Journal of Behdasht dar Arseh (i.e., Health in the Field)

Background and objectives: Sustainable development based on human being is considered as one of the most important criteria in 21^st century. It covers a wide range of human lives with individuals and community health as the main pillar.

Materials and methods: A documentary methodology was adopted in the present study. Indicators related to the environment and health targets were selected and analyzed by comparing the country with international average, the Middle East and in some cases with upper middle income countries. All stages of the study were conducted according to moral standards.

Results: Iran has a good status in indices related to the safety managed drinking water and basic sanitation services. Population exposure to fine particulate matter (less than 2.5 Micron) has increased in recent years. Almost 36 percent of stroke and ischemic heart diseases, 14 percent of lung cancers, 8 percent of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and 6 percent of acute lower respiratory diseases are attributed to air pollution. Considerable progress have been achieved in some indices such as reduction in tuberculosis and malaria outbreaks and newly incidence of HIV cases.

Conclusion: Although Iran shows a better status than the world average and upper middle income countries in most of the health related indicators of sustainable development, the country's environmental issues (e.g. air pollution) is still a major challenge, which call for rapid and effective management measures in this area.

Background and Aim: Today, mobile phones are one of the cultural components of the young and adolescents. Mobile phones emit a kind of beam called electromagnetic field in the air, which consists of electric and magnetic waves. The purpose of this study was therefore to design and evaluate the validity and reliability of a Preventive Behavior Questionnaire of Mobile Phone usage consequences on female students of Baghmalek County.

Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 50 female high school students (16 to 18 years old) in Baghmalek metropolitan area. The study included both experimental and control groups through random sampling. The samples were evaluated in three stages using a researcher-made questionnaire. The training was provided in the form of individual counseling with the help of a pamphlet training aid. All stages of the present study were conducted according to ethical standards. Students were assured that the information is confidential. The data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software.

Results: All 48 questions related to the theory of planned behavior questionnaire had very good content validity (0.79 to 0.99). Cronbach's alpha coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient were 0.88 and 0.84, respectively.

Conclusion: The Preventive Behavior Questionnaire for mobile phone usage based on the Theory of Planned Behavior showed very good validity and reliability and can be used in research activities.

Background and Aims: One of the priorities of public health to reduce smoking is to prevent young people from smoking. Considering the role of the model of medical students in the society and due to the increasing smoking among them, the aim of this study was to assess the adoption of smoking preventive behaviors and its related factors among university students.

Materials and methods: In this descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study, 355 dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, were selected by single-stage cluster sampling method and entered the study, in 2016. Data were collected using a questionnaire including demographic and background information and a valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire for measuring the adoption of smoking preventive behaviors. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16 and descriptive statistics, independent t-test and ANOVA. All stages of the study were conducted according to moral standards.

Results: The mean (standard deviation) score of smoking preventive behaviors adoption was 39.01(19.96) out of 100 demonstrating a weak level. The adoption of smoking preventive behavior were significantly related with gender, having smokers' friends, having a smoker in the family, father's education level and smoking variables (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Due to the low mean score of adoption of smoking preventive behaviors among university students, it is necessary to carry out necessary education regarding smoking prevention among them.

Background and Aims: In recent years, the pollution rate of rivers entering the Anzali Lagoon has increased sharply due to population growth and industrial development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pollution status and water quality index (WQI) in the Pasikhan River as one of the most important rivers entering the Anzali Lagoon.

Materials and methods: This research was conducted at three hydrometric stations in the Pasikhan basin namely Mubarak Abad, Alisara and Noukhale within three years, 2014, 2015 and 2016. Sampling was carried out on a monthly basis and various parameters including sulfate, chloride, calcium, and bicarbonate were measured. Also, the WQI was used to quantify the overall quality of water. During the study, all the moral standards were observed.

Results: The results showed that 81235 tons of suspended sediments were passed the Noukhale station annually entering the Anzali Lagoon. The values of chlorine at Noukhale, Mubarak abad, and Alisara stations were equal to 2.37, 0.18 and 0.18 mg/l, respectively. Based on the Wilcox diagram, the water resources were grouped as C₁S₁ and C₂S₁. The results of WQI revealed that the water status at all three stations was not favorable, which can be attributed to the discharge of municipal, industrial, and agricultural wastewaters into Pasikhan river.

Conclusion: In general, the results show that accumulation of sediments and pollutants transferred from the Pasikhan River to the Anzali Wetland increases the degradation of its ecosystem and also endangers human and fish health in the area

Background and Objectives: During adolescence, individuals are responsible for their eating habits, attitudes and behaviors. Breakfast, as the most important meal, plays a key role in maintaining adolescent health. Health literacy is one of the biggest determinants of health. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between health literacy (high / low) with the attitude and behavior of breakfast consumption in students.

Materials and methods: The present study was conducted on female students from six public schools in Yasuj. Totally, 440 students with excellent health literacy and limited health literacy participated in this study. The data were collected through a questionnaire consisting of three sections: demographic information, adolescent health literacy questionnaire (HELMA), attitude toward breakfast consumption and breakfast consumption behavior. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS v.16 software through independent t-test, Mann-whitney and chi-Square tests. All stages of the present study were performed according to ethical standards.

Results: According to the findings, the score of attitude and behavior of breakfast consumption in participants with high health literacy was higher than those with low health literacy. Also, there was a significant relationship between attitude and behavior of breakfast consumption with health literacy (p <0.05).

Conclusion: The results of this study indicate the role of health literacy in attitude and behavior of breakfast consumption. Careful planning to improve the attitude and behavior of breakfast consumption should be performed according to the literacy of people's health by officials and experts at different levels

Backgrounds and Objectives: The work process is very important in complex jobs, so that if you forget or do not do it for any reason, it will have unpleasant consequences. The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate the human errors in sensitive jobs from two perspectives of human error identification in a high-voltage post station.

Materials and methods: In this descriptive study, TAFEI and SHERPA techniques were employed to identify the operator's error. The necessary information was obtained by directly observing the human activities, interviewing and reviewing the tasks and sub-tasks with HTA method. The exploited techniques were thence compared in terms of error detection and applied field.

Results: The results of matrix table in the job task using TAFEI method showed 29 cases of illegal transfer, so 29 human errors were identified; while totally 25 errors were identified by SHERPA method.

Conclusion: The results of this study show that the TAFEI method performs better in identifying the number of human errors in the task sequence step. On the other hand, the SHERPA method can cover the weaknesses of the TAFEI method and provide the level of risk. Accordingly, it is recommended that the analyst consider the different available HEI techniques and apply the one that he/she considers the most suitable for their need