Human Monkeypox Re-emerges While the World is Healing from the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review
Archives of Advances in Biosciences,
Vol. 14 No. 1 (2023),
19 February 2023
,
Page 1-15
https://doi.org/10.22037/aab.v14i1.40479
Abstract
Contex: While the world is still struggling with the COVID-19 pandemic, the newly emerging viral disease, monkeypox, first broke out in the United Kingdom on April 29th, 2022, amid the coronavirus crisis. Now that routine human smallpox vaccination has ended and herd immunity is waning, new assessments about monkeypox are needed.
Evidence Acquisition: In this systematic review, the epidemiological characteristics and clinical features of monkeypox disease were investigated. Persian articles were searched and retrieved using the keywords monkeypox, epidemic, COVID-19, an emerging infection in Magiran, Iran Medex, SID, and Irandoc databases, and so were the English articles using the same keywords in PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science databases without time limit. In the end, 343 articles were selected and used in this study.
Results: From the review of the studies, it was concluded that although cases of this disease have been reported in many non-endemic countries of the world, and we should be prepared for its prevention and proper treatment, considering its slower transmission method it seems that this disease can be controlled and prevented much more easily than COVID-19.
Conclusion: although it is recommended that the proper and complete training of people and doctors regarding the symptoms and transmission of this disease by the relevant institutions should be initiated quickly, one should be careful that raising the awareness of the public about this disease is accompanied by fear and panic. There is a need for a cautious teaching method, by following health principles.
- Communicable Diseases
- Epidemic
- Humans
- Monkeypox
- Pandemics
- COVID 19
- Re emerging.
How to Cite
References
Chakraborty C, Bhattacharya M, Nandi SS, Mohapatra RK, Dhama K, Agoramoorthy G. Appearance and re-appearance of zoonotic disease during the pandemic period: long-term monitoring and analysis of zoonosis is crucial to confirm the animal origin of SARS-CoV-2 and monkeypox virus. Vet Q. 2022; 42(1):119-24. DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2022.2086718 [PMID] [PMCID]
Di Giulio DB, Eckburg PB. Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004; 4(1):15-25. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(03)00856-9] [PMID] [PMCID]
Magnus Pv, Andersen EK, Petersen KB, Birch‐Andersen A. A pox‐like disease in cynomolgus monkeys. APMIS. 1959; 46(2):156-76. [DOI:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1959.tb00328.x]
Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Jezek Z, Ladnyi ID. Smallpox and its eradication: World Health Organization Geneva; 1988. [PMCID]
Hopkins DR. The greatest killer: smallpox in history: University of Chicago press; 2002. https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/G/bo3647267.html
Werden SJ, Rahman MM, McFadden G. Poxvirus host range genes. Adv Virus Res. 2008; 71:135-71. [DOI: 10.1016/S0065-3527(08)00003-1] [PMID]
Kulesh DA, Loveless BM, Norwood D, Garrison J, Whitehouse CA. Monkeypox virus detection in rodents using real-time 3'-minor groove binder TaqMan assays on the Roche LightCycler. Lab Invest. 2004; 84(9):1200-8. [DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700143] [PMID] [PMCID]
McCollum AM, Damon IK. Human monkeypox. Clin Infect Dis. 2014; 58(2):260-7. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit703] [PMID]
Kenner J, Cameron F, Empig C, Jobes DV, Gurwith M. LC16m8: an attenuated smallpox vaccine. Vaccine. 2006; 24(47-48):7009-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.087] [PMID] [PMCID]
Saijo M, Ami Y, Suzaki Y, Nagata N, Iwata N, Hasegawa H, et al. LC16m8, a highly attenuated vaccinia virus vaccine lacking expression of the membrane protein B5R, protects monkeys from monkeypox. J virol. 2006; 80(11):5179-88. [DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02642-05] [PMID] [PMCID]
Mahmoud A, Nchasi G. Monkeypox virus: A zoonosis of concern. J Med Virol. 2023; 95(1):e27968. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27968] [PMID]
Petersen B, Damon I. Smallpox, monkeypox, and other poxvirus infections. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/book/3-s2.0-B9780323532662003489?indexOverride=GLOBAL
Sah R, Mohanty A, Singh P, Abdelaal A, Padhi BK. Monkeypox and occupational exposure: Potential risk toward healthcare workers and recommended actions. Front Public Health. 2022; 10:1023789. [DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1023789] [PMID] [PMCID]
Minhaj FS, Ogale YP, Whitehill F, Schultz J, Foote M, Davidson W, et al. Monkeypox outbreak—Nine states. Wiley Online Library; 2022. [DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7123e1]
Minhaj FS, Ogale YP, Whitehill F, Schultz J, Foote M, Davidson W, et al. Monkeypox outbreak—nine states, May 2022. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2022;71(23):764.
