Tārīkh-i pizishkī i.e., Medical History

Abstract

Background  and  Aim: Undoubtedly,  the  drug-fighting  issue  is  one  of  the  biggest  challenges  of  different countries.  Each  country  reacts  to  this  issue  according  to  its  mental  approach  and  experience.  The  most common  approach  of  the  criminal  policy  of  many  countries  to  drug  issues  is  determining  penalties  and punishment. However, some countries have experienced a new approach that is decriminalizing some of the low risk types of drugs called calm.

Materials   and   Methods: In   this   comparative   study,   the   related   reports   and   information   about decriminalization of soft drugs in U.S.A and Netherlands were purposefully searched and compared.

Conclusion:The  Netherlands,  as  a  country  that  raises  its  social  policies  on  the  basis  of  tolerance  and toleration, was able to introduce decriminalizing use of hashish and became an example for other countries by proper implementation of its cannabis consumption. In the present time, different states of America have changed their laws regarding the consumption of soft drugs, and even legalized the therapeutic use of it.

Keywords: Drug; Criminalization;Decriminalization; Hashish; Netherlands; U.S.A

زمینه و هدف: موضوع پیوند اعضا با روش‏های جدید و به صورت مرسوم امروزی، از مباحث بسیار حساسی است که به دقت و احتیاط بیشتری نیاز دارد. در قرن دوم پیش از میلاد یک طبیب هندی سعی کرد تا پوست بینی بیماری را به صورت اتوگراف ترمیم کند که موفقیت آن مشخص نیست. قرن‌ها بعد یک طبیب ایتالیایی موفق شد پیوند اتوگراف را به شکل موفقیت‌آمیز به انجام رساند. در سال 1905 در جمهوری چک نخستین پیوند قرنیه را بر روی انسان با موفقیت به انجام رساند. در دهه 30 میلادی جراح اوکراینی نخستین پیوند از جسد به انسان را انجام داد که با شکست مواجه شد. در سال 1950 نیز نخستین پیوند کلیه با موفقیت انجام شد. در سال 1963 جیمز هاری عمل پیوند ریه را از یک جسد به یک بیمار مبتلابه سرطان را به خوبی انجام داد. مقاله بر این هدف است که نشان دهد با پیشرفت علم در این زمینه‌ها تعداد بیشتری از افراد مبتلابه نارسایی اعضا پیوند شوند و نتایج پیوند از این‌که هست، نیز بهتر شود.

مواد و روش‌ها: این مقاله با روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی درصدد بررسی روند تاریخی پیوند اعضای بدن در نظام بین‌الملل هست. ترویج این اقدام انسانی و حیات‌بخش نیازمند فرهنگ‌سازی در باب مقوله ایثار و آگاهی بخشی در جامعه ملی و بین‌المللی است تا بتوان با عزمی پایدار اشخاص نیازمند پیوند اعضا را نجات داد.

یافته‌ها: پیشرفت‌های عظیم در علم پزشکی و فنون جراحی، باعث نجات زندگی افراد بی‌شماری شده و به طور گسترده، کیفیت زندگی را برای بیماران و آسیب‌دیدگان ارتقا بخشیده است، علم پیوند با موفقیت‌های چشم‌گیری همراه بوده است، به طوری ‌که به عنوان یکی از معجزات علم جدید یاد می‌کنند. بسیاری از بیماران که قبلاً به علت نارسایی عضو با مرگ دست‌ و پنجه نرم می‌کردند، امروزه با موفقیت بالایی با پیوند قابل ‌درمان هستند، ولی پیوند اعضا مشکلات خاص خود را دارد.

Background and Aim: Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by decreasing platelet count with the normal bone marrow and the absence of specific causes of thrombocytopenia. Corticosteroids are the first line of treatment and costly and complicated methods, such as splenectomy or immunosuppressive agents, are used as the second line of treatment. Alfalfa with scientific name of Medicago Sativa has warm temperament that traditional physicians have used as haemapoietic food from thousands years ago and its use with anticoagulants reduces their effectiveness. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of alfalfa syrup on platelet count in patients with ITP.

Materials and Methods: This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial that was done in Hematology Clinic Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad, Iran. Forty patients were randomly divided into two groups of alfalfa syrup and placebo syrup. They received 5 cc of alfalfa or placebo syrup each 8 hours for 15 days. Blood samples were taken from patients before and at the end of treatment. Blood samples were taken for CBC, BT and platelet counts. The statistical method used was Paired-samples T test and independent-samples T test.

Findings: The results showed that there were no significant differences between the two groups in the laboratory tests at first, but after the intervention, the mean number of platelets and BT differences between the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.013 and p=0.018, respectively).

