Tārīkh-i pizishkī i.e., Medical History

Background and Aim: The most compelling evidence for the inclusion of traditional and complementary medicine in the area of the right to health is General Comment NO.14 of the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Lack of effective implementation of national policies and soft law in traditional and complementary medicine is harmful to many societies and impedes the realization of fundamental human rights. This paper analyzes the inclusion of traditional and complementary rights in the domain of the right to health and its place in the WHO's strategic plans and the UN International Documents.Does the theory of health right include traditional and complementary medicine and is it hard or soft in international documents? In response to the questions raised, some of the shortcomings of the policy and regulations of traditional and complementary medicine are addressed.

Materials and Methods: This research is based on a descriptive-analytical method and is based on valid library documents and resources. The theoretical framework of research is justice-based rights.

Findings: The transformation is evident in the scope of the right to health and the inclusion of traditional and complementary medicine that relate to the effective enjoyment of the highest standard of attainable health. Although traditional and complementary medicine is clearly within the scope of international human rights law for health, explicit expression of its right can assist in achieving the goal of the World Health Organization in improving fair, effective and quality access to traditional and safe complementary medicine. Conclusion: None of the international treaties explicitly prohibit traditional and complementary medicine. In international human rights law, the right to health as set forth in mandatory legal treaties does not explicitly include the right to use traditional and complementary medicine. The analysis of these cases provides evidence for establishing a legal basis for the inclusion of traditional and complementary medicine in the international human rights framework regarding the right to health. And proposes that the international community regulate an explicit and statutory right in the form of an internationally binding (hard rights) document on traditional and complementary medicine.

Please cite this article as: Ghanbari MA, Delpasand K, Ghanbari A. Inclusion of Traditional and Complementary Medicine in the United Nations Strategy and the World Health Organization. Med Hist J 2020; 11(41): 7-22.

Background and Aim: The relationship between soul and body is one of the controversial topics in the science of self-knowledge among thinkers. Mulla Sadra’s belief is aligned with many of the principles of the Peripatetics. In the category of the relationship between soul and body, he appointed some principles with the titles: the originality of existence, hesitation in existence, scattered motion, the combination of matter and form and the unity of soul and power.

Materials and Methods: This study is based on a descriptive-analytic library study.

Findings: Mulla Sadra proves the relationship between soul and body with the above principles. Mulla Sadra’s philosophy is based on the principle of "existence" and its distinction from "nature". The question of "existence" is understandable for all with the knowledge by presence and personal perception and it’s "nature" and "existence" that makes difference, the existence is certainly real and nature is definitely relative. Javadi Amoli believes that the truth of existence is unique. If this fact is reveal by the clear or hidden address, reduces the number of options. Tabatabai believes that the soul is an existential matter that having alliance with body besides having independency, somehow that human from the moment of the creation accept various forms and having a life that participate in with intelligence and will.

Conclusion: it is deduced These three thinkers believes that the relationship between soul and body is unit and continuous that shows their union.

Please cite this article as: Rajabnejad MR, Majidi A. Investigating the Relationship between the Soul and Body from the Point of View of the Iranian Thinkers (Mulla Sadra, Javadi Amoli and Tabatabai). Med Hist J 2020; 11(41): 23-32.

One of the branches of medicine is ophthalmology, where Muslim doctors have written many works in the field and have treated a variety of eye diseases. Mohammad bin Zakaria Razi (d. 31 AH) is one of these physicians who, contrary to the view of some medical history writers and researchers, has been a pioneer in the art.

According to the research, Razi ophthalmology has not been studied separately so far and has only been mentioned in books and articles. However, he devoted the second part of the book "Alhavi" to ophthalmology and wrote articles in this field that have been lost. The purpose of this study is to identify the role of the secret in ophthalmology.

In this descriptive-analytical paper, citing the available evidence, the role and status of Razi has been revealed through the study of his works. The findings show that Razi has published books, dissertations, and articles in science fiction, fully encompassing medical knowledge, eye diseases, eye medications, as well as numerous guidelines for their manufacture and methods of treatment.