Shchelkunov S, Totmenin A, Safronov P, Mikheev M, Gutorov V, Ryazankina O, et al. Analysis of the monkeypox virus genome. Virology. 2002; 297(2):172-94. [DOI: 10.1006/viro.2002.1446] [PMID] [PMCID]
Okoh M, Nwachukwu KC. A virulent disease called monkeypox: a case report of countries in africa where the disease is endemic. Indo Glob res j pharm sci. 2022; 12:237-44. [DOI: 10.35652/IGJPS.2022.12030]
Luna N, Ramírez AL, Muñoz M, Ballesteros N, Patiño LH, Castañeda SA, et al. Phylogenomic analysis of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) 2022 outbreak: Emergence of a novel viral lineage? Travel Med Infect Dis. 2022; 49:102402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102402] [PMID] [PMCID]
Taseen S, Nasir F, Abbas M, Altaf M, Asghar MS, Tahir MJ. Post-pandemic world at the mercy of monkeypox virus outbreak: Time to worry or not. J Med Virol. 2023; 95(1):e27948. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27948] [PMID]
Kugelman JR, Johnston SC, Mulembakani PM, Kisalu N, Lee MS, Koroleva G, et al. Genomic variability of monkeypox virus among humans, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014; 20(2):232. [DOI: 10.3201/eid2002.130118] [PMID] [PMCID]
Jiang Z, Sun J, Zhang L, Lai A. Laboratory diagnostics for monkeypox: an overview of sensitivities from various published tests. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2022; 49:102425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102425] [PMID] [PMCID]
Hutson CL, Olson VA, Carroll DS, Abel JA, Hughes CM, Braden ZH, et al. A prairie dog animal model of systemic orthopoxvirus disease using West African and Congo Basin strains of monkeypox virus. J Gen Virol. 2009; 90(2):323-33. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.005108-0] [PMID]
Hutson CL, Gallardo-Romero N, Carroll DS, Clemmons C, Salzer JS, Nagy T, et al. Transmissibility of the monkeypox virus clades via respiratory transmission: investigation using the prairie dog-monkeypox virus challenge system. PLoS One. 2013; 8(2):e55488. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055488] [PMID] [PMCID]
Palumbo GJ, Buller RM, Glasgow WC. Multigenic evasion of inflammation by poxviruses. J virol. 1994; 68(3):1737-49. [DOI: 10.1128/JVI.68.3.1737-1749.1994] [PMID] [PMCID]
Breman JG, Henderson DA. Diagnosis and management of smallpox. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346(17):1300-8. [DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra020025] [PMID]
Weinstein RA, Nalca A, Rimoin AW, Bavari S, Whitehouse CA. Reemergence of monkeypox: prevalence, diagnostics, and countermeasures. Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 41(12):1765-71. [DOI: 10.1086/498155]
Rizk JG, Lippi G, Henry BM, Forthal DN, Rizk Y. Prevention and treatment of monkeypox. Drugs. 2022; 82(9):957-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s40265-022-01742-y] [PMID] [PMCID]
Weiner ZP, Salzer JS, LeMasters E, Ellison JA, Kondas AV, Morgan CN, et al. Characterization of Monkeypox virus dissemination in the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) through in vivo bioluminescent imaging. PLoS One. 2019; 14(9):e0222612. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222612] [PMID] [PMCID]
Mpox (Monkeypox). April 18, 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/monkeypox.
