Tārīkh-i pizishkī i.e., Medical History

Background and Aim: In the Shia dynamic jurisprudence, equality in many matters has been considered for women. Many people have mistaken beliefs about the male guardianship of a woman and regard the affairs of the woman as subject to the permission of her husband. She is the woman herself. The only exception is surgery that may cause infertility and has no therapeutic indication.

Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive-analytic study.

Ethical considerations: Honesty and trustworthiness were observed in presenting and publishing reports.

Findings: Unfortunately, in our current health system, there are misconceptions about obtaining consent from the patient's spouse in all therapeutic processes that not only have no juridical status but also have no legal status and even in many cases are contrary to the laws.

Conclusion: Spouse consent has no legal basis and no legal value in lawsuits. The only exception to cases that lead to infertility is the need to obtain the consent of the spouse if there is no life-threatening condition.

Please cite this article as: Delpasand K, Firouzabadi Z, Ghanbari A. The Position of Women in Treatment and Consent to Initiate Therapeutic Interventions. Med Hist J 2019; 11(39): 7-13.

Background and Aim: Iran is among the countries that has been the destination of many travelers especially in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Therfore the aim of this study to investigating the Health and Medical Status of the Qajar Period from the Point of View of Travel Writers.

Materials and Methods: This is a review through access to reliable sources in the form of an article descriptive Health and Medical Status of the Qajar Period from the Point of View of Travel Writers Using the appropriate keywords including "Qajar", "Travel Writers", "Health" and electronic search in SIDs, Google scholar, Pubmed and hand search in credible sources of library information, and focused on the research goal of the study of health and medical status during the Qajar period.

Findings: In general, the angle of view of internal observers and foreign travelers in relation to health (prevention and treatment of diseases, public health) in Qajar is influenced by traditional religious beliefs and in most current travel logs the medicine and public health status in terms of drinking water, Bathing, treating illnesses, the health status of passages and personal health of Iranians during the Qajar period was not appropriate.

Conclusion: The travelers who wrote their memoirs on the trip to Iran during the Qajar period provided a clear picture of the social situation, administrative organization, traditions and traditions of the Iranian people of that time. These travelogues are one of the most important historical and anthropological sources that provide us with useful information about Iranian culture and history of that period.

Please cite this article as: Khodarezaye A, Mahmoodi SA, Motevali A, Farazi AA. Investigating the Health and Medical Status of the Qajar Period from the Point of View of Travel Writers. Med Hist J 2019; 11(39): 15-30.

Background and Aim: Muslim doctors have studied a lot about patients' knowledge and ways of treating them and presented new and new ways to Islamic civilization. Cancer is one of the most important illnesses that Muslim doctors have studied in a specialized way and presented a variety of ways to treat it. These doctors have also described cancer types.

Materials and Methods: Using a review, library and referring to the first sources in Islamic medicine, methods for treating cancer were extracted and evaluated.

Findings: The most important ways of treating the condition presented by Muslim physicians are: 1. Congestion (drug suppository); 2. Vomiting (emptying of the body of toxins); 3. Avoid spreading and keeping Diseases of the same size; 4. Types of surgery including: Perfection (complete splitting of the main vessels to remove a certain amount of blood from the depths of the body to drain the toxins); 5. Cutting and killing (hotting). In this paper, various methods for treating cancer are investigated by research and examination in Islamic medicine.

Conclusion: Muslim doctors had made some progress in identifying and treating cancer. Therapeutic procedures were applied in accordance with the conditions of the patient by Muslim doctors.

Please cite this article as: Mohammadzadeh Mazinan E, Rouhi AR. Cancer Treatment Methodology in Islamic Medical Texts (3rd to 6th Century AH). Med Hist J 2019; 11(39): 31-43.

Background and Aim: In traditional medicine, the liver is known as a member of the strategy in the body. Related diseases in this organ include heat, cold, dryness and hypertrophy of the liver, inflammation of the liver and swelling of the liver, but in classic medicine these include fatty liver, jaundice and hepatitis.

