Tārīkh-i pizishkī i.e., Medical History

Background and Aim: Muslim physician’s achievements in medical ethics are derived by a special attention they have had to their own professions. This attitude has reached a special position in the history of Islamic medicine in the light of Islamic doctrine. Nowadays, their valuable heritage can be influential in regulating Muslim’s new approach towards medical ethics.

Materials and Methods: Using descriptive-analytical approach, the researchers have studied two famous physician’s works from Islamic civilization era, categorizing their ethical instructions and directives in the realm of health care and then, analyzing the findings, deducted their medical ethical principles.

Finding: The present study shows that the basis of ethical recommendations and guidelines in the works of Rohawi and Aqili Khorasani in the interaction of physician and patient in a similar framework are the following seven ethical principles: trusting in God, profit, non-harm, justice, trust, compassion and goodness

Conclusion: The compliance of the ethical principles derived from the works of these two scientists indicates that the seven principles mentioned above are the basic principles of medical ethics in the Islamic period, which doctors have emphasized on their adherence and observance.

Please cite this article as: Aghayani Chavoshi A, Olyanasab SZ. Muslim Physicians’ Approach towards Medical Ethics in Islamic Civilization Era Case study of Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahawi and Mohammad Hossein Aqili Khorasani. Med Hist J 2016; 8(28): 7-17.

Background and Aim: An Iran and India have a cultural relation from distant past, but this relation was being deeper in the Timuriyan era. Persian language entered in subcontinent in Soltan Mahmood Ghaznavids era in the end of 4th century. But it’s the pinnacle of progress was in Timuriyan era that it was changed to the official language of court and scholars, politics and religion. The wild migration of Iranian physician to Indian was a social rare phenomenon in Safavid era that created the sensible changes in the cultural, scientific and literary history of subcontinent. The aim of this study is the analysis of the Safavid era migrant physician's role in the development of persian language and literature in subcontinent.

Material and Methods: This study was conducted by investigation of the historical books of Timuriyan era and Safavid era and articles related to the subject under discussion using a descriptive-analytical method.

Findings: Some of the migrant physician were considered a part of poets classes too. The establishment of literary association for the ports by Hakim Gillany and Abdol Rahim khankhanan provided poets development. The important Persian Encyclopedia such as Jahangiri Encyclopedi, Borhan Encyclopedia and Rashidi Encyclopedia were compiled. The Persian medical books about musician, veterinary and pharmacy were compiled too.

Conclusion: Iranian physician have an important role in Indian culture and civilization in Timuriyan era. They caused the reinforcement of Persian literature by writing their works in Persian language. This event has been possible due to Timuriyan kings welcomed and their support from Iranian physician.

Please cite this article as: Eslami Fard Z, Ahmadi N, Karimi B, Ghaffari F. The Role of Safavid Immigrant Physicians in Promoting Persian Language in the Indian Subcontinent. Med Hist J 2016; 8(28): 19-26.

The era of Muslim rule in Andalusia (present-day Spain) is the Islamic blessing era, which, in various fields of science, such as medical science, offered distinguished physicians to the humanity community, such as the family of ibn Zuhr. They had a special place in medicine, and among them Abdolmalek bin Zuhr, achieved a certain reputation. He had a lot of knowledge about clinical medicine, so that he has described very well some of the diseases, such as the diseases leading to gastric cancer. He wrote valuable books, the most famous of which is Attysyr. He also had a

 Literary taste and sung the ethical poetries. This essay is preface to his thoughts and medical works that this goal was done by relying on sources such as the Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Dehkhoda's Dictionary, Ibn-Khaldun's Introduction and other books and articles and other electronic and scientific databases by descriptive-analytical method. First as a preparation has introduced his birth place, and has expressed some of his medical comments. Then has introduced his books and later has described his famous book, Attysyr. And eventually has brought some verses from his poems and explained them. The result is that Ibn Zuhr was one of the medical specialists who were compared with great figures such as Galen, Razi and Avicenna. His book, which was the result of his clinical trials and observations, was so scientific that it was taught in European universities until the 18th century.

Please cite this article as: Jalili Z. Avenzoar (Ibn Zuhr) Andalusian Famous Physician and Attysyr. Med Hist J 2016; 8(28): 27-36.

The history of every nation is part of the nation's identity as a precious heritage that must be protected. Iran has also given several thousand years of civilization heritage of science and scientists in different sciences is a huge treasure. In particular in the history of Iranian scientists in the field of medicine and pharmacy were known. In the past, Khorasan was an important area of Iran. And many physicians have left in this area. It can be said from the land of Khorasan, ITM has grown and spread to surrounding lands.

In this review study, by examining the medical history books and literature to introduce the life and works of famous sages of traditional medicine that have emerged from Khorasan region will be discussed.

The fourth and fifth centuries AH, centuries of Islam and Iranian culture and civilization are proud. In the 4th AH century, Bukhari al-Akhaweyni, wrote the first comprehensive book called Hydayat al-motealemyn in ITM and Abu Mansour Heravi, wrote the first book of Pharmacy named al-Abniyeh An-Haghyegh al-Advie. The most ancient poetic work in ITM that called Daneshname was written by Hakim Meysari. In the 5th AH century Avicenna, the greatest scholar in ITM and author of the Canon of Medicine and Neyshabouri, known as the second Hippocrates, lived in Khorasan respectively. In later centuries, following the Mongol attack of Iran, were seen a period of decline. In the Safavieh period (10th AHcentury), Hakim Yousefi Heravi wrote several medical books of poetry and Aghili Khorasani renowned physician of the 12th AHcentury, is the author of the Makhzan al-Adviye and Kholasat al-Hikmat.

