Tārīkh-i pizishkī i.e., Medical History

سلامت معنوی به ‌گونه‌ای مضاعف ما را به درون و دل راهنمایی می‌کند. امر معنوی در ذات و طبیعت خود امری درونی است، اما همین امر معنوی در ساحت عرفان مطرح می‌شود که آن نیز در ذات و طبیعت خود امری درونی و یا غیبی است. در واقع عرفان نوعی معرفت است که بیشتر از مقوله ادراک درونی یا کشف و شهود می‌باشد، نوعی الهام درونی و نوعی دریافت درونی است. این دریافت پس از سلوک و مجاهدت با روشی ویژه حاصل می‌شود و کم‌تر آموختنی است، در حالی که علم و فلسفه و کلام و فقه را می‌توان آموخت.

عارف پس از تربیت و تهذیب نفس به معرفت درونی دست می‌یابد و ممکن است حتی از علوم ظاهر هم، چندان بهره‌ای نداشته باشد. عین‌القضات (525-492 ق.) درباره‌ یکی از استادان خود به‌ نام برکه می‌گوید:

«ای دوست، برکه جز «الحمدلله» اعنی فاتحة‌الکتاب و سورتی چند از قرآن یاد ندارد و آن نیز به شرط، بَر نتواند خواندن و «قال یقول» نداند که چه بود و اگر راست پرسی حدیث موزون به زبان همدانی هم نداند کردن، ولیکن من می‌دانم که قرآن او داند درست و من نمی‌دانم الا بعضی از آن و آن بعض هم نه از راه تفسیر و غیر آن بدانسته‌ام، از راه خدمت او دانسته‌ام.»

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Please cite this article as:

Feiz SR. (2016). Spiritual health in the realm of conscience. J Med History. 7(25):7-10.

Background: The world’s elderly population is the fastest growing age group especially in developing countries such as Iran. In spite of studies about health of older people, there are a few studies about exploration of spiritual well-being of older people. This study was conducted to understand and gain deeper insight into Iranian older people lived experiences of spiritual well-being.

Method: A qualitative research design based on van Manens phenomenological methodology developed. In-depth open ended interviews used to collect the data from 16 older people that selected based on purposeful sampling of workplace, park and cultural center. Research activities of van Manens methodology used for analysis of verbatim transcripts. Trustworthiness of qualitative data is confirmed by criteria’s of credibility, conformability, dependability and transferability.

Results: Three themes favor of God, hope, and calm, were emerged which the phenomenon of spiritual well-being could be illustrated. The favor of God was included sub themes of health as favor, authority of God and being responsible. The hope was included sub themes of being feeled, overcome on disappointments, and beautiful mind. The calm was included sub themes of spiritual well-being as interstices believe and behavioral symbol of it.

Conclusion: The spiritual well-being is of main domains of health in older people. The spiritual well being is in close relationship with beliefs and religions of older peoples. It provides goal and direction for health and lives of older people. These findings must consider in promotion health of older person.

Please cite this article as:

Darvishpoor Kakhki, A. (2016). Spiritual well-being in the Iranian older people: A qualitative study. J Med History. 7(25): 11-32.

Background: According to the young population of Iran and growing changes in the concept of health and life patterns in Iranian society, this study investigates the relationship between spiritual health as an important factor in health, with three dimensions of mental health (stress, anxiety and depression).

Method: The present study is the correlation type. The population of this research includes undergraduate students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. , 400 subjects were selected among them by random cluster sampling method. To collect the data, beliefs and spiritual behaviors Questionnaire (Salehi Fadardi et al., under publication) and DAS 21 Questionnaire (Lavybnd and Lavybnd, 1995) is used. Data analysis is done based on correlation through SPSS 22 software.

Results: there is a significant positive relationship between spiritual health and mental health (01 / 0P≤). Furthermore it has been observed a negative correlation between spiritual health and mental problems (stress, anxiety and depression) in male and female students separately.

Conclusion: This study shows that whatever students have a higher spiritual health, stress, anxiety and depression are lower, and therefore they have better mental health.

Background: Health definition offered by World Health Organization emphasizes the spiritual aspect of human beings in addition to his physiological dimensions. Regarding the loss of any consensual agreement on the concept of spirituality, authors of the present article believe that typology of the spirituality perceptions as they are understood by the main actors of the medical care system can be supposed as a critical entry in the conceptual explanation of spirituality.

Method: Participators of the study include physicians, nurses, instructors of the medical ethics, social workers, hospital managements, patients and their visitors who were engaged in hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. They were selected purposefully. Required qualitative data was gathered through investigation of formal documents as well as interviews. Data analysis has been done on the basis of qualitative data analysis procedures.

Results: Among those providing cure services, spirituality was perceived in the forms of "sacred ontology-based spirituality", "transcendental spirituality" and "horizontal spirituality". On the other hand, those receiving cure services understood spirituality as "ritual spirituality", "cultural-conventional spirituality" and "legal right-oriented spirituality" as well. While in the "sacred ontology-based spirituality" God’s doings as well as His orders are supposed to be as the ultimate sources of meaning, motivations placed behind any given action are highly emphasized in "transcendental spirituality". "Horizontal spirituality" and spirituality types identified among those receiving cure services are generally oriented toward cultural conventional combination of vertical as well as social bases of meaning.