Conclusion: The use of a cheap and available vegetable as alfalfa can be effective in improving the platelet count in patients with ITP.

Please cite this article as: Naghedi Baghdar H, Koushyar MM, Hamedi SH-S, Feyzabadi Z, Ghorbanzade HR, Jafarinejad M. Comparison of the Effect of Alfalfa Syrup and Placebo on Platelet Count in Patients with Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. Med Hist J 2020; 12(42): 55-62.

Adherence to ethical standards in the medical profession is under the heading of medical ethics. If medical ethics is one of the new topics, but these principles have been recommended to physicians in various religious books for centuries and it is required to adhere to those principles. There were practices as the foundations of medical ethics in ancient Iran under the influence of the Zoroastrian decree. Religious teachings about ethics were as ethical principles and foundations after the adoption of Islam in Iran. The center of gravity of this research includes identifying and explaining medical ethics and its commonalities among Iranians before and after Islam in the first century AH. Research questions are: Is there congruence between Islamic and Mazda's decrees on the medical ethics of the first four centuries of AH? And how did Zoroastrian medical ethics influence on the medical ethics of the Islamic era? This research is a descriptive-analytical and historical research. This result obtained: It has many commonalities in both religions such as Doctors Knowledge of Jurisprudence Principles, Remembering God at all stages of treatment, Responsibility of the physician, Heavenly reward, visiting the patient, paying attention to the poor, being mobile a physician and prohibiting abortion. These are reflected in the affidavits and AndarzNameh issued by Muslim physicians in the first four centuries of Islam. On the other hand, these similarities reflect the influence of Iranian ethics on Islamic ethics through the translation and deduction of ethical principles and rules by Iranian physicians and scholars in the first four centuries of Islam.

Please cite this article as: Ranjbar P, Hamedi Z, Rasoli A. Reconciliation of Islamic and Zoroastrian Decrees in the Medical Ethics of the First to Fourth Century AH. Med Hist J 2020; 12(42): 63-74.

Background and Aim: According to traditional medicine, one's temper can be determinative of his physical, psychological and emotional characteristics; therefore, it seems that the tendency to do physical activity is also associated with the temperament. The purpose of this study was to investigate and evaluate the temperaments among some sports fields.
Materials and Methods: This research was done descriptively; the community studied in this research is the professional athletes of some sports (Gymnastics, Kurash, Futsal, Wrestling, Volleyball and Martial arts) from Yazd city. By using a standard questionnaire, their temperament was determined. Descriptive statistical method was used for data analysis.
Findings: Based on the results, each sport in separate are: in Gymnastic 57% blood, 43% yellow bile, in Wrestling and Material arts 73% blood, 27% yellow bile, in Futsal 55% blood, 40% yellow bile, 5% phlegm, in Kurash 54% blood, 31% yellow bile, 15% phlegm and in Volleyball 68% blood, 22% yellow bile, 5% black bile and 5% phlegm.
Conclusion: the frequency of Dam temperament is more than other temperaments, Dam temperament is dominant, Due to warmth and wetness, this temperament is able to withstand longer stress conditions as compared to those that are hot and dry, it seems that the use of temperament science, along with other sciences such as genetics, psychology and anthropometric, can be helpful in talent finding in different sport fields.

Please cite this article as: Dashty Khavidaki MH, Minaeifar AA, Baghiani AR. Investigating and Evaluating Temperaments among Some Sports Fields. Med Hist J 2020; 12(42): 75-88.

Background and Aim: One of the major issues in medicine of Islamic era is the improvement of the morality of the soul. The physicians of the Islamic period, in addition to the health of the body, as a physical aspect, have also taken into consideration the spiritual aspect of the human being. As a physician, philosopher and scientist of the 6th and 7th centuries AH, Muhammad ibn Zakaria Razi, in his book titled "Tibb ar-Ruhani" (Spiritual Physic), had a special interest in the subject of soul and morality health. In this study, the role of reason and passion as two essential factors in spiritual physic from Razi's viewpoint is discussed.

Materials and Methods: This research has been carried out in a library research method and using ancient primary sources and contemporary researches, it is first attempted to introduce Razi and his works and then to place his views on the subject of soul morality by focusing on the book "Tibb ar-Ruhani" (Spiritual Physic).

Findings: Razi in "Tibb ar-Ruhani" has stated the ultimate goal of his book is the improvement of the morality of the soul and the way to do so is to follow wisdom and to cherish reason as the greatest divine blessing and yet to avoid passion. He commends the reason by designating principles and criteria for identifying the threatening factors of the health of the soul and repelling moral vices in all the twenty chapters of the book, and defining philosophers as true rationalists. In this book, he has tried to identify the moral vices in simple terms and then to describe very practically the way of dispelling evil qualities.

