Tārīkh-i pizishkī i.e., Medical History

Introduction: Joint pain is one of the most common causes of patient’s referral to health centers. There have been several reasons for joint pain such as degenerative changes in cartilage and bones, loss of articular cartilage and inflammations of cartilage external structures such as ligaments, joint capsules and tendons. Although drug and non-drug methods of treatment in conventional medicine were effective in temporary relief of pain and local symptoms but the results are not satisfactory for patients and physicians. Common medical treatments include steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressive drugs and cartilage repairing agents. Traditional view about the etiology and treatments of joint pain is somewhat different with conventional medicine. In this review, an overview of the most important analgesic plants for chronic arthritis pain relief in Iranian traditional medicine literatures were extracted and ranked.

Method: According to the aim of the study which was the investigation of plants in relieving joint pain in Iranian traditional medicine, searching by keyword of relieving joint pain in the electronic version of five main resources was performed. The references were consisting of Qanun fi al-Teb, Ekhtiarate Badiee, Tohfeh Hakim Momen, Al Havi and Makhzan-ol-Advieh. .All medications with joint pain relief effect were individually extracted. Due to their importance and potency; they were scored 1 to 5. Total scores of each plant were calculated and ranked based on above mentioned resources.

Results: Herbs with analgesic and humor reduction effects that gained the highest scores are Anethum graveolens, Ferula assa-foetida, Dorema ammoniacum, Citrullus colocynthis, Ruta graveolens, Zingiber zerumbet and Convolvulus scammonia, respectively.

Discussion & Conclusion: Usually, arthralgia is associated with local humor accumulation in joints. Therefore reduction of these abnormal humors in joints with analgesic and reductive properties of herbs may lead to relieving arthralgia. Based on the Iranian traditional medicine resources, systemic therapy is the first step in dealing with a patient with joint pain but for treating or relieving pain faster, topical pain reliever drugs can be used. These claims must be evaluated by clinical trials.

Introduction: Premature ejaculation (PE) that is named as "Sorat-e-Enzal" [ejaculation quickly] in traditional Persian medicine (PM), means to ejaculate sooner than one minute from the start of vaginal penetration, inability to delay ejaculation and distress and suffering during intercourse. Its prevalence has been reported 2.3 to 30 percent.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the causes of premature ejaculation in traditional and conventional medicine and use it to explain more accurate concept of pathophysiology of the disease which provides more appropriate way to achieve therapeutic protocol.

Method: Data collection was based on targeted review of the credible books from traditional medicine such as Canon of Medicine and recent reference books and literatures in urology and psychiatry. The causes of premature ejaculation were obtained by searching keywords such as premature ejaculation and sexual disorders in databases including Pub Med, Science Direct, SID (Scientific Information Database) and also Google Scholar from 2004 to 2016. The causes identified were summarized in a table and the similarities and differences were determined.

Results: At the first look, the causes of premature ejaculation in traditional and conventional medicine seem to be different but more exact comparison showed significant similarities. The effect of six essential factors (named as sette-zarurieh in PM) on PE has been explained in both traditional and conventional medicine.

In conventional and traditional medicine, the diseases of heart, liver, stomach and kidney and also neurological and psychological disorders cited as factors for sexual dysfunction.

Factors related to the penis diseases, metabolic disorders or physiological, anatomical, histological diseases and causes related to sexual gonads have been mentioned in both conventional and traditional medicine. Conventional medicine specifically expresses hormonal causes (hyperthyroidism) whilst Persian medicine exclusively has explained symptoms related to semen liquid in this disorder.

Discussion & Conclusion: This review has categorized fourteen causes for premature ejaculation that are similar in both conventional and Persian medicine in almost all fields.

Human life needs health and happiness. This health and happiness depend on environment, hygiene and many other things. Before the appearance of new sciences and new medicine, experimental medicine was responsible for medical affairs of many societies. In Iran in late Ghajar era and at the onset of Pahlavi era, a great change happened that it was accompaniment of experimental and new medicine. Therefor in many Iraninian cities including Firoozabad, despite spread of dangerous contagious deseases or events led to harm the people who were outside the coverage of experimental medicine, but apothecaries and their co-workers were busy treating sick people. Wethere debility of diagnosis and lack of medical facilities did not lead to good results, but activities of practitionairs of this group were considerable. Concerning the social situation and because of dominance of superstions and lack of medical training of experimental medical practitioners some of their methods were effective in treating the patients, although the time of treatment of the patients was longer and death risks were higher. This research intends to inform their results and effects based on social situations, methods of treatment, medicines and experimental methodes, on health of Firoozabad inhabitants.

Introduction: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is defined as involuntary emission of urine following straining or cough or sneezing. It is considered one of the major health issues throughout the world with its negative social, cultural and psychological impact. The aim of this study is to achieve substantive theory and Prevention strategies of SUI in the Iranian Traditional medicine (ITM) and comparing them with contemporary medicine.

Method: we searched contemporary medical articles in various libraries for etiology of SUI and its preventive methods. Then we discussed the SUI from ITM perspective while mentioning its preventive methods with emphasis on control of main causes. They were compared with the ones mentioned in contemporary medicine.

