Akhlāq-i zīstī i.e., Bioethics Journal

Background and Aim: In the international human rights system, the right to receive and publish information is considered one of the basic human rights, but according to human rights documents, this right is not absolute and comes with conditions, criteria and limitations. The purpose of the current research is to find ways to prevent the abuse of the right to receive and publish information.

Methods: This research is of theoretical type and the research method is Qualitative content analysis; The method of data collection is library which has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Results: The principle of prohibiting the abuse of the right; Whether as a part of the principle of good faith or the principle of harmlessness or as an independent principle, it limits the free flow of information and is an exception to the right to receive and disseminate information. Based on this, a narrow and precise reading of it should be given so that it does not play the role of distorting the freedom of expression. Under a general rule, the abuse of the right can be cited as a limitation of the right to receive and disseminate information when it is stated in the relevant laws and in accordance with the standards of democratic societies.

Conclusion: The following article, considering the abstractness and fluidity of the concept of abuse of right, while trying to get a more precise approach to the concept of the mentioned principle, has reviewed criteria such as bad faith and deviation from the social goal of the right as the criteria of abuse of the right and proposed the criterion of "unconventional conscious damage" for this purpose. So from the point of view of this article, abuse of the right to receive and disseminate information occurs only when a person, organization or country behaves with full knowledge in the free flow of information in a way that leads to unusual damage to others.

Please cite this article as:

Saeidi M, Raei M, Atrian F. Analysis of the Prohibition of abuse of the Right to the Free Flow of Information from the Perspective of the International Human Rights System. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. Special Issue on Law and Ethics Innovations. 2022; e1.

Background and Aim: Peace is one of the natural concerns and needs of human beings, which different ideas have offered different solutions to achieve and it is still a subject of debate and opinion. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to examine the place of ethics in achieving peace from the mystic’s perspective from the 8th century to the present time, with an emphasis on Hafez Shirazi.

Methods: This article has been done using descriptive-analytical method and using library resources.

Ethical Considerations: In present paper, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are observed.

Results: The findings indicate that morality has an effect on achieving peace. From the mystic’s point of view, from the 8th century onwards, especially Hafez Shirazi, the individual elements of ethics, such as patience, austerity and contentment and the social dimensions of ethics, such as tolerance, kindness, forgiveness, good nature, honesty, beneficence and charity are effective in realizing peace.

Conclusion: According to the results peace is an internal issue that is related to human interiority. Acting in the direction of pushing the ego towards the individual and social elements of morality, is a source of peace. Therefore, to achieve peace, it is necessary to try to strengthen the individual and social elements of morality. In fact, in order to achieve peace, a person must turn to himself and strengthen his moral virtues to calm down.

Please cite this article as:

Javanmardi M, Fahim M, Fahim AR, Bahrami Chami KH. The Position of Ethics in Achieving peace from the Mystics Perspective from the 8th Century to the Present Time with an Emphasis on Hafez Shirazi. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. Special Issue on Law and Ethics Innovations. 2022; e2.

Background and Aim: Biotechnology of plant varieties is one of the important issues that have different dimensions and in this paper an attempt has been made to investigate its impact on the environment in the light of biological ethics.

Methods: The research method is descriptive-analytical and has been done using library resources.

Ethical Considerations: In all stages of writing the present study, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been respected.

Results: Biotechnology of plant varieties has an impact on the environment through the possibility of genetic changes on non-genetically manipulated plant species, adverse effects on insects and reduction of biodiversity. Genetic changes cause damage to some organisms (such as pests and insects) in the ecosystem and reduce their biodiversity. Biotechnology of plant cultivars has been considered from the point of view of bioethics. The World Health Organization (WHO) with actions, such as how to label the information of genetically modified products and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) with the establishment of the Codex Alimentarius Commission jointly with the WHO, the establishment of the International Plant Protection Convention and the International Convention on Food and Agricultural Genetic Resources and technical meetings have emphasized biological ethics in the biotechnology process of plant varieties.

Conclusion: Adopting a fair agricultural policy, strengthening research, trying to improve plants with the participation of farmers, developing the genetic basis of plants and the widespread use of native crops and breeding methods, are regarded as the most important methods and the mechanisms to pay attention to bioethics in the process of biotechnology of plant varieties.

Please cite this article as:

Niknam MR, Masjedsaraie H, Zolfaghari M. The Impact of Biotechnology of Plant Varieties on the Environment in the Light of Bioethics. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. Special Issue on Law and Ethics Innovations. 2022; e3.

Background and Aim: One of the important issues related to civil liability caused by sports accidents is the effect of injured consent in determining civil liability and its amount. This study, while paying attention to the moral and legal foundations of the validity of the injured satisfaction in sports operations, examines its role in applying the civil liability rules and compensation for damages.