Conclusion: Zakariya Razi, as a philosopher physician, though pursuing philosophical and ethical views of Plato and Galen, by using a simplistic and narrative style in various chapters of the book and focusing on reason has led his work eventually become an important and significant source in field of refining the morality of the soul and paying attention to the spiritual aspect of the human for the society.

Please cite this article as: Khakdoost HR, Rajabnejad MR. Spiritual Physic, the Struggle between Aghl (Reason) and Hawā (Passion) from Razi Perspective. Med Hist J 2020; 12(42): 89-97.

Background and Aim: Meningitis or inflammation of the brain membranes, also referred to as traditional medicine, Phrenitis or hot Sarsam, has long been known in Persian Medicine and therapies have also been cited. The study sought to highlight one of the scientific innovations in the medical history of Islamic civilization in the subject of meningitis, as well as to find the answer to the historical course of understanding meningitis in Islamic civilization, especially the compilation of Aviccena.

Materials and Methods: This study aimed to show one of the innovations of medical knowledge and its scientific depth in Islamic civilization which has been conducted in the library method relying on authentic sources of the history of medicine. Also, valid Internet resources such as Noor Mags, SID, Iran.doc, Scopus, PubMed and the Noor software continue to be investigated.

Ethical Considerations: Honesty and trusteeship were observed in reporting and publishing content and the quotes presented with the source used.

Findings: It seems that the description of meningitis was first described by Sheikh al-Rais Hakim Hussein ibn Abdullah ibn Sina (416-315d) in the Canon Book.

Conclusion: According to library evidence, Ibn Sina was well aware of the diagnosis and diagnosis of meningitis before "Sir Robert Witt", the difference between the acute and chronic types of the disease and its treatments have been presented.

Please cite this article as: Rajabnejad MR, Shourcheh B, Ghaderi Z. Investigating the Historical Course of Recognition of Meningitis (Phrenitis) in the Medicine of Islamic Civilization. Med Hist J 2020; 12(42): 99-106.

Background and Aim: Corona, the emerging global virus (2019-nCoV) with symptoms of severe infection that spreads through human contact has been reported from Wuhan, China, and has quickly spread to other countries. Due to the high rate of spread and high mortality from this pandemic, additional ways are needed to reduce the rate of infection and the complications of the disease. China has used its traditional medicine methods by relevant specialists. Traditional Persian (Iranian) Medicine can also be effective in improving the disease control process due to its comprehensive principles.

Materials and Methods: In this analytical library review study, the various keywords including "2019-nCoV", "covid 19", "covid 19+herbal medicine", "covid 19+Chinese Medicine", "covid 19+Persian Medicine" were searched on Google, Google Scholar and PubMed. The keywords in Persian Medicine were Homma (fever), Ofunat-e Akhlat (the infection of humour), Rotubat-e Gharibe (unnatural temperamental humidity), Hararat-e Gharibe (unnatural temperamental heat), lung disease, liver disease, nazle (such as postnasal discharge), causes of changing to cold temperament, causes of changing to wet temperament, causes of changing to hot temperament that were searched in the reliable sources of traditional Iranian medicine books such as al-Hawi from Razi's (865-925 AD), Qanon in medicine from Avicenna (980-1037 AD), al-Shamel from Ibn Nafis (1213-1288 AD), Makhzan al-Adwiyeh from Aghili (1670-1747 AD), Exir Aazam of Mohammad Aazam (1829-1902 AD). After qualitative analysis of information and comparison of results, appropriate suggestions were developed to help the process of control and treatment of the disease.

Findings: Infection with COVID-19 spreads rapidly through secretions and respiratory droplets through close human contact. Symptoms include fever, cough, body aches or fatigue, pneumonia and shortness of breath and with less frequent; headaches, diarrhea, bloody sputum, runny nose, and sputum cough. It ranges from mild to severe symptoms leading to death. At older ages and in the presence of underlying diseases, the risk of infection, complication and death is higher. In traditional Persian (Iranian) Medicine, viruses are among the foreign objects that can produce the strange heat that is fever. This fever manages the symptoms and severity of the disease in each person's body based on the amount of waste materials in the body and the type of organs involved, as well as the strength or weakness of the nature of the individual (weakened immune system and underlying diseases).

Conclusion: In this paper, based on mention findings, the disease is studied and prevention and treatment strategies are provided to accelerate the control of the disease along with other contraptions that are underway in control and treatment.

Please cite this article as: Niktabe Z, Masoudi N, Sharifi-Olounabadi A. Investigation the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Virus Based on the Principles of Traditional Persian (Iranian) Medicine and Providing Proposed Contrivances for Prevention and Treatment. Med Hist J 2020; 12(42): 25-36.