Results: We found reports about urinary incontinence (UI) in ancient sources of ITM. Considering SUI symptoms in modern medicine, we found footprints of SUI in Salas-albool (Urine incontinence) and Taghtir-albool (Dribbling) caused by moisture (Rotubat), coldness and weakness of bladder. Risk factors for development or aggravation of stress incontinence are weakness of pelvic structures such as bladder neck with resultant decreased prehensility of bladder (quvah maskah). Avicenna and other ITM scholars believe that moisture (Rotubat) and coldness can weaken the retention capacity (quvah maskah) of bladder. Therefore controlling the aggravation of moisture and coldness in the body and pelvic region and bladder in particular can prevent the development of stress incontinence.They include lifestyle recommendations for bladder and related organs such as eating and drinking habits, exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, sleep and wakefulness, bathing and proper sitting habits.

Discussion & Conclusion: There is considerable similarity between contemporary medicine and ITM about etiology and prevention of SUI. Still ITM medicine’s recommendations seem to be more ccomprehensive paving the way for an educational program for women, mothers and young females. Despite scientific advancements managing stress incontinence can be easier by using preventive methods of ITM.

The need of people for doctor, nurses, hospitals, medicines and medical supplies is the basic and essential needs of each community and improved management of there PEUTIC may draw attention to the founders of this state of affairs. Due to this position that heath care is one of the powerful tools of advertising in missionary centers. In the Qajar era can be said, public health was very low and access to medicines and treatment was difficult.

In the Qajar period and after the industrial evolution in Europe and the spread of knowledge and facilitate travel, Europeans traveled to Iran. European doctors under the names of members of religious missionaries in Tehran, Rasht, Orumiyeh and Tabriz and other parts of Iran was on the rise. Working closely with young people in all countries have been concerned by missionaries. This is one of the factors that missionaries tried to establish health centers and training medical staff in Iran. American missionaries as well as English in the Qajar period hard the most important role in the creation of hospitals and health activities. Woman were also among the groups that need their presence as a missionary in eastern societies, especially Muslim communities to promote propaganda purposes then other regions in the world and this is among the factors that women's activism began in the 19th century to the amount of lead in the eastern territories.

Some of these women knew the amount of medical affairs were working in hospitals and clinics of religion as a doctor or nurse of the women. The present study is done based on descriptive and analytical research through the collection of the library conducted research jacks.

Introduction: in order to understand the state of the organs of the body and what they are affected, it is necessary to have information for member's anatomy Physicians also considered that recognition of components of the eye is necessary for the treatment of eye diseases.

On the other hand, comparative analysis of traditional medicine resources with modern medicine, in addition to the remarkable majesty of traditional medicine, and precision of physicians and their effort to recognize the body, has led to more use of traditional medicine by physicians and a more in-depth approach towards treating the disease from the perspective of traditional medicine, eye has several layers. The purpose of this study is to compare position and function of each of these layers from the perspective of traditional medicine and modern medicine.

Method: This article is the result of a descriptive overview on traditional medicine books from the third to the thirteenth centuries of Ah that explores the anatomy and function of the layers of the eye and compares it with modern medicine.

Results: In the traditional sources of medicine, the eye building is considered and the layers of the eye are divided into several classes and moisture. In describing the eyes, the origin of each of the layers and their position among the other layers are discussed. Also, the function and the benefits and nutrition of each of the layers in different books are described.

Discussion & Conclusion: in comparative comparisons of traditional medicine sources in the description and function of the eye, there are several similarities and differences with the explanations in modern medicine sources, which in some cases in anatomy and in some cases in the explanation of the function of the components of the eye.

After signing the Constitutional Document of the qajar era in Iran, subjects such as establishing of modern schools and hospitals, the press publishing were taken into consideration by the constitutionalists and many people. With forming of the Association of State and Provincial accordance with the constitution and approving of municipal constitution in the first round of the National Consultative Assembly, preparations of some people’s demands like the founding of the hospital (Marizkhaneh) in the city of Tabriz was ready, and with intensification of battle between liberals and reactionaries in the city, the need to establish and operate a hospital in the city became great more importance.

This research with conducting library studies and collecting of remained old images of that hospital, present and gather more information about the details such as the establishment, construction and placement, administration, and manner of management, funding for hospitals and period of activity and so forth.

National Hospital Tabriz (25 beds) with the efforts of the State Council of Azerbaijan and benefactors in Zyqdh year 1326 AH started its activity with free treatment and keeping  of injured based on receiving monthly allowance, this trend continued until attack of Russian into the Tabriz city in 1330 AH. Since then, after the appointment of a Russian director by them in spite of money receiving, they avoid giving free treatment to the patients in 1333 AH and so it was dissolved with the efforts of Head of Education and Health State of Tabriz and it was an introduction for founding of new public hospital (Marizkhaneh) with name of Ahmadiyeh.

The aim of this study was to provide a clear picture of the principles and foundations of diagnostic and treatment of ibn-quff with the surgical technique in oral and dental diseases based on the al-omdat fi al-jirahat. This book is one of the most important scientific collections of Surgical in Islamic period and represents the culmination of the progress of Islamic surgeons in this knowledge. The research method is descriptive with information analysis. The research results suggest that relying on personal experience, high precaution, accurate knowledge of surgical instruments, the proportion between the amount of pain and the suffering of the therapeutic process and the risk less than the basic principles of surgery in this book. His principles also recognize the distinctive and correct location of diseases, describe specialized tools, adhere to precautionary principles, prevent bleeding, suturing, disinfecting, and bleaching. His special techniques include: Slit without lifting or lifting, Avoid bleeding by indirect heating with fire, Oil or cool off straight away or spitting compound spices, Tooth extraction with split technique and scaling (shaving of the tooth surface) and fracture without wounds or wounds, Orthodontics.