Walker M. Monkeypox virus hosts and transmission routes: a systematic review of a Zoonotic pathogen. 2022. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/biscuht/69/
Nolen LD, Osadebe L, Katomba J, Likofata J, Mukadi D, Monroe B, et al. Introduction of monkeypox into a community and household: risk factors and zoonotic reservoirs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015; 93(2):410. [DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0168] [PMID] [PMCID]
MacNeill AL. Comparative pathology of zoonotic orthopoxviruses. Pathogens. 2022; 11(8):892. [DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080892] [PMID] [PMCID]
Simpson K, Heymann D, Brown CS, Edmunds WJ, Elsgaard J, Fine P, et al. Human monkeypox–After 40 years, an unintended consequence of smallpox eradication. Vaccine. 2020; 38(33):5077-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.062] [PMID] [PMCID]
Petersen E, Zumla A, Hui D, Blumberg L, Valdoleiros S, Amao L, et al. Vaccination for monkeypox prevention in persons with high-risk sexual behaviours to control on-going outbreak of monkeypox virus clade 3. Int J Infect Dis. 2022; 122:569-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.06.047] [PMID] [PMCID]
Costello V, Sowash M, Gaur A, Cardis M, Pasieka H, Wortmann G, et al. Imported monkeypox from international traveler, Maryland, USA, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022; 28(5):1002. [DOI: 10.3201/eid2805.220292] [PMID] [PMCID]
Farahat RA, Abdelaal A, Shah J, Ghozy S, Sah R, Bonilla-Aldana DK, et al. Monkeypox outbreaks during COVID-19 pandemic: are we looking at an independent phenomenon or an overlapping pandemic? Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2022; 21(1):26. [DOI: 10.1186/s12941-022-00518-2] [PMID] [PMCID]
Verreault D, Killeen SZ, Redmann RK, Roy CJ. Susceptibility of monkeypox virus aerosol suspensions in a rotating chamber. J Virol Methods. 2013; 187(2):333-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.10.009] [PMID] [PMCID]
Petersen E, Kantele A, Koopmans M, Asogun D, Yinka-Ogunleye A, Ihekweazu C, et al. Human monkeypox: epidemiologic and clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and prevention. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2019; 33(4):1027-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2019.03.001] [PMID] [PMCID]
Sah R, Abdelaal A, Reda A, Katamesh BE, Manirambona E, Abdelmonem H, et al. Monkeypox and its possible sexual transmission: where are we now with its evidence? Pathogens. 2022; 11(8):924. [DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080924] [PMID] [PMCID]
Girometti N, Byrne R, Bracchi M, Heskin J, McOwan A, Tittle V, et al. Demographic and clinical characteristics of confirmed human monkeypox virus cases in individuals attending a sexual health centre in London, UK: an observational analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022; 22(9):1321-8. [DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00411-X] [PMID] [PMCID]
Guarner J, Del Rio C, Malani PN. Monkeypox in 2022—what clinicians need to know. JAMA. 2022; 328(2):139-40. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.10802] [PMID]
Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Lopardo G. Monkeypox: another sexually transmitted infection? Pathogens. 2022; 11(7):713. [DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070713] [PMID] [PMCID]
Orviz E, Negredo A, Ayerdi O, Vázquez A, Muñoz-Gomez A, Monzón S, et al. Monkeypox outbreak in Madrid (Spain): clinical and virological aspects. J Infect. 2022; 85(4):412-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.07.005] [PMID] [PMCID]
Nolasco S, Vitale F, Geremia A, Tramuto F, Maida CM, Sciuto A, et al. First case of monkeypox virus, SARS-CoV-2 and HIV co-infection. J Infect. 2023; 86(1):21-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.08.014] [PMID] [PMCID]
