Zoning of drinking water quality in villages of Yazd County based on water quality indices
Journal of Behdasht dar Arseh (i.e., Health in the Field),
Vol. 12 No. 2 (1403),
2 November 2024
,
Page 23-34
https://doi.org/10.22037/jhf.v12i2.44580
Abstract
Background and Aims: Lack of adequate access to clean water has long been a challenge in the arid areas of Iran. The increased industrial activities accompanied with the consequences of climate change and drought have raised this concern throughout the country. Understanding the spatiotemporal variations in water quality is the first step towards sustainable management of both the quantity and quality of drinking water.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, the quality of drinking water in the villages around Yazd city was investigated during 2014 to 2020. In addition to assessing the spatiotemporal trends, the drinking water quality index (DWQI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), and heavy metal pollution index (HPI) were determined. Compliance with ethical considerations was maintained throughout all stages of the study implementation.
Results: Based on the results of the temporal trend analysis, turbidity, total dissolved solids, sulfate, and several heavy metals, including mercury, zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, and manganese, had been increased during the study period. The highest and lowest DWQI indices were recorded in the villages of Shehneh (92.34), and Akramabad (67.48), respectively. Likewise, the villages of Khavidak, Akramabad, and Askarieh exhibited poor water quality in terms of HPI and HEI.
Conclusion: Examining the spatiotemporal changes in drinking water quality revealed that the main source of groundwater pollution in the villages was industrial activities, as the villages near industrial centers had poorer water quality. This finding highlights the necessity for sustainable management of drinking water quality based on a water safety plan in this region.
- Drinking water
- Water quality index
- Heavy metals
- Spatiotemporal variations
How to Cite
References
-IAH. Groundwater—more about the hidden resource. International Association of Hydrogeologists. Available from:https://iah.org/education/general- public/groundwater-hidden-resource. Accessed Jun 30, 2023.
- Li P, Tian R, Xue C, Wu J. Progress, opportunities, and key fields for groundwater quality research under the impacts of human activities in China with a special focus on western China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2017; 24:13224-34.
-Fahmi H, Ebrahimi-khusfi M. The National document studies of land use planning in the water sector. Tehran, Iran: Center for Development Research and Foresight (CDRF), 2020 (In Persian).
-Li P, Wu J. Sustainable living with risks: meeting the challenges. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 2019; 25(1-2):1-10.
-Li P, Karunanidhi D, Subramani T, Srinivasamoorthy K. Sources and Consequences of Groundwater Contamination. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2021; 80(1):1-10.
-Zhao C, Zhang X, Fang X, Zhang N, Xu X, Li L, et al. Characterization of drinking groundwater quality in rural areas of Inner Mongolia and assessment of human health risks. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2022; 234:113360.
-Scanlon BR, Fakhreddine S, Rateb A, de Graaf I, Famiglietti J, Gleeson T, et al. Global water resources and the role of groundwater in a resilient water future. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment 2023; 4(2):87-101.
-Naddafi K, Mesdaghinia A, Abtahi M, Hassanvand MS, Beiki A, Shaghaghi G, et al. Assessment of burden of disease induced by exposure to heavy metals through drinking water at national and subnational levels in Iran, 2019. Environmental Research 2022; 204:112057. Doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112057.
-Rafiee M, Zare Teymori Z. The relationship between the quality of underground water in Saveh Plain and the amount of rainfall in 2016-2018: quality of underground water in Saveh Plain. Journal of Health in the Field 2023; 11(1):23-35 (In Persian).
-Abtahi M, Yaghmaeian K, Mohebbi MR, Koulivand A, Rafiee M, Jahangiri-rad M, et al. An innovative drinking water nutritional quality index (DWNQI) for assessing drinking water contribution to intakes of dietary elements: A national and sub-national study in Iran. Ecological Indicators 2016; 60:367-76.
- Adimalla N. Controlling factors and mechanism of groundwater quality variation in semiarid region of South India: An approach of water quality index (WQI) and health risk assessment (HRA). Environmental Geochemistry and Health 2020; 42(6):1725-52.
- Rezaei kalantari R, Azari A, Ahmadi e, Ahmadi Jebeli M. Quality evaluation and stability index determination of Qom rural drinking water resources. Journal of Health in the Field 2014; 1(3):9-16 (In Persian).
-Abou Zakhem B, Hafez R. Heavy metal pollution index for groundwater quality assessment in Damascus Oasis, Syria. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2015; 73:6591-600.
- Dippong T, Hoaghia M-A, Senila M. Appraisal of heavy metal pollution in alluvial aquifers: Study case on the protected area of Ronișoara Forest, Romania. Ecological Indicators 2022; 143:109347. Doi: 10. 1016 /j.ecolind.2022.109347.
- Amiri V, Kamrani S, Ahmad A, Bhattacharya P, Mansoori J. Groundwater quality evaluation using Shannon information theory and human health risk assessment in Yazd province, central plateau of Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021; 28(1):1108-30.
-Feifei C, Yao L, Mei G, Shang Y, Xiong F, Ding Z. Groundwater quality and potential human health risk assessment for drinking and irrigation purposes: A Case study in the semiarid region of north China. Water 2021; 13(6), 783. Doi: 10.3390/w13060783.
