Tārīkh-i pizishkī i.e., Medical History

Background and Aim: Among the fruits of the Constitutional Revolution and the fighters of freedom, their efforts and their efforts in improving social life through the provision of needs, especially in the field of public health and treatment. Therefore, after the approval of Baldia's law and consideration of its materials on public health and treatment, the establishment of this institution was provided in Tehran and other cities, including Shiraz, and played an important role in improving health through the actions that Beldieh performed in the field of treatment. It was public. The research suggests that in the absence of any health care institution in Shiraz, besides the English Hospital of Merselin, the activities of the Baladiyah of Shiraz between the years 1306 to 1332 should be considered.

Materials and Method: The main focus of this study is on unpublished documents of the National Library and Archives of Iran and documents of the Church Propaganda Association at Birmingham University. Is the research methodology is described with the analysis and method of collecting library and document information.

Findings: Before the establishment of the institution that was the health care provider of the country, the Baldia Health Administration under the Health Administration of the whole country played a major role in the healthcare sector, including Shiraz.

Conclusion: Investigating the documents and activities of Baldieh during the study period showed that this institute played an important role in the control of contagious diseases before the beginning of the water plumbing system in Shiraz. In addition, Baldia has played an important role in the treatment of diseases caused by the effects of the Second World War in Fars, with the establishment of some medical institutions, especially the Saadi Hospital.

Please cite this article as: Heidari S, Zarrabie B. Investigating the Role of Baldia (City Hall) Shiraz in Providing Health Care Services in Fars (1927-1953). Med Hist J 2018; 10(34): 7-21.

Drug and pharmacy are in close relation with medical sciences. However, with increasing the number of foreign doctors in Iran and especially in court of king and establishment of Iranian Dar al-Fonoun School and training of medicines branches and pharmacy, attention to foreign drugs (chemical drugs) has increased, with more prevalence of foreign medicines from the late Qajar period, trend of drug import into the country has increased dramatically. But the documents related to commercial advertising and the introduction of chemical drugs for use in Iran have not remained or have not come to our attention.

This research is based on Historical documentary method.This non-date date new found brochure (letterpress printing) refers to the introduction of 23 products (Includes Brands: "Kepler", "Hazeline Snow", "Bivo", "Tabloid", "Gingament", "Soloid", "Wellcom") from famous and well-known, i.e Burroughs Wellcome & co, for use in Iran. At the time of publication of this brochure, the company had 9 branches in cities of different countries (London, New York, Montreal, Sydney, Cape Town, Milan, Shanghai, Buenos Aires and Bombay) and the emphasis on <particularly suitable for use in Iran (In persian), shows the identification of common diseases, as well as the market for medicines and Products(tea) are widely used in Iran. In addition to the main audience (doctors and drug dealers), this brochure has also been given special attention to the families and recommends the necessity and obligation of preserving the well-known and useful drugs in the homes of individuals.This subject (self-medication and arbitrary drug use) is visible in some texts of the late Qajar period, including some textbooks for girls.

Using the inference method, the approximate publication date of this manual is around 1912-1924 AD. That is, it belongs to the late Qajar period.

Please cite this article as: Fardyar M. Product List of Iran Burroughs Wellcome & Co. Pharmaceutical Company (Late Qajar Period). Med Hist J 2018; 10(34): 23-43.

In Iranian traditional medicine, maintaining both physical and mental health is paramount and treating illness is the physician's second task. Staying healthy, like getting sick, is the result of causes and factors to consider. These causes and factors are sometimes intrinsic to the body and sometimes related to the soul and metaphysics. It is very important to examine the opinions and knowledge of Muslim religious beliefs about psychological issues. Since traditional medicine is first preferred prevention and then cured, Muslim scientists have always emphasized these six principles with Quranic insights and Islamic traditions and beliefs. This medicine has placed the priority of mental health on the treatment of mental health in two categories: "Maintain a hygiene" and "science of treatment".