Methods: This research is of a theoretical type and has been carried out with a descriptive-analytical method while using library resources.

Ethical Considerations: In the present research, the ethical aspects of library study, including the authenticity of texts, honesty and trustworthiness, have been observed.

Results: The injured consent is a kind of declaration of unilateral will, and its validity is based on respecting the principle of independence and autonomy of individuals. From an ethical point of view, the validity of injured consent in sports activities can be analyzed in the light of the balance between the principles of autonomy, prohibition of harm and beneficence. In Iranian law, although the consent of the injured party and its effect in civil liability have not been considered by the laws, but by referring to the foundations and rules (jurisprudence and law) as well as the interpretation of the provisions of the law, it can be understood that the consent of the injured party has an influence and its effect is to remove or reduce the liability in relation to usual accidents in any sports field.

Conclusion: The role of the consent of the injured party in different legal systems is different according to the laws and social and legal structures. In domestic law, considering the legal gap in this regard, it is suggested to amend and develop the laws regarding civil liability in sports, including the determination of the conditions and effects of injured consent in sports activities and the resulting accidents.

Please cite this article as:

Arastoee M, Babaei D, Ekrami R. The Effect of the Consent of the Injured Party in the Civil Liability Caused by Sports Accidents during Sports Operations with an Attitude to the Moral Basis. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. Special Issue on Law and Ethics Innovations. 2022; e4.

Background and Aim: One of the most important consequences of the sale of building density is urbanization that can influence on environmental pollution and the health of society. By adopting appropriate mechanisms in the field of environmental protection and sustainable urban planning, It can be an important step towards sustainable development. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of building density sales on the environment and the health of people in Iran's metropolises.

Methods: The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the collection of information was done in a library way. The population of this research is the Metropolises of Iran that the annual statement data from 1365 to 1398 were collected from the websites of Central Bank, Statistics Center & World Bank. Then the effect of building density on air pollution and its effect on health sector expenditures were investigated using the method of stepwise regression.

Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Results: The estimation of regression model results showed that the building density index (FB) with a coefficient of 0.5565014 is significant with 2% of air pollution and the emission of CO2 has a significant relationship with the health expenditures with a factor of 8.848257.

Conclusion: Whatever the building density increases, the costs of the health and treatment sector increase due to the increase of the pollution caused by the reduction of environmental quality. by understanding the importance of the quality of the environment and the health of society, decisions in this area need to be reviewed by the country's policy makers and housing officials in Metropolises of Iran.

Please cite this article as:

Hosseini ZS, Gholami A, Ahmadi SMM. Effects of Building Density Sales on the Urban Environment and Community Health in Metropolises of Iran. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. Special Issue on Law and Ethics Innovations. 2022; e4.

Background and Aim: In today's world, there have been many discussions and conversations about cultural rights and solidarity rights, but not enough attention has been paid to the relationship between these two important rights. Cultural rights and solidarity rights have many links in such a way that it can be said that there is mutual dependence between these two rights. In other words, the realization of many examples of these rights will not be realized without considering the others.

Method: The research method used in this study is a theoretical approach and a descriptive analytical method.

Ethical Considerations: All the ethical principles of the research, such as trustworthiness, honesty and originality of the text, were considered during the writing of this research.

Findings: Cultural rights and solidarity rights are mutually dependent and the most interaction between cultural rights and solidarity rights is the observance of human rights standards and people's right to self-determination, which is approved by both groups of rights.

Conclusion: Cultural rights provide a strong basis for the realization and better implementation of solidarity rights. These rights include a set of principles and standards that protect and develop cultures, identities and cultural values of societies. Considering the interrelationship between cultural rights and solidarity rights, the development and better implementation of cultural rights can help the realization and continuity of solidarity rights. Environmental education strengthens social solidarity and contributes to sustainable development by increasing people's awareness and participation in environmental protection. Peace education can also help to provide conditions for solidarity and peaceful interaction between people and communities by promoting the culture of peace and solving capabilities in society.

Background and purpose: The Holy Qur'an has been the subject of many discussions and researches by experts in various scientific and literary fields. In the contemporary era, with the emergence of linguistic theories based on the opinion of ancient Muslim rhetorical scholars; Linguistic theories such as semantics, stylistics and formalistic analysis have also analyzed and examined texts.
Method: This research is of a theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical based on the collection of information in a library and by referring to documents, books and articles.
Ethical considerations: In this research, the principles of trustworthiness, honesty, neutrality and originality of the work have been respected.
Findings: One of these areas that presents an aspect of the miraculous aspects of the language of the Qur'an is the topic of linking form and content. In other words, this rule examines the type of words used according to the theme and content of the text in terms of the purpose and subject of the text by using morphological structures.
Conclusion: What can be stated as the result is that the word alone cannot have an effect in expressing the meaning and the order of phrases; Rather, the beauty of order and rhetoric of style is obtained from the combination of sentences with each other and their combination with their meaning, therefore, order is a composite concept that, in addition to including the science of criticism, syntax, and rhetoric, also includes elements such as suspense, documents, structure, order, and meanings. It is syntax.