Please cite this article as: Khorram Pakhouh H, Feyzabadi Z, Khodabakhsh M, Saket KH. An Overview of the Life and Works of Famous Iranian Traditional Medicine and Islam in Khorasan. Med Hist J 2016; 8(28): 37-46.

Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM); History of Medicine; Khorasan; Avicenna

Background and Aim: Medicine is a tool for generalizing the right to health. Undoubtedly, any act or maneuver that interferes with the patient's access to this vital product is punishable and criminalized. The aim of this study was to investigate the deterrence of punishment for Medicine crimes in Iran, especially in the case of smuggled and counterfeit Medicines and their distribution in society.

Materials and Methods: This research study has been prepared from related books and articles published in this regard and also using existing legal documents and valid sources.

Findings: The definition of counterfeit Medicines and smuggling is different and the ways of entering these Medicines in the community are also different and there are special laws to prevent the import of counterfeit Medicines and the manufacture of counterfeit Medicines in the country and its supply in society. The scope of many of these punishments does not deter profiteers.

Conclusion: Any Medicine that enters the country from other countries without the permission of the Ministry of Health is considered a smuggled Medicine, but it is not necessarily a counterfeit Medicine. In any case, both smuggled and counterfeit Medicines are called illegal. In the case of smuggled Medicines, despite the strictness of the law in question, in practice there is no distinction between whether the drug is counterfeit or genuine, and in many cases there is a single procedure for dealing with it, while the punishment for the supply and production of counterfeit Medicines According to rational independence, deterrence of punishments should be much greater than Medicine trafficking. The need for strict judicial and administrative oversight by the government on the supply of medicines and health products is obvious and necessary because according to the principles of human rights, medicine is a tool for generalizing the right to health and the government is committed to the Covenant on Economic, Social, Social and Cultural Rights. Prepares and makes available to the public essential and essential medicines.

Please cite this article as: Dastmardie SH, Fallah Mortezanejad SHR, Bakhtiary A, Delpadand K. Analysis of the Criminal history of the Production and Supply of Smuggled and Counterfeit Medicines in Iran. Med Hist J 2016; 8(28): 47-55.

Medical engineering is a unique combination of engineering and medical sciences that developed sciences such as biophysics and medical physics at the beginning of this century. Medical engineering knowledge can be considered as one of the oldest human achievements that has been formed over time based on trial and error method and research of world scientists. The aim of this article was to introduce the field of medical engineering in the world, Iran and the previous thousands years efforts that have provided medical engineering for us in this century. Efforts have been made for the flourishing of medical engineering since ancient times in Egypt, Greece and Iran. The growth of medical engineering knowledge in the world can be divided into ancient, medieval and modern times. The knowledge of medical engineering in ancient times was mainly wooden handicrafts that were used to eliminate the defects of human organs. In the late 16th century, the construction of the world's first microscope greatly contributed to the science of microbiology. In fact, the great progress of medical engineering owes much to scientists and physicians, including Antoine Leon Hook, René Lynck, Avicenna and others which have dedicated chapters to the health and treatment of diseases in their works. Also in the Genius of the East, Avicenna's innovations in treating patients with the help of hand-made tools of this prominent Iranian scientist are discussed. Throughout the history of Iran, there have been tools made by medical engineering in the field of medicine, dentistry and physiotherapy, also and in the field of treatment, various treatments have been performed in ancient Iran. It can be claimed that medical engineering knowledge in Iran, has a long history like other countries in the world, but the peak of advancement in medical engineering knowledge has occurred in the present era and has made significant progress in this field, such as the use of surgical robots, the use of nanorobots for treatment, treatment and follow-up of specialized examinations, etc.

Please cite this article as: Mahmoudpour J. History of Medical Engineering in the World and Iran. Med Hist J 2016; 8(28): 57-71.

There is a small number of binding international documents on the issue of the right to receive medical assistance in response to natural and man-made disasters. In recent years, however, soft law instruments have been developed in this area, including the draft articles on the protection of persons in the event of a disaster, adopted by the UNHCR, the UN Guidelines on Internal Displacement, and the Code of Conduct for the Red Cross. And mention the Red Crescent and the humanitarian charter and the minimum standards in response to disasters. Although these documents are not binding, they can play an important role in creating convergence and coordination among international actors to provide medical assistance. Simply put, these non-binding documents play a role in the process of shaping international customs. On the other hand, in drafting articles on the protection of persons in the event of a disaster, the International Law Commission has taken into account the importance of non-binding standards and norms to develop an internationally acceptable legal framework for the protection of victims of disasters. Given this importance, in the present study, in order to better understand the principles and standards related to humanitarian aid, we should examine the provisions of these documents.

Please cite this article as: Alizadeh Y, Masoudinia M, Rostami S, Beyranvand F. Developments in the Principle of the Right to Receive Medical Assistance in the Event of Disasters in the Light of International Soft Law. Med Hist J 2016; 8(28): 85-103.