Materials and Methods: Provide a list of traditional herbs that can be used in the treatment of hepatic diseases in classical medicine. In this regard, two traditional and new sources have been used, such as the books of Makhzan al-Adviyah and Taghvim al-Abadan and the scientific names of these plants have been identified from reliable sources. Also, the herbs of classical medicine were identified from authoritative articles.

Findings: In this paper, 112 and 78 species of medicinal plants are introduced in the book of Makhzan al-Adviyah andTaghvim al-Abadan. By examining some herbs that are useful for classical liver disease, some species are important in this article. Compared to traditional and classical medicinal species, common species include Chichorium intybus, Aloe and Hypericum.

Conclusion: Despite the enormous resources of traditional herbs that are useful for the liver, unfortunately, there are very few herbal remedies are known and used in the world that this paper has attempted to introduce into classical medicine.

Please cite this article as: Rabizadeh F. Introducing Useful Medicinal Plants for Liver Diseases with the Use of Traditional and Classical Refrences. Med Hist J 2019; 11(39): 45-62.

Background and Aim: One of the first sciences that attracted and expanded the attention of Muslims was medicine, since medical science deals with the lives and souls of human beings and in most human civilizations, was of dignity and importance. It was considered a sacred profession; it was expected that physicians would combine moral fitness with professional ability. The history of medicine in Iran and Islam testifies that medical ethics has always been the focus of successful, popular and renowned physicians. The purpose of this study is to introduce the true indicators of an idealized physician and sample from the perspective of a number of prominent and respected Islamic Iran monks in the early Islamic centuries.
Materials and Methods: This article is a descriptive-analytical one and with the help of library resources, a case study of medical books of five Iranian companions of the third to fifth centuries AH, namely: Ibn Raben Tabari, Zakaria Razi, Magusi Ahvazi, Bu Ali Sina and Hakim Jorjani examines the criteria of the sample physician.
Ethical Considerations: When referring to the texts, honesty and trustworthiness, reference to the texts used avoidance of bias in deducing the texts or analysis is observed.
Findings: The results of this study show that the practice of ethical and professional principles of medicine among Iranian Muslim physicians is considered as the most important attribute and condition for medical practitioners. God, trust, tolerance, preservation of medical secrets, goodwill, hope, patient communication and good behavior, religious conviction and so on have been emphasized and recommended.
Conclusion: Doctors, also known as sages, historically emphasize the following principles: Good physician attitudes and their impact on patient care, presence on the sick bed and respect for him, observance of piety and religiosity, avoidance of corruption, etc. As a condition of ethical culture they have insisted on medical science. The results show that the two principles of ethics and conscience, as well as medical specialty, have been a common theme of most Iranian and Muslim monks in the middle ages of Islamic Iran.

Please cite this article as: Akbari M, Ashrafi A, Salim MN. Characteristics of an Ideal Physician from the Perspective of Iranian Muslim Doctors. Med Hist J 2019; 11(39): 63-72.

Background and Aim: Despite the introduction of new medical and therapeutic methods in the medical history of the Qajar period, Traditional medicine continued to live alongside it Traditional therapists continued to work One of the traditional therapeutic groups was the Dallak and barbers This group has had an active presence in the Qajar era health and medical services so that in addition to the usual barber activities and Dallak: They also did health care

Materials and Methods: The present study is based on a descriptive-analytical method and through gathering research receipts from library sources

Findings: According to studies, despite the advent of modern Western medicine in the Qajar period, traditional medicine continued to provide health care to Iranians in various groups due to its long history and history  Dallak and Barber were from this spectrum that did things outside their primary profession it was a hairdresser  Including the health care provided by Dallak and Barber it was done Cupping, blood sampling, surgery, dental, smallpox and circumcision although not free of activities Dallak and Barber Of the dangers and a lot of attention on Qajar to Western medicine, Dallak and Barber They were welcomed by the community and the public

Conclusion: Qajar-era community embraces health services Dallak and Barber together with modern medicine, this group provided many health services to people, especially the middle and lower classes of society and it was accepted by the general public  The reason for this attraction and acceptance In addition to psychological and sociological reasons, there were also social and economic factors of course, the field of activity Dallak and Barber Injuries such as the spread of contagious and dangerous diseases through contaminated equipment and lack of proper hygiene at work

Please cite this article as: Khakrnd SH, Karimi Z. The Role of Dallak and Barber in Qajar Periodical Health Care. Med Hist J 2019; 11(39): 73-87.

