Tārīkh-i pizishkī i.e., Medical History

The history of any nation reflects the religious, cultural, scientific, moral and artistic values ​​that express the identity of that nation and draw the line of the past policy of that nation in the ups and downs of past events, and this is the historical significance that can achieve the future horizons of that nation. 

Ignoring the history of any nation is in fact a disregard for that nation's identity; As dealing with the history of each land and its preservation is in fact the revival of the ancient heritage of that land and the preservation of its national and religious values.

We belong to an ancient land, which is considered to be one of the richest ancient civilizations and has a rich history thanks to its fusion and blending with the rich Islamic culture, so it is important to take care of this scientific and national identity with our hearts and roots.

This ancient land where the stages of civilization including medicine, philosophy, literature, ethics, mysticism, theology, wisdom, Sufism, theology, music, astronomy, governance, politics, mathematics, nature, architecture, art, history, geography and many more Has left the other behind to reach this point of progress and excellence, so it is up to us to review and analyze, classify, study and study wisely and critically, and extract the principles and related strategies in order to achieve our lofty goals to honor Let's take firm steps in this ancient civilization.

What should be said about medicine and its history is that despite the fact that medicine in Iran has a long history and a high status and has worked in an advanced and organized way, the manifestation of which can be found in Jundishapur University, which has a very high reputation in history. And has trained efficient physicians and sages who have gained some world renown. Unfortunately, the history of medicine is still one of the most abandoned branches of the history of science in our country.

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Ghajar era, in particular Nasser al-Din Shah’s ruling period, is very important in the history of medical transformations in Iran. In this era, novel medicine gradually replaced the Galen medicine.

Cholera was the most important diseases in Qajar era that Iran That the epidemic would cause many deaths and gives numerous.

In this study, various aspects of this disease Including prevalence, treatment, and how to deal with the government and its people have been investigated from the viewpoint of some European visitors.

Preventive medicine is a science which tries to maintain and increase the health in a   population. Ancient Iranian scientists have played an important role in developing medical sciences, especially during middle ages. Jorjani was one of the greatest scientists which are known as the reviver of medical sciences. Treasure of Kharazmshah, the most popular book of Jorjani, is written in Persian. It is believed that there is no medical comprehensive book such as treasure in any country. A part of this book is devoted for preventive medicine. In traditional Persian medicine prevention is prior to treatment and there six principle necessities for preventing diseases named " Sette-ye-zarurieh " which consists of Air, Food and Water, Sleep and Wake, Movement and Stillness, Emotional states (Aaraz-e-nafsani), and Depletion and Retention (Estefragh and Ehteghan). Jorjani believed that prevention is easier and simpler that treatment.

Background: Traditional cupping is one of the methods that be used used in the treatment of some diseases in Iran and many countries around the world. This study is significant from a literary perspective, providing a different aspect of science to those that come from the medical experts. Although cupping is accepted by some as a traditional and effective method of treating certain diseases, some doctors are against it because of different reasons different reasons some doctors are against it. The main goal of this study is to show the views of the Persian poets in phlebotomy. Although many researchers have published articles about cupping; this study presents the first research to consider the perspective of the Persian poets.

Conclusion: As far as our study shows, most poets and scholars of Persian (and Arab) language that have mentioned cupping and phlebotomy, have presented it as binding and effective therapy in the treatment of some patients. How to approach the issue of letting poets can be conquered Bobby for the professionals, because a lot of modern science, literary theory, and scientists are ancient traditional knowledge base. It may be wise for us to remember the rule book and healing Avicenna and Al-Khwarizmi and other scientific works, which are still valuable as a reference source for modern science, have maintained their status and performance.

Dar ol Fonon was the first school in European style that modern sciences were taught there. This scientific organization was made to establish and develop the new European sciences in Iran, but because of the intervention of the colonial countries, the primary reason didn't properly provide. Although some educated students made a great influence in promoting modern sciences later. One of this graduated was Mirza Kazem who became teacher in Dar ol Fonon and taught Pharmacy and Chemistry for years. For four decades, he utilized his books and used laboratory methods to train several generations of pharmacists. Unlike his Italian teacher, many people admired him because of his method of teaching and only after his death, foreign  teachers began to teach these two courses at Dar ol Fonon. In this research, we try to  evaluate the role of Mirza Kazem to establish the modern Pharmacy in  Naseri era by using his books and other resources.

