The Analysis of Drought and Migration in Rural Communities in Iran in 2011 and 2016
Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat (Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention),
Vol. 8 No. 3 (1399),
16 November 2020
,
Page 190 - 184
https://doi.org/10.22037/meipm.v8i3.31309
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Drought, as a natural hazard, affects the human and economic resources of communities. Negative consequences of droughts, especially economic ones, has the most effects on rural societies. Thus, some rural families have chosen migration as an important adaptive strategy for coping with the negative effects of droughts. The present study aimed to analyze the droughts concerning to social aspects of joblessness and migration in rural communities of Iran in the years of 2011 and 2016.
Methods and Materials: This cross-sectional study was conducted in two stages of establishing a database and spatial analysis. Drought data were gathered from the databases of Iran‘s Meteorological Organization as well as the National Research Center of Droughts and socio-economic data were collected from Iran’s Statistical Center and Ministry of Cooperative’s Labour and Social Welfare databases. A database was made in EXCELL software and based on provincial divisions and the categories of droughts, migration, employment, and agriculture in rural regions in 2011 and 2016 using Aeronautical Reconnaissance Coverage Geographic Information System (ArcGIS) software.
Results: The rural populations of Iran decreased by 2.67% in both 2011 and 2016. The total amount of droughts decreased in 2016 comparing 2011 (-19.21%); however, the agricultural activities were decreased by 2.1% in 2016 rather than in 2011. The jobless people of rural regions increased by 2.97% in 2016 comparing 2011. The migration into cities was increased in 2016 (+3.77%) showing an increase in migration from villages to cities.
Conclusion: The continuous droughts in a rural area can result in destroying agriculture activities and joblessness in the rural parts of the country. The joblessness of the rural population can lead to wide migration into cities and result in various socio-economic, health, environmental, and political effects on urban and rural regions. Allocation of enough budgets for adaptive planning and policy-making can assist the decrease of drought consequences in rural regions in Iran.
How to cite this article: Sohrabizadeh S, Bahramzadeh A. The Analysis of Drought and Migration in Rural Communities in Iran in 2011 and 2016. J Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2020; 8(3):184-90.
- Drought; Migration; arc GIS; Agriculture; Employment; Joblessness
How to Cite
References
Naghavi Mr, Biglari S. The Role Of Natural Hazards (Droughts, Agriculture) In Rural Migration: Case Study Dehestan Shohadae Behshahr. J Phys Geogr. 2013;6 (19):85–97.
Shooshtari Sh, Abedi Mr, Bahrami M Sr. Women’s Mental Health As The Basis Of Preventive Planning For Disasters. Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2017;5 (2):61–2.
Bodaghjamali J, Javanmard S, Shirmohammadi R. Monitoring And Zoning Of Drought Situation In Khorasan Province Using Standardized Rainfall Index. Geogr Res. 2002;17 (4):4–21.
Ashgar Tousi Sh, Ali Zadeh A, Javanmard S. Prediction Of The Probabily Of Drought Occurrence In Khorassan Province. Geogr Res. 2003;18 (3 (70)):119–28.
Alijani B, Banivaheb A. Investigation Of Drought, Wet Season And Prediction Of Climate Change In Birjand Region Using Statistical Models. Geogr Res. 2005;37 (52):33–46.
Wilhite Da. Drought Policy In The U.S. And Australia: A Comparative Analysis. Jawra J Am Water Resour Assoc. 1986 Jun 1;22 (3):425–38.
7.Wilhite, D., Easterling, W., Wood, DA., Rasmusson, E., Planning for Drought [Internet], New York: Routledge, 2019. Available from: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000232257
Campbell D, Barker D, Mcgregor D. Dealing With Drought: Small Farmers And Environmental Hazards In Southern St. Elizabeth, Jamaica. Appl Geogr. 2011;31 (1):146–58.
Slingo Jm, Challinor Aj, Hoskins Bj, Wheeler Tr. Introduction: Food Crops In A Changing Climate. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. 2005;360 (1463):1983–9.
Keshavarz M, Karami E, Zamani Gh. Drought Vulnerability Of Farm Households: A Case Study. Iran Agric Ext Educ J. 2011;6 (2):15–33.
Keshavarz M, Karami E, Lahsaeizadeh A. Factors Influencing The Rural Migrations Resulting From Drought: A Case Study In Fars Province. Village Dev. 2013;16 (1):113–27.