Raccagni AR, Mileto D, Canetti D, Tamburini AM, Rizzo A, Bruzzesi E, et al. Monkeypox and pan-resistant Campylobacter spp infection in Entamoeba histolytica and Chlamydia trachomatis re-infection in a man who have sex with men. J Infect. 2022; 85(4):436-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.06.028] [PMID]
Marzano AV, Genovese G, Fabbrocini G, Pigatto P, Monfrecola G, Piraccini BM, et al. Varicella-like exanthem as a specific COVID-19–associated skin manifestation: Multicenter case series of 22 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020; 83(1):280-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.044] [PMID] [PMCID]
Li Y, Zhao H, Wilkins K, Hughes C, Damon IK. Real-time PCR assays for the specific detection of monkeypox virus West African and Congo Basin strain DNA. J Virol Methods. 2010; 169(1):223-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.07.012] [PMID] [PMCID]
Peiró-Mestres A, Fuertes I, Camprubí-Ferrer D, Marcos MÁ, Vilella A, Navarro M, et al. Frequent detection of monkeypox virus DNA in saliva, semen, and other clinical samples from 12 patients, Barcelona, Spain, May to June 2022. Euro Surveill. 2022; 27(28):2200503. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.28.2200503] [PMID] [PMCID]
Thornhill JP, Barkati S, Walmsley S, Rockstroh J, Antinori A, Harrison LB, et al. Monkeypox virus infection in humans across 16 countries—April–June 2022. N Engl J Med. 2022; 387(8):679-91. [DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2213969] [PMID]
Bhagavathula AS, Khubchandani J. Monkeypox outbreaks and global health emergency declaration: Can such declarations influence public interest in the disease? Brain Behav Immun. 2022; 106:113-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.08.009] [PMID] [PMCID]
Guarner J, Johnson BJ, Paddock CD, Shieh W-J, Goldsmith CS, Reynolds MG, et al. Monkeypox transmission and pathogenesis in prairie dogs. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004; 10(3):426. [DOI: 10.3201/eid1003.030878] [PMID] [PMCID]
Del Rio C, Malani PN. Update on the monkeypox outbreak. JAMA. 2022; 328(10):921-2. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.14857] [PMID]
Kaler J, Hussain A, Flores G, Kheiri S, Desrosiers D. Monkeypox: a comprehensive review of transmission, pathogenesis, and manifestation. Cureus. 2022; 14(7):e26531. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26531] [PMID] [PMCID]
Mahase E. Monkeypox: Healthcare workers will be offered smallpox vaccine as UK buys 20 000 doses. BMJ. 2022; 377:1379. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.o1379] [PMID]
Riedel-Baima B, Zielinski R, Polok K, Wnminz U. Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta as a possible differential diagnosis for monkeypox during the 2022 outbreak in non-endemic countries. A critical review of the literature. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bozena-Riedel-Baima/publication/361670003
Parvin R, Ali A, Nagy A, Zhu Z, Zhao S, Paul A, et al. Monkeypox virus: A comprehensive review of taxonomy, evolution, epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and control regiments so far. Ger J Microbiol. 2022; 2:1-15. [DOI: 10.51585/gjm.2022.2.0014]
Murphy H, Ly H. The potential risks posed by inter-and intraspecies transmissions of monkeypox virus. Virulence. 2022; 13(1):1681-3. [DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2127199] [PMID] [PMCID]
Poorolajal J. Monkeypox virus infection: A global warning for the possible next pandemic. J Res Health Sci. 2022; 22(2):00545. [DOI: 10.34172/jrhs.2022.80] [PMID] [PMCID]
Saied AA, Metwally AA, Choudhary OP. Monkeypox: an extra burden on global health. Int J Surg. 2022; 104:106745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106745] [PMID] [PMCID]
Ladnyj I, Ziegler P, Kima E. A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Bull World Health Organ. 1972; 46(5):593. [PMID] [PMCID]