Constitutional Revolution was one of the most important and influential events in contemporary Iran, socially, politically, and culturally. Women also, Women as a half part of Iranian's society that they were silent also had not a semi-silent part of Iranians' society had not been kept away from those events, i.e. they've been affected in different fields. In fact, this revolution did challenged with some traditional believes and led to providing women's finding their personality and ability in different situations. One of these abilities was journalism. Dr. Kahal was the first ophthalmologist Iranian woman who published the first journal specifically for women, entitled Danesh. That journal, published in 1910 AD, in 30 issues during a year. The journal tried to improve public health, almost for women. The present study illustrates that this journal had a special effect on a phenomena called "medicalization" which is a symbol of social modernization.

Undoubtedly dentistry science is one of the oldest human consequences which is formed gradually based on trial and error and researches of scientists of every corner of the world. This article is trying to introduce Iranian accomplishments from antiquity to the mughal era in the efflorescence of dentistry science.

Dentistry science growth, in Iran, can be divided into two eras: Before Islam and after Islam .Two important sources of Iranian dentistry science before Islam are related to avesta book and the consequences of Jondishapoor university. Breakthrough of this scienc,  after Islam is indebted to Iranian scientists and doctors like, Razi, Ahvazi, Ebne cina and others who allocated some chapters of their books about tooth and mouth disease and oral hygiene and treatment . Besides Islam religion has some advises about tooth and oral hygiene and encourages the Muslims to brush and wash their teeth.

 In all of the Iran history, there were health directives about tooth and mouth. In treatment field, variety kinds of treatments were performed in anitient Iran. So it could be argued that dentistry science, in Iran, has very long tradition.

One of the known Iranian physicians in the period after Islam advent was Ali Ebn Abbas Majusi-e-Ahvazi who, in his famous book (Kamel-al sanae) one chapter to medical ethics, and his written a affidavit that is more comprehensive than Boghrat oaths. It seems that Ahvazi added principals according to Islamic to this book. These teaching have been a more perfect over time. The aim of present analytical-review article is to compare Ali Ebn Majusi-e-Ahvazi affidavits to patient rights prisms from ministry of health of Islamic republic of Iran.

In this article in order to achieving comprehensive comparison, we divided to seven approaches (physicians characteristics and behavior, giving health services and physicians decision for treatment, giving information and patients decision, secrecy, privacy policy, medical emergency, physicians up to date information) and has been investigated. Major part of affidavit and prism topics are identical but other cases which are noticed in affidavit, but not in prism are more relevant to topics such as personal behavior and medic his owns personality.

Shahr-I Sokhta is among the largest protohistorical sites of the entire Iranian plateau. It is located 56 Km. south of Zibo, in the Sistan Blaluchistan province.

Undoubtedly a doubt Shahr-I Sokhta is considered one of the most important urban centers in the whole of south eastern Iranian plateau during the Bronze Age. Medical science in this city was too advanced and city physician were aware of orthopedist and surgeon were able to amazing in skull surgery.

On the basis of our knowledge , the earliest information about artificial eye in the ancient Near and Middle east, including Egypt, has long been believed to be represented by art-eyes  and artificial eyes  found mummies. The time of sarcophagus lids and statues is related to the late second half of the third millennium BC.

Lids and status, dating back to the late second half of the third millennium BC. Recent archaeological excavation at Shahr-I sokhta in the Iranian province of Sistan Baluchistan, produced new evidence that cloud questing this view.

Group of archaeology has been discovered many wonderful things in this city and some of them are mentioned.

1. The first animation of world
2. The world's oldest known type of mosaic
3. Skull of the world's oldest
4. One of the oldest puzzles in the world
5. Ruler in 1/2 mm
6. The oldest kind of coriander

9-The most complete collection of fabrics on Iran

10-Finding the world’s artificial eye