Rezaei R, Hosseini Sm, Sharifi O. Analyzing And Explaining The Effects Of Drought In Rural Regions Of Zanjan County (Case Study: Haj Arash Village). J Rural Res . 2010;1 (3):109–30.
Fatemi M, Karami E. The Impacts And Causes Of Drought: A Case Study. Iran Agric Ext Educ J. 2011;6 (2):77–97.
Saleh I, Mokhtari D. Economic And Social Impacts Of Drought And Its Consequences On Rural Households In Sistan Region. Iran Agric Ext Educ J. 2007;3 (1):99–115.
Fotohabadi L., Zamani Ghh. Factors Affecting The Zarqan Farmers 2019; Intention To Migrate Under Drought Condition. Iran Agric Ext Educ J. 2018;14 (2 #F00528):235–47.
Papoli Yazdi Mh, Jalali A. Rain-Seeking Rituals During Droughts. Geogr Res. 1999;14 (3–4):186–211.
Janparvar M, Salehabadi R, Zargari M. Migration Crisis Caused By Short-Term Droughts In Sistan And Baluchestan Province. Geography. 2017;15 (52):183–99.
Statistical Centre of Iran. Results of statistics on expenses and income of rural households in 2016. 2017; 236.
Taghilou Aa, Soltani N, Aftab A. Drivers Of Rural Development In Iran. Sp Logist Plan. 2016;20 (4):1–28.
McKee TB, editor. Drought monitoring with multiple time scales. Proceedings of 9th Conference on Applied Climatology, Boston, 1995; 1995.
Mohamadian A, Kouhi M, Adineh Baigi A, Rasouli Sj, Bazrafshan B. Comparison Of Monitoring Of Drought Using Spi, Di And Pni And Zoning Them (Case Study: Northern Khorasan Province). J Water Soil Conserv (Journal Agric Sci Nat Resour. 2010;17 (1):177–84.
Khiz Z, Zibaei M, Farajzadeh Zakariya. The Effect Of Drought On Household Income And Welfare And Food Production Index. Agric Econ. 2019;12 (2):21–43.
Shafii B, Barghi H, Ghanbari Y. The Study Of Drought Effects On The Economic, Social And Environmental Conditions Of Rural Areas, From The Viewpoint Of Heads Of Households. J Appl Res Geogr Sci. 2020 Mar 1;19 (55):173–91.
Shamsoddini Ali, Gourjian P. Effective Factors Of Villagers’ Migration To Cities, With An Emphasis On Network Migration (Case Study: Rostam2 District). J Stud Hum Settlements Plan (Journal Geogr Landscape). 2010;5 (11):87–105.
SHAMSODDINI A, GOURJIAN P. EFFECTIVE FACTORS OF VILLAGERS’ MIGRATION TO CITIES, WITH AN EMPHASIS ON NETWORK MIGRATION (CASE STUDY: ROSTAM2 DISTRICT). J Stud Hum SETTLEMENTS Plan (JOURNAL Geogr LANDSCAPE) [Internet]. 2010;5(11):87–105. Available from: https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=256173
Nassaji Zavareh M, editors. Investigating the economic, environmental and social effects of drought. The first national conference to review solutions to the water crisis [Internet]; 2001; Zabol, Iran. Available from: https://www.civilica.com/Paper-NCMWC01-NCMWC01_017.html%0A
Azani M, Bostani S. Analysis Of Factors Affecting Rural-Urban Migration Case (City Of Mamasani). Geogr Sp. 2013;13 (41):93–111.
Jamshidi M, Nouri Zamanabadi Sh, Seiydai Gelsefidi Se, Rahimi D. Impacts Of Drought On Rural District’s Economy In Sirvan And Chardavol Counties Tt. Serd. 2015;4 (13):1–17.
Panahi L, Pishro H. Analyzing Of Effective Factors On Rural Young Immigration Of Cities (Case Study: Central Villages Marvdasht). J Reg Plan. 2011;1 (2):41–50.
Rostamalizadeh V, Hosseini G. Rural Migration In Iran And Its Consequences On Rural Communities. Socio Cult Strateg J. 2016;5 (20):191-215.
Tabatabai S. The Importance Of Future Studies In Promoting Safety In The Conflict Of Natural Disasters. Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2018;6 (1):1–2.
Dehghan S, Sattari G. Safety Risk Analysis Of Teravertine Mines In The Mahallat’s Region:Case Study. Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2017;5 (1):33–42.
- Abstract Viewed: 444 times