Tārīkh-i pizishkī i.e., Medical History

Addiction is one of the four century crises that involve communities. Now, according to the annual growth rate of addiction (8 percent) and population growth (under 3%), the number of opiate users is estimated 6 million. In addition, the prevalence of drug abuse among young people is growing as the age of the risk of addiction in Iran during the last two decades. Also it has been fallen to under 20 years and sometimes school period is over. In order to Study the history of narcotics and evaluate the impact of adherence to the Islamic beliefs in the tendency of Ardabil Payame Noor university students to drug abuse through educational achievement.

The approximate numbers of 8,000 students in the first semester of the academic year 2009-2010 of Ardebil Payam Noor University, 403 students were selected as sample by cluster randomly sampling. Sample size was calculated based on Morgan table, including the α=0.05. The research method was a descriptive correlation. data was collected using a following questionnaire 1- A questionnaire related adherence to Islamic beliefs with reliability &=0.98, which includes some components such as obligation to saying prayers (&=0.93), practicable obligation to fasting (&=0.94), practicable obligation to divine legal orders (&=0.96), and practicable obligation to having relation with religious people (&=0.92); 2- Questionnaire related to drug consumption with reliability &=0.86, which includes some components such as family factor (&=0.67), social environmental factors (&=0.59), friends (&=0.63), and personal characteristics (&=0.78). For achievement, the students previous term average score and total average were used collected data was reported descriptively, however, the main questions of the research were analyzed inferentially using linear analysis. The result showed that: there is a direct negative and significant relation between adherence to Islamic beliefs and drug consumption. Total indirect impacts of adherence to Islamic beliefs on student’s tendency to drug consumption were -0.06, which is a very low rate.

Background: The issuance of a death certificate constitutes the acceptance of the responsibility of all its components. In order to adopt long-term measures in health policy, and due to the lack of a similar study in the province, the purpose of this study was to investigate the common mistakes in the death certificates issued at Razi Educational Center of Rasht.

Method: In this retrospective study, all information in the medical death certificate of Razi Educational Center of Rasht in 2014 was investigated in order to record or not to record information. Data was collected using software SPSS 21 and analyzed by appropriate statistical methods.

Results: A total of 172 death certificates were reviewed. The most cases of non-recording of information in the public profile of the deceased were related to the national code of head of household (92.4%), the deceased's literacy rate (72.7%) and the deceased's job (72.1%) respectively. One case of non-recording of information related to the date of birth of the deceased was found. The highest number of cases of non-recording of information in the deceased's address was related to the address of the deceased's death (11.6%). In the pregnancy section of women, the lack of records was found in 24.4% of cases. Statistically significant differences were observed in the status of registration of information in terms of job registration, literacy status, address of residence, address of the deceased's death and location of death between certified exporter doctors (P = 0.000, 0.000, 0.019, 0.000, 0.030, respectively). Writing the causes of death was only completely correct in 26.2% of cases. The results showed a significant difference in the accuracy of writing the causes of death among doctors issuing a certificate of death (P = 0.001).

Discussion & Conclusion: None of the death certificates issued in this study were fully or correctly completed. Also, there was a significant difference in terms of recording job status, literacy, address, address of the deceased's death, death location and death causes among doctors.

Background: Surgical knowledge is one of the most important passages of Traditional medicine in Islamic period. Among the different organs, eye surgery, an elegance and high sensitivity field, that needs to more expertise and clinical experience. It seems that it can be drawn permanent principles and certain rules, has been accepted and used by most surgeons in this period by review of traditional reference books. This study reveals these principles and evaluates the surgical techniques of eye surgery in Traditional medicine.

Method: Research method is qualitative content analysis of original texts of surgery in Islamic period. Accordingly, it is searched content of the outstanding works in this field, also their views on the principles and techniques is analyzed in the Cauterized of eye. Finally, with the inductive method, was specified constat Principles and techniques in the field.

Results: This hypothesis is confirmed the surgens of Islamic period, have had the Clear and distinct understanding of a variety of head diseases. During this period, the common principles and techniques has spread throughout the Islamic world, from Andalusia in the West to India in the East.

Discussion & Conclusion: The differential diagnosis according to the criteria same as appearance, position, reason of illness, observance the precautionary principle, as a result of the clinical experience, schedule for treatment, specialized knowledge of species, cicatrix, required for each illness, techniques, and essential principles in the process of management were noticed. Surgical techniques have also been included such as cauterize with needle, olive, arches and lens shape Cicatrix. Also surgeon has observed special techniques for using either one Cicatrix to minimize the risk of eye injury.

