Tārīkh-i pizishkī i.e., Medical History

The historical background of any nation is a part of that nation's identity and it is a precious heritage that its protection, preservation and preservation is necessary for the dynamism of that nation. In fact, looking at yesterday and returning to oneself and knowing it deeply plays an important role in establishing the present and the future transcendence.

The course of medical knowledge in Iran dates back to very long times; Medicine developed significantly during the Achaemenid period and due to the intelligence and special attention of the rulers in that period to health and maintaining health is one of the most brilliant periods in Iranian medicine.

The experiences of Iranian medical knowledge were transferred from the Achaemenid period to the founding of Jundishapur during the Sassanid period. Jundishapur University became a center of education and experience in medical science and technology. During the Islamic civilization, this university continued its activities; However, with the support and encouragement or coercion of some leaders of the Islamic government during the Islamic civilization, many doctors and professors of Jundishapur University gathered in Baghdad, the great Islamic capital, and performed remarkable services. One of the important scientific and cultural activities of these scholars was their effective and role-playing role in the great movement of translating and writing books and treatises, which were often written in Arabic. This precious period is known as the golden age in history.

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Abubakr Ahmad Al-Akhawayni Bukhari (also known as Joveini) is one of the famous Persian physicians in 10’Th century. He was from Bokhara (a city in Azerbaijan) and pupil of Abolghasem Moghanei Razi, who himself was one of the Rhazes’s pupils. Due to prominant achievements in treatment of psychiatric patients (especially melancholics), Akhawayni was called as “physician of insanes”. He has some books in pharmacology, anatomy and pulsology. His only book that survived is “Hidayat al-Muta‘allemin Fi al-Tibb” (guidance of medical pupils). It is also the first Persian medical text in the history. Akhaweyni has some innovations like Orogastric (OG) tube and 10 new drug compounds. In addition he used fever chart for the first time to describe different types of fever. He also discussed about many neurological and psychological diseases in his book. Accordingly, he could be considered as one of the pioneers of medicine in Iran.

Historiography is one of the most important ways for awaring of the acquaintance and sightseeing of many sciences and scientists including medicine and physicians. The book, Uyun Al-Anba Fi Tbagat Al-Atibba`s Ibn Abi Usaibi`a is known as a milestone, and have been influential in the history of medicine and physicians in Islamic civilization. This research by method of descriptive-analysis, concerned the influence of this book in this kind of historiography. The role of this book as a heritage of many medical history and physicians` data before its authorship and the transformer of many of these information to the future, is so remarkable. This article shows that this writing has been so influential in medicine and physicians historiography in Islamic civilization, in terms of structure, form, content and method. It could be an important linker between the earlier tradition and future manner and still after passing many years it is one the interests of researchers, scientists and educated people.

Historical research in various fields of medicine including therapy, traditional medicines, medical biography has always been considered, throughout the world. Meanwhile, a comprehensive historical study of the history of medical ethics has been neglected. Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (927-865AD) is an Iranian philosopher, physician, pharmacist and famous scientist. He emphasized on medical ethics principles in his medical education. He wrote, on this matter, a treatise at the request of one of his students, Abubakr Qaren Razi. There is, in his works, many important ethical points on topics including: professional communication, philosophy of medical ethics, medical ethics and Mental Illnesses, Ethic sand treatment testing on patients, ethics and end of life care. This article will focus on medical Professional Communication, from of Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi’s point of view.

Iranian physicians and sages had a major role in the progress of medical science. Jundishapur in the past was known as one of the most important cities around the world. Jundishapur, in the third century (Hijri) was considered as one of the foremost medical schools in the world. Since then, gradually, Baghdad took the place of Jundishapur as the most important medical center of the world. In this transition, the Iranian physicians, including Joohanna-ibn-Massavayh had a very prominent role. Unfortunately, there are scant information about Joohanna's life and ideas despite his great role in the beginning of the translation movement and writing many valuable works in the medical sciences. This research is about to introduce one of the leading physicians in the third century whose valuable works, particularly in the fields of ophthalmology and anatomy, were considered as the referral textbooks for medical students in the medieval era.

Gajar era, in particular Nasser al-Din Shah’s ruling period, is very important in the history of medicine evolutions in Iran because in this era, novel medicine gradually replaced the traditional medicine.

In this study, auscultate and the therapies which were done those days, including: phlebotomy, bloodletting, leech therapy, surgery, sport medicine, clyster and cauterize are reviewed. This review is done by citing from some European explorer swhich in most cases they have been approved.

This study gives a prospect of how medicine was done in Gajar era. 

The method of research is librarian according to the historical of issue.

The subject of medicine has been concerned since the ancient because of the importance and the exigent need of human and anthropologic societies in the smallest to the biggest units of population and also it hasconstantly had performance, impression, and report card in. Having had a high geographical extension and a big population in Qajar era, Kerman had been one of the investigatory regions in different fields, including the history of health and medicine. In this study, it is tried to describe the health log, medical science and its related subdivisions in the mentioned region using a documentary-library method. Findings show that various diseases had been widespread in this region and in some cases they were along with a terrible fatality. Based on the current and existent sources, physicians tried to prevent diseases and cure patients. Although their attempts were to develop and evolve, they were not desirable and efficient enough. In the last part of the discussed era, founding and running some few hospitals, local and foreign (Christian-British) centers were a step forward curing patients.

Loin (Solb) and Taraeb are two phrases that we face with them in many different meanings in religious and medicinal texts. Religious caliphs had a special view from holly Quran point of view between loin and fertility.

This study is based on holly Quran explanation, anecdotes and Iranian Traditional medicine texts to explain loin and its benefits. In this study is tried to adaptation these data with classic medicine.

So it seems that this phrase is not related to a special sex. Therefore it is a common way in fertility process in both of sexes. Loin in the past make heirship with directly effect on fertility but today it means that the role of stem cells and immune system.

Therefore it is obvious that in the past there was a clear view with correct theory about heredity. So it is necessary to review and organize them to find many positive aspects of them to make our therapies with lower risk today.

Discussion of Islamic Medicine doesn`t have a long history with this title and only in recent decades can be found in Academic Circles. An approach to Islamic Medicine Is faced with a fundamental issue. Lack of Accurate and Agreed Definition and Much disagreement on this issue make it difficult to Develop and institutionalize of Islamic Medicine. IN this article for the first time, Different views on Islamic medicine classified comprehensively. The purpose of this article is to provide a background for Create Consensus and shared vision about Islamic medicine. The research is a review article based on published scientific literary. Different perspective on Islamic medicine is divided into Agree and disagree views And Reasons of Two group was evaluated. Based on this research, Agree views Are more acceptable. Then agree views were classified into Historical view, Method-based view (traditional medicine), Limited-oriented and theoretical view and with review of experts arguments, Theoretical view was approved.

The study shows that the Owners of theoretical view have large differences in their attitudes towards the nature of Islamic Medicine and Careful review of this Perspectives Wants another chance.