Please cite this article as: Mahdavian T, Mahdavian M. Razi Ophthalmology. Med Hist J 2020; 11(41): 33-41.

Background and Aim: The growth and development of medical science in Islamic civilization is not only due to Muslim physicians, as non-Muslim physicians have also contributed to the formation and flourishing of this science. Investigating the contribution of non-Muslim physicians in Islamic medicine is possible through a quantitative and qualitative study of their work in the three areas of translation, Compilation, and innovation.

Material and Methods: The data of this study were collected through library method and analyzed by descriptive and statistical methods. Based on biographical books and other authentic historical sources, the works of non-Muslim physicians are categorized, analyzed in three areas of translation, Compilation and innovation, and then Using the table and chart their numbers are obtained.

Findings: According to the findings of this study, out of a total of 200 medical books surviving on the ancient heritage of medicine, nearly 180 of its titles have been translated into Arabic by non-Muslim physicians in the first Islamic centuries. Accordingly, about 300 works of total 850 outstanding medical compilations in the Islamic civilization of the period mentioned had been related to non-Muslim physicians. In the field of innovation, 7 titles of total 35 titles of outstanding medical invention have been registered as non-Muslim physicians.

Conclusion: Non-Muslim physicians, with more translations of Greek and others' medical texts, played a significant role in acquainting Muslims with medical science in the first Islamic centuries. They also contributed to the growth and prosperity of medical science in Islamic civilization by writing one-third of medical works.In the field of innovation, only 7 inventions of 35 outstanding and important medical inventions were the result of the efforts of non-Muslim physicians. In general, it can be said that the main role of non-Muslim physicians in translating medical works has been more than any other field.

Please cite this article as: Shourcheh B, Panjeh M. The Role of Non-Muslim Physicians in the Formation and Development of Medicine in Islamic Civilization: A Statistical Study. Med Hist J 2020; 11(41): 43-51.

Background and Aim: Historically, one of the earliest descriptions of breast cancer was taken from the Egyptian version of the "Edwin Smith Papyrus" Egyptian pyramid. However, apart from documents of antiquity, Ibn Sina's concept and perspective on cancer and especially breast cancer is interesting and unique because it was the first person in human history to have spoken correctly about cancer.

Materials and Methods: In this review study, Magiran, SID, Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed databases were searched. Iranian published articles were searched using the keywords Abouli Sina, Breast Cancer and Cancer and English articles were searched for keywords Avicenna, Breast Cancer, Neoplasm. The book is considered the Medieval Medical Encyclopedia of Medicine, compiled by Ibn Sina. The book consists of five separate volumes, containing medical and pharmaceutical knowledge. We also focused on the third and fourth volumes of this exquisite volume of medical information that examined the scientist's views on breast cancer.

Findings: Ibn Sina in Chapter 8 of Part II of Volume 4 of "The Canon of Medicine" describes a breast cancer patient who had previously undergone mastectomy and presented his case report as a scientific finding and put forward his hypothesis. It rises. His theory of early-stage surgery for breast cancer and post-surgical patient recovery when there is no metastasis raises the hypothesis of metastasis of primary origin.

Conclusion: Ibn Sina was undoubtedly the pioneer of medical science in his time. However, many of his medical concepts have not yet been discovered. Therefore, comprehensive research on these medieval documents, apart from historical explanation, may lead to many successful medical and pharmaceutical approaches to advancement in medical science.

Please cite this article as: Moayeri H, Gholamveisi B. Ibn Sina's View of Breast Cancer Treatment: A Modern View of the Past. Med Hist J 2020; 11(41): 53-60.

Background and Aim: In Guilan, during Qajar era many associations established with different functions. Baladieh association was one of these. Lack of health centers, Lack of training health principles and humid climate of Guilan lead to much death inthis region, annually. The aim of this research is study the health functions of Guilan Baladieh Association in Mushroomed era (with emphasis on Rasht Baladieh Association).

Materials and Methods: This research is done using library references and Mashroote newspapers via data descriptions and analysis and include mashroote era, from 1906-1911.

