed. It is necessary to note that the method of data analysis in this research is "qualitative".

Findings: The written evidence together with the examples of the use of medicine in architecture reveal two issues about how the two sciences communicate: 1- Consultation of the physician in the process of construction; 2- Architects' awareness of the principles of traditional medicine. Architects have tried to help human health with one of these two methods by influencing the matter of air as the most important principle in health and mental states.

Conclusion: Looking at the preventive approach to traditional medicine and the measures taken in traditional architecture, it is possible to present solutions and standards appropriate to the contemporary architecture that help improve the quality of the environment and this will only be done by teaching the principles of traditional medicine to the architects or consulting traditional medical practitioners in building the related construction.

Please cite this article as: Rahimi Mehr V, Motedayen H, Mehrbani M. Explaining Historical Evidence of the Interaction of Traditional Architecture with Traditional Medicine. Med Hist J 2018; 10(35): 79-94.

Background and Aim: "Al-Abniyah an Hagahyegh Aladvyeh" by Abu Mansour Heravi is the first book in Farsi language in the history of Iranian medicine in the Islamic era. The content of the book includes specialized terms in the branch of pharmacology. Although the work is a medical dictionary, it seems that the book could identify diseases and the structure of medical knowledge in the 10th and 11th centuries in Iran.The main problem of this study is based on this probability. The aim of this study was to determine the place of this work in the field of pathology in medical history.

Materials and Methods: This research is based on a bibliographic review of medical history studies based on qualitative and quantitative content analysis.

Ethical Considerations: Referring to texts, honesty and trust, referring to the texts used, avoiding bias in terms of texts or analyzes.

Findings: In this review, the importance of the "Al-Abniyah" Pharmacy book is shown. In this study, basic information was provided to define the Terminology of Diseases based on Heravi's thoughts.

Conclusion: According to the specialized terms identified for diseases in this book, the largest volume of terms for skin and hair diseases, intestinal diseases, sensory and motor neurological diseases, liver diseases, respiratory diseases, and diseases of women. The lowest volume is common to human and animal diseases.

Please cite this article as: Khosrobeigi H, Sadeghi S. Pathology in the Thought of Abu Mansour Heravi (Based on the book of "Al-Abniyah an Hagahyegh Aladvyeh"). Med Hist J 2018; 10(35): 95-107.

Fear of illness and the interest in eternal life has been one of the key concerns of human being since the past up to now. The need of all social classes and rulers to medical care services has turned the medical profession to a vital issue for the ruling bodies since time immemorial and for this reason, a certain set of laws have been codified for the protection of the rights of patients and physicians. The monuments remained from the two ancient and neighboring civilizations of Mesopotamia and Iran are an expression of the historical background and lawfulness of the medical profession in this region. The main focus of current research is the differences and similarities of the medical wages and crimes in the Code of Hammurabi and Avestaean texts. Hammurabi, the King of Babylon by codification of certain laws like the right of medication which is referred to as the oldest medical tariff sought to promote the status of the physicians and determined a number of punishments for the medical errors which ranged from fine to mutilation and even the death of the physician. In Ancient Persia medicine was founded on the Zoroastrian doctrines and laid emphasis on the moralism. Avestaean texts refer to the wages and punishments determined for the medical errors based on which most of the punishments were associated with the fine. The library based research shows that the physicians in both civilizations had their own specific rights and social status and were punished by law when they committed medical errors. The Code of Hammurabi is tough on the punishments. The medical laws of Ancient Persia were mostly based on the moral principles. The study of the background of medical laws in ancient civilizations can be seen as an emphasis on the necessity and importance of lawfulness and observation of moral principles in this profession.

Please cite this article as: Jamali B, Behroozi M. A Comparative Study of Wage Laws and Medical Crimes in the Code of Hammurabi and Avestaean Texts. Med Hist J 2018; 10(35): 109-120.