In other words, adherence to or failure to adhere to certain principles, called "Necessary Sixes", can cause health and illness in the body. The question now is, to what extent does the "Necessary Sixes" affect and prevent psychiatric disorders? According to the findings of this library-based research, six early factors related to the human psyche and the human souls were found to be very applicable and essential in the Islamic writings based on religious affirmations. Self-esteem and imagination are among the most important of these principles. These scholars have outperformed the Western world in bringing this idea up.

Please cite this article as: Delbari SH, Naghavi Moghaddam F. The Role of Necessary Sixes in the Development and Prevention of Mental Disorders Based on Islamic Medical Texts. Med Hist J 2018; 10(34): 45-58.

Background and Aim: In Iran, during Qajar era, various diseases has spread in Guilan. Different factors such as climate, lack of personal and general hygiene, also shortage of medical equipment, drugs and doctors and other reasons lead to great loss of Guilan’s population. Following constitutional revolution, many associations were established in Guilan and various newspapers were published. The aim of this research is study the role of effective associations and newspapers in sanitation evolutions of Guilan during Mashroote era.

Materials and Methods: Using library references via data descriptions and analysis with emphasis on health role of effective associations and their division, also determination and introducing effective newspapers on public health during Mashroote Era in Guilan. This research includes period of time from 1906 AD (first year of Mashroote) to 1911 AD (closure of the second parliament.

Findings: 1. Associations had many various performances about health matters in Mashroote Era, i.e. building hospitals and health clinics, establishing Hefz-alsehah and Baladieh Associations, also establishing department of cleaning-up in order to maintain public health; 2. Newspapers played important roles in awareness of public about health matters via publishing medical and health news, fighting against superstitions and Folk beliefs in curing diseases and invite people to use modern medicine.

Conclusion: Guilans’ associations could do some Executive functions in health matters due to their popular base and being recognized by central government as the only official reference between people and government. Guilan’s local newspapers in Mashroote era was almost the only available source for public while publishing medical news and related evolutions play a significant role in awareness of Guilans’ people about health matters.

Please cite this article as: Moradi MH, Esmailzadeh A, Sadeghi S. Health role of Associations and Newspapers of Guilan in Mashroote Era. Med Hist J 2018; 10(34): 59-70.

Water and its pollution, was one of the major issues that the Pahlavi government faced with it. Reports and documents indicate that this has been one of the main causes of contagious illnesses in Iran since the Qajar era. During the first Pahlavi period, water so to be a direct and indirect factor to the spread of illnesses such as malaria, typhoid fever, trachoma, gonorrhea, tuberculosis and so on. As a result, proceedings were taken to resolve the problem and doctors who specialize in this field wrote treatises and articles to inform the general public. In this paper, we study and analyze the issue of water pollution and its illnesses and the actions of the Pahlavi government to tackle it with by a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on first-hand library resources and new research as well as Pahlavi period newspapers and then we will review and study the Dr.Saeed Khan Kordestani's medical treatise, with title "Water and illnesses spread by it" that an important treatise on water use education and its associated illnesses. Research findings show that the Pahlavi government for confronting with illnesses the water and its pollutions, done a lot of actions, including: dredging aqueducts, construction of new aqueducts and making the stream for use of the water, offer plumbing water, emphasizing on need to transfer the stable and gharry houses to outside the cities, the need for sand in the streets and the transfer of rubbish and dirt to outside the cities and educational activities such as raising public awareness of illnesses prevention and recognition by publishing newspapers, thesis and images and holding conferences and doctors, such as Dr.Saeed Khan Kordestani, were aware of the issue, writing articles and thesiss on water and pollution and provided solutions for using clean water and tackling polluted water. The result of this article shows that during the first Pahlavi period, many practical and educational activities were taken to deal with waterborne illnesses and some physicians, such as Saeed Khan Kordestani, also wrote separately, but water and its illnesses so to cause death.

Please cite this article as: Advay M, Mohammadi SH. Water Pollution and its Illnesses in the First Pahlavi Period (With an Emphasis on Medical Treatise "Water and Diseases Published by it"). Med Hist J 2018; 10(34): 71-84.