Background and Aim: The context of the ethical decision-making model in the clothing industry is to understand and examine the ethical effects of processes and decisions related to the design, production, distribution and consumption of clothing. This model tries to help companies and organizations related to the clothing industry to make their decisions with ethical consideration and to consider the ethical consequences of their actions.

Methods: The current research is practical and a mixed exploratory method was used in it, in the qualitative part, the strategy of thematic analysis was used. The statistical population of the qualitative part included 14 academic and garment industry experts who were selected in a targeted non-probability way. The statistical population was 288 out of the 300 distributed questionnaires. Interviews and questionnaires were used in this research; qualitative data analysis was done through open, central and selective three-stage coding and Maxqda 20 software and in the quantitative part through confirmatory factor analysis and Smart Pls3 software.

Ethical Considerations: After obtaining permission from the academic and garment industry experts and stating the objectives for the participants, their consent was obtained and they were assured about the confidentiality of the information.

Results: The results of this research led to the identification of 6 categories including strategies (government policy making, empowering the business environment), intervening factors (social relations, government policies), consequences (sustainable development in the country, increasing the power and strength of sellers and producers, improving the quality level) and quantity of customers, background factors (individual and environmental factors), causal factors (internal and external factors) and consumer ethical decision-making (supporting national production, ethical decision-making approaches, avoiding extravagance and luxury, applied environmental ethics) became these findings were also confirmed in the quantitative phase.

Conclusion: It is necessary that all social units in the country, from the individual level to the government, focus on the need for ethical decision-making so that this issue is also reflected in consumers.

زمینه و هدف: اخلاق زیستی از موضوعات مهمی است که از جهات مختلف اخلاقی، حقوقی و پزشکی مورد بحث و نظر است. هدف مقاله حاضر بررسی عناصر حقوقی و اخلاقی تأثیرگذار در شکل‌گیری اخلاق زیستی است. به عبارتی هدف مقاله بررسی این موضوع مهم است که اخلاق زیستی از چه عناصر حقوقی و اخلاقی تشکیل شده است.

روش: مقاله مورد اشاره توصیفی ـ تحلیلی بوده و از روش کتابخانه‌ای استفاده ‌شده است.

ملاحظات اخلاقی: در تمام مراحل نگارش پژوهش حاضر، اصالت متون، صداقت و امانتداری رعایت شده است.

یافته‌ها: تعامل اخلاق و حقوق در قاعده‌مندساختن پیشرفت‌های پزشکی نوین باعث شکل‌گیری مفهوم اخلاق زیستی شده است. پیشرفت در علم ژنتیک و فناوری‎ پیشرفت‌های پزشکی از یکسو و ضرورت اهتمام به رهنمودهای اخلاقی و اوامر قانونی از سوی دیگر، منجر به توسعه اصول اخلاق زیستی گردیده‌ است. اخلاق زیستی از سوءاستفاده‌های احتمالی و عواقب نامطلوب برای‌ تمامیت، شأن، منزلت و حقوق انسان پیشگیری می‌کند و رعایت آن‌ می‌تواند تضمین نماید که پیشرفت علم و فناوری در خدمت بشریت‌ قرار گیرد و حقوق بشر، منزلت انسان و آزادی‌های اساسی او را نقض نکند.

نتیجه‌گیری: نتیجه‌ اینکه علم ژنتیك به عنوان دانشی كه موجب تغییر و خلق پدیده‌های جانوری و انسانی می‌شود و دارای آثار مهمی در ادامه حیات‌ بشر است، بایستی به گونه‌ای كه هم دربرگیرنده دغدغه‌های اخلاقی و دینی باشد و هم موجبات حفاظت از موازین حقوق ‌بشری را فراهم آورد، مورد توجه و ارزیابی قرار گیرد تا سبب پیشرفت جنبه‌های مثبت این دانش و بهبود زندگی بشر شود. 