Findings: The Guilan Baladieh Association in the Mashroote era, for the first time, many carried out many public health’s via the Baladieh (municipal) elections and establishment of the Baladieh and the establishment of a sanitation association in many cities of Guilan. The findings showed that, with the supervision and cooperation of the Baladieh Association with Baladieh Guilan, measures such as paving muddy streets, cleaning public baths, and implementing public health in food preparation and storage centers such as meat, ice, and so on.., also oversees pharmacies and the work of physicians in the Mashroote era. The establishment and establishment of the Sanitation Association, in collaboration with the Provincial and Baladiya Association, played a major role in health care such as vaccination even in remote villages of Guilan. Inviting people to embrace modern medicine by sending Hafiz al-Sahwah agents to various areas, establishing a quarantine station, and inserting medical announcements regarding the introduction of doctors are other important health functions of the Baladiyah Guilan Association in the Mashroote era.

Conclusion: Holding elections for the Raleigh Baladieh Association with the participation of people from different localities in Rasht and electing representatives of the Rasht neighborhoods, led the Baladieh Guilan Association to provide valuable health care in the constitutional era, relying on its grassroots base as the first regional health supervisor. He did it in Guilan.

Please cite this article as: Esmailzadeh A, Moradi MH. Health Functions of Guilan Baladieh Association in Mashroote Era (With Emphasis on Rasht Baladieh Association). Med Hist J 2020; 11(41): 61-69.

The subject of spices and medicines is one of the noticeable topics of ancient medicine and almost all the authors of medical works have devoted a part of their work to this subject. Andalusia was one of the territories where doctors assigned particular attention to pharmacology and drug addiction topic. One of the most important influencing factors on doctor’s attention to multifunction of medicine was the admittance a copy of Discouridus, Greek wise to that region. One of the most famous pharmacies of Andalusia and word of Islam is Ibn al-Baytar, who considered him as rightful substitute to Discouridus. He read the Discouridus Genesis book and it made good use of that. Ibn al-Baytar was one of the few scientists who traveled to various places to collect plan he, alongside this valuable research. Studied the Andalusian writings and writings with great car. This article reviews a lot of book and articles about an important person like Ibn al-Baytar and could collect issues of his biography and work and typewrite it.

Please cite this article as: Derakhshan L, Rajabnejad MR. Ibn al-Baytar, Pharmacist of Andalusian Islamic Civilization. Med Hist J 2020; 11(41): 71-79.

One of the most glorious historical periods of ancient Rome is the era of the reign of several Roman emperors between 192 to 196 AD. known as the Golden Age of the Roman Empire. During the reign of Antonius, several successive kings, namely, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius, Marcus Aurelius, and Commodus, took political power. With the exception of Commodus, all of these people did their best to develop the prosperity, administration and the welfare of the people of the empire. It is at this glorious era that scholars and scientists such as Galen emerged. The essence of this article sheds some light on the demise of Trajan in 117 AD. in Cappadocia, Anatolia, due to an unknown disease after the occurrence of the winter earthquake of 115 AD. which devastated the city of Antioch to the ground. Subsequently, the article addresses the plague of 165 AD. which broke out during the reign of Marcus Aurelius (161-180 AD.) and prevailed to the last years of his reign to the extent that this pandemic wreaked havoc on his emperor. In this article, we try to examine the plague outbreak during the era of Antonius or Galen and its consequences on the societies and peoples of the Roman Empire and adjacent regions such as Syria, Mesopotamia, the Mediterranean, parts of the Parthian Empire, as well as the role of Galen in the epidemic. This epidemic continued until 189 AD in Mesopotamia, Iran, and the eastern part of the Roman Empire, and suddenly disappeared. In this study, we examine the prevalence of this epidemic, which is probably smallpox, and the possible causes of this disease and its consequences.

Please cite this article as: Seyyed Ahmadi Zaviyeh SF, Golshani SAR. Recognition of the Outbreak of Deadly Diseases of the Antonine or Galen Era in the Second Century AD (96-192 AD). Med Hist J 2020; 11(41): 81-92.