Background and Aim: Anywhere the name of civilization shines, there is no doubt that medicine and pharmacy are in its old age and its magnitude is on its side. The great civilizations have always had a curative pharmacy. Among ancient civilizations, Egypt has always been one of the medical and pharmaceutical forms. Perhaps this development can be attributed to their view of life after death and life after eternal death. The eight ancient Egyptian medical books of papyrus contain pharmaceutical materials, among which Papyrus of the Abyss contains about 700 drugs and more than 800 orders for the manufacture of medicine, the largest number of medicines and construction. Of course, in non-medical texts, there are also a variety of medications.

Materials and Methods: This study aims to investigate the methods of drug treatment in ancient Egypt, which is based on library research methodology, based on medical history sources.

Findings: The drugs used in Egypt were 3 herbal, animal and mineral species. Medications at that time were used in 5 ways: oral, anal, vaginal, topical and oral. 70% of medications were used in the mouth and in fact digestive. Medications were prescribed to patients by a carrier, these carriers or preservatives were: water, honey, milk, oil, fat, wine and beer. They increased the effectiveness of the drug or made the use enjoyable. Ancient mice used drugs in various forms: rhizome tablets, jelly, liquid compounds, inhalers, intact and waxy and injectable. They used drugs that were known to be beneficial in cases of impotence, aging, infections, and so on.

Conclusion: The eight ancient Egyptian medical books of Papyrus contain drugs that have been underestimated. The eight ancient Egyptian medical books of Papyrus contain drugs that have been underestimated. In addition, studying medical and non-medical references concerning ancient Egyptian and finding the methods of treatment using the drugs used at that period may significantly help the humanity, medicine community and pharmacology in the field of treatment and production of natural drugs with herbal, animal, mineral origin without chemical drugs causing many side effects for the patients.

Please cite this article as: Rajabnejad MR, Pakzad AR, Pakzad P. Pharmacology and Therapies in Ancient Egypt. Med Hist J 2019; 10(37): 89-95.

Background and Aim: Health is one of the most important issues in any society; this issue has emerged In Iraq in the Abbasid period in various fields of nutrition, water and environmental health and various and interesting solutions have been developed in this field.

Materials and methods: The present study is based on descriptive-analytical method and by collecting research files from library sources.

Findings: The findings show that during the Abbasid period in the Iraqi region, measures were taken to prevent food spoilage, such as the use of ice, salting, drying of fruits and some foods. Also, in the court of the Abbasid caliphs, there was a schedule for the consumption of food and food was served at different meals and according to schedule and they have taken steps to provide safe drinking water. In the field of environmental health, measures such as using water for washing, toilet, digging sewage wells, etc. has been done.

Conclusion: The results of this study show that in the Iraqi region during the Abbasid period, especially the city of Baghdad, health measures such as food hygiene, hygiene in terms of drinking water supply and environmental health, including the condition of bathrooms, toilets, sewers, etc. Has been done; but most of the health, nutrition, water and environmental issues have improved living conditions in the caliphate's court, and despite some efforts to improve public health, the health of centers such as prisons during the Abbasid period in Iraq, especially Baghdad, has been described as very unsatisfactory.

Please cite this article as: Bineshifar F, Karimi Z. Health Status (Nutrition, Water, Environment) in the Iraq Region in Abbasid Period. Med Hist J 2019; 10(37): 97-108.