Conclusion: Interconnectedness of spirituality and ethics have significant implications in their institutionalizations in medical relationships in the cultural context of Iranian society. Social actors suppose various representations as the evidences of spirituality. Yet, spirituality can promote the spirit of human if only it includes non-material elements oriented toward "ideal observer". Under such a deep comprehensive understanding of spirituality one’s spirit can be released from implausible "dualities" such as death-life duality common to modern socialization and experience "unity" through application of the concepts like "philosophy of health and sickness" and "meaningfulness of existence". Achievement of mentioned multidimensional insight and its application as well require a basic reform in the procedures of modern socialization in which death is absolutely marginalized and various kinds of mechanisms are applied so that it can mentally be neglected. Mentioned mechanisms lose their utilities in the circumstances of sickness and leave patients alone in the process of rational intellectual meaning constructing of health, death and sickness as well.

Please cite this article as:

Tavakol, M. Ekhlasi, E. Tabei, SE. (2016). A Typology of Spirituality - related Perceptions among Actors of the Medical Care System. J Med History. 7(25): 51-100.

Self-esteem is one of the most basic issues of human life that has a direct impact on the success of his defeats and in the Islamic educational system is as an educational aim, to lead the human to the correct education and mental health. The purpose of this paper is to study educational methods of parents in building self-esteem in children, from the perspective of Quran and Hadith and investigate its effectiveness in their spiritual health.

After examining the original sources of Islamic states that self-esteem is one of the components to achieve mental peace. A person, who has Self-esteem, has faith to his Values, ability, and success and is able to take steps for his individual and social developments and finally live in peace and good health. Quran and Hadith have drawn many strategies that the parents are able to use them in Education and self-esteem of their child, Including: love, good name, and respect. This study shows that Utilizing these strategies, objectives and tasks of moral-Islamic education that will lead to mental health.

Please cite this article as:

Goli, M. (2016). Parents’ role on fostering of children and their spiritual health from Islamic view. J Med History. 7(25): 101-128.

Background: Nursing profession has an important role in providing health services and Psychological well-being of nurses is associated with an improvement in job performance. Also family and spiritual factors could have an important role in psychological wellbeing. Thus the aim of current research is to determine the role of family health and spiritual health in psychological wellbeing of nurses.

Method: The research method is Correlation study. The number of 120 nurses from hospitals of Bojnord in 2013, were selected through an available sampling method and responded to family of origin scale, palutzian and Ellison’s spiritual health questionnaire and riff’s psychological wellbeing scale. The gathered data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression.

Results: Results showed that there exist a positive and significant relation between family health and its components, i.e. autonomy and intimacy with psychological wellbeing respectively, with a correlation coefficient 0.34, 0.29 and 0.36. Also there exist a positive and significant relation between spiritual health and its components, i.e. religious health and existential health with psychological wellbeing respectively, with a correlation coefficient 0.52, 0.44 and 0.51 (P>0.001). The results of regression analysis showed that the predicting variables could significantly predict 31 Percent of variance of psychological wellbeing (P>0.001).

Conclusion: The results of current research implies the importance of perceived characteristic of family and spiritual health in psychological wellbeing of nurses. Thus, in programs that is based on the promotion of mental health of nurses, these factors should be taken into consideration.

Please cite this article as:

Sotoodeh, H. Shakerinia, I. Ghasemi Jobaneh, R. Kheyrati, M. Hoseini Seddigh, M. (2016). Role of Family Health and Spiritual health on Nurses Psychological Wellbeing. J Med History. 7(25): 161-184.

Background: Organizational commitment is defined as the accepting of organizational values and trying to operate them. Many factors can affect the organizational commitment. This study examined the relationship between religious beliefs and organizational commitment among nurses in teaching hospitals of Yazd.

Method: This analytical and applied research was done through cross-sectional method during 2012-2013. A total of 241 nurses from 2 hospitals of Yazd city (Shahid Sadoughi and Shahid Rahnemoon) contributed in the study. Required data was gathered by 2 valid questionnaires including Golriz Baraheni's religious beliefs and Allen & Meyer's organizational commitment questionnaires. Data analysis was done by using SPSS 19 and trough descriptive statistics, T-Test and Pearson's correlation coefficient.

Results: The mean of religious beliefs among studied group was 79.20±10.55. Also, 97.5% of them were rated as excellent and good with regard to religious beliefs situation. The means of organizational commitment and its 3 dimensions including affective, continuance and normative commitment were calculated as 46.32±12.11, 17.88±5.07, 12.73±6.02, 16.13±4.39, respectively. Also, religious beliefs had the statistical positive correlation with organizational commitment (p=0.00) and its dimensions including affective commitment (p=0.05), continuance commitment (p=0.02) and normative commitment (p=0.00).

Conclusion: Based on the findings, hospitals are able to improve their employees' organizational commitment trough developing of spiritual environment and deepening of religious beliefs which will lead to organizational performance improvement.

Please cite this article as:

Bahrami, MA. Ghasemipanah, F. Montazeralfaraj, R. Dehghani Tafti, A. Chamanara, K. Entezarian Ardekani, S. Barati, O. (2016). The relationship between religious beliefs and organizational commitment among nurses in teaching hospitals of Yazd. J Med History. 7(25): 185-207.

Human remains of diverse events in a world today, like social, environmental, occupational, familial, and suffering setbacks. However, the welfare of technological progress, the spirit of seeking comfort and reduce the capacity of him. So the prayer in the Holy Quran referred to the assistance of patience. Therefore, it is important to addressing the above issues in order to achieve peace and spiritual health. This article has a descriptive analytical method, with the Qur'anic approach that confirmed the validity after reading various books and religious texts and analyzed the Patience role in the treatment of human stress and achieve tranquility and spiritual health.

The findings show that the patience along with the effective prayer is effective. In fact, if you are looking at God's patience may help in the treatment of human stress. Patience in the Quran is an aid for the treatment of stress that you face off many roles like controlling human instincts and her anger control, coping role; that stress and psychological pressure on people entering the deal, Role in building and strengthening; so it can hope to create satisfaction and happiness in human beings.