Khattak S, Rauf MA, Ali Y, Yousaf MT, Liu Z, Wu D-D, et al. The monkeypox diagnosis, treatments and prevention: A review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023; 12:2005. [DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1088471] [PMID] [PMCID]
Learned LA, Reynolds MG, Wassa DW, Li Y, Olson VA, Karem K, et al. Extended interhuman transmission of monkeypox in a hospital community in the Republic of the Congo, 2003. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005; 73(2):428-34. [PMID]
Yinka-Ogunleye A, Aruna O, Ogoina D, Aworabhi N, Eteng W, Badaru S, et al. Reemergence of human monkeypox in Nigeria, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018; 24(6):1149. [DOI: 10.3201/eid2406.180017] [PMID] [PMCID]
Yinka-Ogunleye A, Aruna O, Dalhat M, Ogoina D, McCollum A, Disu Y, et al. Outbreak of human monkeypox in Nigeria in 2017–18: a clinical and epidemiological report. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019; 19(8):872-9. [DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30294-4] [PMID] [PMCID]
Sadeuh-Mba SA, Yonga MG, Els M, Batejat C, Eyangoh S, Caro V, et al. Monkeypox virus phylogenetic similarities between a human case detected in Cameroon in 2018 and the 2017-2018 outbreak in Nigeria. Infect Genet Evol. 2019; 69:8-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.01.006] [PMID] [PMCID]
Wang W, Qi W, Liu J, Du H, Zhao L, Zheng Y, et al. First human infection case of monkey B virus identified in China, 2021. China CDC Wkly. 2021; 3(29):632-3. [DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.154] [PMID] [PMCID]
Bhattacharya M, Dhama K, Chakraborty C. Recently spreading human monkeypox virus infection and its transmission during COVID-19 pandemic period: A travelers' prospective. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2022; 49:102398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102398] [PMID] [PMCID]
Zumla A, Valdoleiros SR, Haider N, Asogun D, Ntoumi F, Petersen E, et al. Monkeypox outbreaks outside endemic regions: scientific and social priorities. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022; 22(7):929-31. [DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00354-1] [PMID] [PMCID]
Jain N, Lansiaux E, Simanis R. The new face of monkeypox virus: an emerging global emergency. New Microbes New Infect. 2022; 47:100989. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2022.100989] [PMID] [PMCID]
Mauldin MR, McCollum AM, Nakazawa YJ, Mandra A, Whitehouse ER, Davidson W, et al. Exportation of monkeypox virus from the African continent. J Infect Dis. 2022; 225(8):1367-76. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa559] [PMID] [PMCID]
Patel A, Bilinska J, Tam JC, Fontoura DDS, Mason CY, Daunt A, et al. Clinical features and novel presentations of human monkeypox in a central London centre during the 2022 outbreak: descriptive case series. BMJ. 2022; 378:072410. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-072410] [PMID] [PMCID]
Hammerschlag Y, MacLeod G, Papadakis G, Sanchez AA, Druce J, Taiaroa G, et al. Monkeypox infection presenting as genital rash, Australia, May 2022. Euro Surveill. 2022; 27(22):2200411. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.22.2200411] [PMID] [PMCID]
Mahase E. Monkeypox: What do we know about the outbreaks in Europe and North America? BMJ. 2022; 377:1274. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.o1274] [PMID]
Abbas S, Karam S, Schmidt-Sane M, Palmer J. Social considerations for monkeypox response. 2022. [DOI: 10.19088/SSHAP.2022.021]
Shanmugaraj B, Khorattanakulchai N, Phoolcharoen W. Emergence of monkeypox: Another concern amidst COVID-19 crisis. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2022; 15(5):193. https://oaji.net/articles/2022/3555-1654075667.pdf
Bunge EM, Hoet B, Chen L, Lienert F, Weidenthaler H, Baer LR, et al. The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox—A potential threat? A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022; 16(2):0010141. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010141] [PMID] [PMCID]