Constitutional revolution was one of the impressive changes in Iran's the contemporary era. Constitutional revolution significantly influenced social, political and cultural conditions of Iran. The beginning of the constitutional movement provided the women with the opportunity to highlight the necessity of considering some crucial issues like public and individual health, especially mother -and-child health, by publishing ladies' journals. Considering health and hygiene was one of the lineaments of modernism. This vital responsibility was taken over, at that time, by ladies' journals.

Maryam Amid Semnani entitled Mozayan al Saltaneh was one of the Iranian women who published the second ladies' journal named Shekoufeh. It was published in 1330-1334L. / 1912-1916 A.D in Tehran. The purpose of this study is to investigate the necessities of considering the hygiene and health of the society, especially that of mother and child, in recent years and from the viewpoint of Shekoufeh journal.

This research shows that most of the issues about health are related to the hygiene of women's pregnancy and childbearing period as well as children's health. In addition to caring for children, women were responsible for the health and hygiene of other members of the family.

Celestial bodies (the moon, Sun, stars, planets, meteors and Comets) have been long believed to affect destine, health and sanity of people. These believes generally depict the trust and thought realm of the ancient tribes. They could also justify most of the modern or contemporary beliefs of the varied civilizations. In the current research, in addition to the review of the most ancient mythical events on the previously mentioned believes, the thoughts of for east civilizations (china, Mongolia etc.) as most influential civilizations of their eras have been under attention. For farther documentation' "Ilkhani Tansouqhnameh", as the most important translated manuscript of Chinese Medicine from 1400 CE and its influence on the medicine practice of those civilizations have been discussed in this study.

Background: All Iranian traditional medical scholars from past to today have agreed that the purpose of medicine is to keep the healthiness and to bring it back when it has gone. But they were disagreed in method of gaining and training needed knowledge that it remains today. Observing those historical differences would provide lessons for the best use of traditional medicine today.

Method: the current study is a survey that evaluates Iranian traditional medicine practice methods which have been discussed in Iranian traditional medicine books such as "Hidayat-al-Mota'allimin fi l-ttib" of AbuBakr Rabi ibn Ahmad Ahkhawayini Bukhari, "Miftah al-Tibb va Minhajal-Tullab" of Ibn-i Hindu, "Zakhireh Kharazmshahi" of seyed Ismail Jorjani, "Fi Feragh al-tibb lel-moteallemin" of Galen, "Uyun al-Anba fi Ṭabaqhat al-Aṭibba" of Ibn abi usaybia and some other manuscripts.

Results: Former traditional physicians used either logical or experimental methods to reach medical knowledge and to practice it. Their different methods of diagnosis, knowledge acquisition and treatment was based on their diverse beliefs about the importance of a precise method which by, they were categorized into 3groups: the Empiricists, the Rationalists and the Methodists. A pure Empiricist only stresses on the use of past experience which narrows the rout towards innovation and deduction, therefore weakens understanding and performing in new diseases or clinical conditions. On the other hand, induction without the use of previous experience also makes diagnosis and treatment difficult. Finally approaching the disease and not the patient as the pure Methodists do, opens the way towards many mistakes specially towards overuse of interventions and potent medication

Discussion & Conclusion: It seems that achieving to acute facts in medicine needs a combination of experience, experimentation, deduction and reasoning in causes of diseases and conditions of the patients. Since medicine has been historically developed by experience and deduction, nowadays those healers who apply these methods efficiently in each patient or new disease are able to diagnose and treat more effectively.

Population control has been a serious issue for human societies throughout the history, particularly in recent years. Different schools of thought and many scholars have presented different opinions on this subject. Referring to the historical background of population control we have found that a group of religions, civilizations and laws such as the laws of Hammurabi and some thinkers of the Middle Ages, saw increase in population good for individual and community progress. On the other hand, some philosophers of ancient China (Confucius), and Greece (Plato and Aristotle) were in favor of balance in population (optimal population size). Nevertheless, Malthus and his followers - based on their commercial vision - looked at population from a political and experimental point of view. Therefore, the attention of Malthus was closely connected to the economic dimension. According to this view, the increase in population was an overload for the society. Malthus' theory was disputed in many ways, especially in terms of practice. In addition, increasing population records of some countries with economic growth such as the United Kingdom, United States of America, some European countries and Japan provided apparent reasons to deny his claim. After Malthus' theory was discredited, the Population Balance Theory was strengthened. This theory implies a balance between reducing the population due to promoting population control in some Western countries, and its natural increase in other countries. Optimization of the population according to supporters of this theory is also very important. Global Population Control is done aligned to this theory. Meanwhile, Islam is on the view of increase in the population. However, it allows its temporary control to reach an overall balance in all aspects. This may vary in different circumstances of time and place. This vision is partly in line with the Population Balance Theory.