Background and purpose: Bankruptcy in Iranian laws is imposed on a businessman who cannot pay his debts and cannot fulfill his obligations. Bankruptcy in three types of ordinary bankruptcy, bankruptcy due to fault and bankruptcy due to fraud, which need to be examined in Iran's commercial law.                                                                                                             

Method: This research is of a theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is library-based and by referring to documents, books and articles.                                                                                                                                   

Ethical considerations: IN this research, the principles of trustworthiness, honesty, neutrality and originality of the work have been respected.                                                                         

Results: The bankrupt businessman is prohibited from interfering with all his property from the date of the judgment. In the United Kingdom, suspended companies are not bankrupted, and they apply a method equivalent to bankruptcy.                                                                     

Conclusion: In America, bankruptcy is based on the legal systems of 53 different states. Due to its federal nature, it is one of the leading systems regarding conflict resolution rules. According to common law in England, suspended companies are not bankrupt, and the method equivalent to bankruptcy in their case is their liquidation and liquidation. Bankruptcy regulations in the common law of England, unlike Iran's laws, are not only for businessmen but also include non-businessmen and civil companies.  

Background and Aim: Renewable energies are known as a great opportunity to deal with environmental challenges and climate change, and at the same time, a solution to achieve sustainable development and intergenerational justice. This research aims to investigate the legal and ethical aspects related to the use of renewable energy.

Methods: This research is done by library and document method. By examining domestic and international legal sources, documents related to renewable energy, and analyzing ethical bases, we will achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the legal and ethical necessity of using renewable energy. 

Results: To deal with the damage to the environment, many domestic and international requirements can be seen in legal documents that make the comprehensive participation of governments, private institutions and international organizations necessary. This also shows the necessity of using effective methods of dealing with the environment, including the development of the use of renewable energy. In the field of international law, treaties and agreements such as the Paris Agreement and sustainable development goals emphasize the necessity of using renewable energy. At the national level, regulations such as the Energy Consumption Pattern Amendment Law and the Electricity Industry Protection Law have provided the necessary legal frameworks for the development of these energies. From an ethical point of view, the use of renewable energies, in addition to ensuring the principle of benefit and prevention of harm, is presented as a fair approach in meeting the energy needs of future generations and highlights the responsibility of governments towards future generations and the environment. 

Conclusion: Renewable energy is an undeniable necessity to achieve sustainable development and reduce environmental damage. In order to deal with environmental crises and support the development of renewable energy, it is necessary to have extensive global cooperation between governments and international organizations. Achieving this goal requires a joint commitment at the international level to create a coherent and sustainable system to protect the environment and develop renewable energy. In this regard, there should be practical balance and coherence between various factors such as the actions of popular movements, the actions of sectors and private industrial centers, the actions of the government in the domestic and international arena based on the goals of the global renewable energy policy network REN21 and creating sanctions of implementation based on codified and customary laws. 

زمینه و هدف: مجموعه بناهای تاریخی شهر بسطام در استان سمنان، فراهم آورده‌ای از چندین یادمان تاریخی و سازه معماری است که از چنان اهمیت و ماندگاری برخوردار است که در طول قرون متمادی، توجه حکومتگران ایران به مرمت و کمال‌بخشی آن را باعث شده است. به همین دلیل، آثار گوناگون این مجموعه، نشان دوره‌های سلجوقی، ایلخانی، تیموری، صفوی و قاجاری را بر پیشانی دارند. در این بین، بناهای دو دوره ایلخانی و تیموری از ممیزات و شاخصه‌های ویژه‌ای بهره‌مندند و باعث شهرت و اعتبار مجموعه مذکور شده‌اند. با نگرشی تاریخی ـ فرهنگی، هدف این پژوهش بررسی تقارن دو سازه اصلی فرهنگی ـ مذهبی هسته مرکزی بسطام و تأثیر آن در توسعه کالبدی مجموعه تاریخی آن است.

روش: این پژوهش با تکیه بر روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و با رویکرد پژوهش کتابخانه‌ای ـ میدانی، بر آن است تا به این پرسش پاسخ دهد که نقش زیربنایی یادمان‌های مذهبی در توسعه کالبدی هسته مرکزی مجموعه تاریخی بسطام چگونه بوده است؟

ملاحظات اخلاقی: در تحقیق حاضر، اصل امانتداری، صداقت، بی‌طرفی و اصالت اثر رعایت شده است.

یافته‌ها: نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که صومعه و مسجد متعلق به عارف نامی، بایزید بسطامی، به مثابه هسته زیربنایی در توسعه فضای یادمانی مرکز شهر بسطام، نقش ایفا کرده و با اعتباربخشی بقعه امامزاده محمد به این دو بنای اولیه، زمینه گسترش حیطه ساخت و سازهای بعدی فراهم شده است.

نتیجه‌گیری: تغییر شکل ماهرانه عبادتگاه صوفیانه به مسجد و بقعه متبرکه، موجب افزایش اعتبار و مرکزیت‌گرایی فضای کالبدی هسته مرکزی شهر بسطام شد و با نظارت حکومتی طی قرون 8 و 9 قمری، به گسترش مجموعه یاری رساند.