Assessment RR. Monkeypox multi-country outbreak. European Centre for Dis-ease Prevention and Control. 2022. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/risk-assessment-monkeypox-multi-country-outbreak
Vaughan AM, Cenciarelli O, Colombe S, de Sousa LA, Fischer N, Gossner CM, et al. A large multi-country outbreak of monkeypox across 41 countries in the WHO European Region, 7 March to 23 August 2022. Euro Surveill. 2022; 27(36):2200620. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.36.2200620] [PMID] [PMCID]
Jamil H, Tariq W, Tahir MJ, Mahfooz RS, Asghar MS, Ahmed A. Human monkeypox expansion from the endemic to non-endemic regions: Control measures. Ann Med Surg. 2022; 79:104048. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104048] [PMID] [PMCID]
Khodakevich L, Jezek Z, Kinzanzka K. Isolation of monkeypox virus from wild squirrel infected in nature. Lancet. 1986; 327(8472):98. [DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90748-8] [PMID] [PMCID]
Parker S, Buller RM. A review of experimental and natural infections of animals with monkeypox virus between 1958 and 2012. Future Virol. 2013; 8(2):129-57. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.130] [PMID] [PMCID]
Arita I, Henderson D. Smallpox and monkeypox in non-human primates. Bull World Health Organ. 1968; 39(2):277. [PMID] [PMCID]
Seang S, Burrel S, Todesco E, Leducq V, Monsel G, Le Pluart D, et al. Evidence of human-to-dog transmission of monkeypox virus. Lancet. 2022; 400(10353):658-9. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01487-8] [PMID] [PMCID]
Kantele A, Chickering K, Vapalahti O, Rimoin A. Emerging diseases—the monkeypox epidemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016; 22(8):658-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.07.004] [PMID] [PMCID]
Huhn GD, Bauer AM, Yorita K, Graham MB, Sejvar J, Likos A, et al. Clinical characteristics of human monkeypox, and risk factors for severe disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 41(12):1742-51. [DOI: 10.1086/498115] [PMID]
Miura F, van Ewijk CE, Backer JA, Xiridou M, Franz E, de Coul EO, et al. Estimated incubation period for monkeypox cases confirmed in the Netherlands, May 2022. Euro Surveill. 2022; 27(24):2200448. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.24.2200448] [PMID] [PMCID]
Ježek Z, Szczeniowski M, Paluku K, Mutombo M. Human monkeypox: clinical features of 282 patients. J Infect Dis. 1987; 156(2):293-8. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/156.2.293] [PMID]
Bragazzi NL, Kong JD, Mahroum N, Tsigalou C, Khamisy‐Farah R, Converti M, et al. Epidemiological trends and clinical features of the ongoing monkeypox epidemic: A preliminary pooled data analysis and literature review. J Med Virol. 2023; 95(1): 27931. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27931] [PMID]
Wise J. Monkeypox: New clinical symptoms are identified in confirmed cases. BMJ. 2022; 378:1845. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.o1845] [PMID]
Pan D, Sze S, Nazareth J, Martin CA, Al-Oraibi A, Baggaley RF, et al. Monkeypox in the UK: arguments for a broader case definition. Lancet. 2022; 399(10344):2345-6. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01101-1] [PMID] [PMCID]
UK G. Research and analysis qualitative assessment of the risk to the UK human population of monkeypox infection in a canine, feline, mustelid, lagomorph or rodent UK pet. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hairs-risk-assessment-monkeypox
Ogoina D, Iroezindu M, James HI, Oladokun R, Yinka-Ogunleye A, Wakama P, et al. Clinical course and outcome of human monkeypox in Nigeria. Clin Infect Dis. 2020; 71(8):210-4. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa143] [PMID]
Knipe D, Howley P, Cohen J, Griffin D, Lamb R, Martin M, et al. Fields virology, Wolters Kluwer. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health, Philadelphia, PA2013. https://search.worldcat.org/title/Fields-virology/oclc/71812790