Background and Aim: Bleeding and cupping or 'wet cupping' have been used in medicine since ancient times in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Recent studies show its useful effects on migraine and sciatica. Some researches show TGF-β1 involvement in immuno-regulation of inflammatory diseases. Aim of this study was to show if wet cupping have any effect on serum TGF-β1 concentration of patients with migraine and sciatica.

Materials and Methods: To measure serum TGF-β1 concentration, serum of thirty two (6 male and 26 female) patients and twenty two (4 male 18 female) healthy controls was taken and frozen before and one week after the 3rd treatment. The TGF-β1 concentration was measured by ELISA method.

Findings: TGF-β1 levels decreased significantly in the serum of patients after wet cupping (p<0.001). TGF-β1 levels in healthy subjects did not change significantly after wet cupping (p=0.776). The rate of TGF-β1 in patients was higher than healthy subjects (p<0.05).

Conclusion: This study shows wet cupping has a significant effect on TGF-β1 secretion in migraine patients. Given the key role of this cytokine in regulating inflammation in the central nervous system, it seems that wet cupping may help to relieve the disease.

Please cite this article as: Sheikhi AK, Raoofinezhad M, Ghotb SM, Karimi H, Sheikhi M, Sheikhi R, Moosavinasab SN. The Effect of Wet Cupping on Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Patients with Migraine. Med Hist J 2018; 10(34): 85-94.

Background and Aim: Breast milk is the first natural food for infants up to 6 months. Insufficient Milk Supply (IMS) is the most common of its discontinuation, which despite efforts, is still at the top of the problems of exclusive breastfeeding. Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM) proposed specific approaches for successful lactation, prevention and treatment of breastfeeding problems. This study focused on the causes and approaches to IMS based on ITM and compare it with Classical Medicine.

Materials and Methods: In this review article the causes and treatments of IMS were searched from ITM references and were analyzed and compared along with studies from ITM and Classical Medicine which collected from medical databases.

Findings: Lactation is a neuro-hormonal process that is affected by several psychological and physical factors. The close relationship between the breast, uterus and brain has been proven in both medical doctrines. Causes of IMS can be classified into two main categories: causes of milk-producing source (good blood) and milk-producing organ (breast). Therefor treatment is mainly based on the good blood production through proper nutrition and the other healthy lifestyle principles (Hifz-o-Sihhe), eliminating distemperament and using galactogogues foods and herbal medicines. From the Classical Medicine perspective, the most important cause of IMS is the lack of adequate milk removal often due to improper lactation techniques so the correction of breastfeeding skills and improvement of mother-infant relationship is notable in management of IMS.

Conclusion: By using the ITM perspective along with teaching of breastfeeding skills based on Classical Medicine, more effective management of IMS will be approached.

Please cite this article as: Jahangir M, Emaratkar E, Nakhaie SH, Sadeghian M, Faghihzadeh S. The Causes of Insufficient Breast Milk and Approach to it: Perspectives of Persian Medicine and Classical Medicine. Med Hist J 2018; 10(34): 95-108.

Background and Aim: Creating a place for looking after patients has been an important issue that has been developed among different ethnic groups during the pre-Islamic period and in Islam with the guidance of the Prophet's Tradition (PBUH), caring for the wounded, constructing hospitals and the medical centers. The purpose of this article is to find the right answer to the question of how to finance the construction and administration of hospitals and medical education centers in Islamic civilization.

 Materials and Methods: This research is based on a descriptive-analytical methodology and the information was collected in a library, followed by a search for historical sources in order to categorize and analyze data for the article.

Findings: In the history of Islamic civilization, the establishment and administration of hospitals would not necessarily take place with patients' money but it was financed by the wealthy men of the time. In Islam, hospital has a close relationship with the social, economic, and cultural history of its era and has been an integral part of the history of the Islamic culture and civilization.

Conclusion: There were various ways in Islamic civilization to finance the establishment and administration of hospitals and medical centers, the most important of which was the appropriation of endowments, the allocation of state funding by caliphs, kings, ministers and charities.

Please cite this article as: Dashti R. A Historical Review of the Establishment and Administration of Hospitals and Medical Education Centers in the Islamic Civilization. Med Hist J 2018; 10(34): 109-122.