-Abtahi M, Golchinpour N, Yaghmaeian K, Rafiee M, Jahangiri-rad M, Keyani A, et al. A modified drinking water quality index (DWQI) for assessing drinking source water quality in rural communities of Khuzestan Province, Iran. Ecological Indicators 2015; 53:283-91.
-Dallal MMS, Ehrampoush MH, Aminharati F, Tafti AAD, Yaseri M, Memariani M. Associations between climatic parameters and the human salmonellosis in Yazd province, Iran. Environmental Research 2020; 187:109706. Doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109706.
- APHA, AWWA, WEF. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 22nd ed. Washington DC: American Public Health Association; 2012.
-Dash S, Borah SS, Kalamdhad A. A modified indexing approach for assessment of heavy metal contamination in Deepor Beel, India. Ecological Indicators 2019; 106:105444. Doi: 10. 1016 /j. ecolind. 2019.105444.
-Singha S, Pasupuleti S, Singha SS, Kumar S. Effectiveness of groundwater heavy metal pollution indices studies by deep-learning. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 2020; 235:103718. Doi: 10. 016 /j. jconhyd.2020.103718.
- Kumar V, Sharma A, Kumar R, Bhardwaj R, Kumar Thukral A, Rodrigo-Comino J. Assessment of heavy-metal pollution in three different Indian water bodies by combination of multivariate analysis and water pollution indices. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 2020; 26(1):1-16.
- Gholamnia R, Abtahi M, Dobaradaran S, Koolivand A, Jorfi S, Khaloo SS, et al. Spatiotemporal analysis of solar ultraviolet radiation based on Ozone Monitoring Instrument dataset in Iran, 2005–2019. Environmental Pollution 2021; 287:117643. Doi: 10. 1016 /j. envpol. 2021.117643.
- Ebrahimi E, Asadi H, Farhangi MB, Ashrafzadeh A. Assessment of Spatio-temporal variations in contamination, sediment and water quality index in Pasikhan River, Guilan Province. Journal of Health in the Field. 2020; 8(1):32-50 (In Persian).
- Sarvi Sadrabad H, Zare Chahouki A. Study of the efficiency of groundwater quality index to evaluate the long-term effects of Inter-Basin water transfer using non-parametric methods and GIS (Case Study Yazd-Ardakan Aquifer). Water and Soil 2022; 35(6):804-791 (In Persian).
-Khosravi H, Haydari Alamdarloo E, Nasabpour S. Investigation of Spatial-Temporal changes of Yazd-Ardakan Plain Groundwater Quality Using GQI. Scientific-Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR) 2018; 26(104):35-44 (In Persian).
- Dashti Barmaki M, Rezaei M, Saberi Nasr A. Assessment of groundwater quality index (GQI) for Lenjanat aquifer using GIS. Journal of Engineering Geology. 2014; 8(2):2121-38 (In Persian).
- Sabzevari Y, Zeinivand H. Assessing the Trend and Quality Classification of Groundwater Resources in Boroujerd- Dorod plain. Journal of Wetland Ecobiology 2020; 45:101-16 (In Persian).
- Dehghan A, Azizian A, Yarami N, Tazeh M, Amirbeygi M. Investigation of the quality and quantity of groundwater resources and their relationship with the geological formations (Case study: Yazd-Ardakan Basin). Water and Soil Science 2020; 30(3):75-91 (In Persian).
- Sobhanardakani S. Evaluation of the water quality pollution indices for groundwater resources of Ghahavand plain, Hamadan province, western Iran. Iranian Journal of Toxicology 2016; 10(3):35-40.
- Aziz FF, Hussain EK. Spatiotemporal variation of heavy metals and pollution indices in groundwater around Al-Diwaniyah Open Dump. Journal of Ecological Engineering 2023; 24(8):106-117.
- Ostovari Y, Beigi-Harchegani H, Davoudian A. Assessment of Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI) and its geostatistical analysis in Lordegan Plain Aquifer. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2017; 19(5):227-38 (In Persian).
- Rezvani Ghalhari M, Ajami B, Ghordouei Milan E, Khalooei M, Mahvi AH. Evaluation of groundwater quality for drinking purposes in Kashan using water quality indicators. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment 2022; 14(4):615-28 (In Persian).
- Mohebbi MR, Saeedi R, Montazeri A, Vaghefi KA, Labbafi S, Oktaie S, et al. Assessment of water quality in groundwater resources of Iran using a modified drinking water quality index (DWQI). Ecological indicators 2013; 30:28-34.
-Molekoa MD, Avtar R, Kumar P, Thu Minh HV, Dasgupta R, Johnson BA, et al. Spatio-temporal analysis of surface water quality in Mokopane area, Limpopo, South Africa. Water 2021; 13(2):220. Doi: 10. 3390/ w13020220.
-Abebe Y, Alamirew T, Whitehead P, Charles K, Alemayehu E. Spatio-temporal variability and potential health risks assessment of heavy metals in the surface water of Awash basin, Ethiopia. Heliyon. 2023; 9(5). Doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15832.
- Rezaei A, Hassani H, Hassani S, Jabbari N, Fard Mousavi SB, Rezaei S. Evaluation of groundwater quality and heavy metal pollution indices in Bazman basin, southeastern Iran. Groundwater for Sustainable Development. 2019; 9:100245 Doi: 10. 1016 /j. gsd .2019. 100245.
- Abstract Viewed: 192 times