Buller R, Palumbo GJ. Poxvirus pathogenesis. Microbiol Rev. 1991; 55(1):80-122. [DOI: 10.1128/mr.55.1.80-122.1991] [PMID] [PMCID]
Roess AA, Monroe BP, Kinzoni EA, Gallagher S, Ibata SR, Badinga N, et al. Assessing the effectiveness of a community intervention for monkeypox prevention in the Congo basin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011; 5(10):1356. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001356] [PMID] [PMCID]
Harrison SC, Alberts B, Ehrenfeld E, Enquist L, Fineberg H, McKnight SL, et al. Discovery of antivirals against smallpox. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004; 101(31):11178-92. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0403600101] [PMID] [PMCID]
Eichner M, Dietz K. Transmission potential of smallpox: estimates based on detailed data from an outbreak. Am J Epidemiol. 2003; 158(2):110-7. [DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwg103] [PMID]
Earl PL, Americo JL, Wyatt LS, Espenshade O, Bassler J, Gong K, et al. Rapid protection in a monkeypox model by a single injection of a replication-deficient vaccinia virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 2008; 105(31):10889-94. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0804985105] [PMID] [PMCID]
Robertson J, Susong J, Wong EB. Smallpox vaccine complications: the dermatologist’s role in diagnosis and management. Cutis. 2018; 101(2):87-90. [PMID]
Uwishema O, Chalhoub E, Torbati T, David SC, Khoury C, Ribeiro LLPA, et al. Rift Valley fever during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Africa: A double burden for Africa's healthcare system. Health Sci Rep. 2022; 5(1):e468. [DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.468] [PMID] [PMCID]
Uwishema O, Okereke M, Onyeaka H, Hasan MM, Donatus D, Martin Z, et al. Threats and outbreaks of cholera in Africa amidst COVID-19 pandemic: a double burden on Africa’s health systems. Trop Med Health. 2021; 49(1):93. [DOI: 10.1186/s41182-021-00376-2] [PMID] [PMCID]
Sun J, Uwishema O, Kassem H, Abbass M, Uweis L, Rai A, et al. Ebola virus outbreak returns to the Democratic Republic of Congo: an urgent rising concern. Ann Med Surg. 2022; 79:103958. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103958] [PMID] [PMCID]
Uwishema O, Ayoub G, Badri R, Onyeaka H, Berjaoui C, Karabulut E, et al. Neurological disorders in HIV: hope despite challenges. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2022; 10(3):591. [DOI: 10.1002/iid3.591] [PMID] [PMCID]
Uwishema O, Badri R, Onyeaka H, Okereke M, Akhtar S, Mhanna M, et al. Fighting tuberculosis in Africa: the current situation amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2022:1-3. [DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2022.142] [PMID] [PMCID: PMC9300973]
Uwishema O, Adriano LF, Chalhoub E, Onyeaka H, Mhanna M, David SC, et al. Bird flu outbreak amidst COVID‐19 pandemic in South Africa: efforts and challenges at hand. J Med Virol. 2021; 93(10):5676-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27124] [PMID] [PMCID]
Uwishema O, Onyeaka H, Alshareif B, Omer M, Sablay A, Tariq R, et al. Current context of pneumonia amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa. J Contemp Stud Epidemiol Public Health. 2021; 2(2):21007. [DOI: 10.30935/jconseph/11281]
Uwishema O, Onyeaka H, Badri R, Yücel AN, Korkusuz AK, Ajagbe AO, et al. The understanding of Parkinson's disease through genetics and new therapies. Brain Behav. 2022; 12(5):2577. [DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2577] [PMID] [PMCID]
Uwishema O, Berjaoui C, Correia IFS, Anis H, Karabulut E, Essayli D, et al. Current management of acute ischemic stroke in Africa: a review of the literature. Eur J Neurol. 2022; 29(11):3460-5. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.15495] [PMID]
- Abstract Viewed: 111 times
- PDF Downloaded: 21 times