Tārīkh-i pizishkī i.e., Medical History

History is a reflection of past events and happenings that, by reflecting on their instructive experiences and teachings, can be a valuable guide to a solid future. A research-oriented view of the past and a transformational view of the future certainly cause growth and dynamism in the present.

Undoubtedly, if the history of a nation is forgotten, the national and original identity and values ​​of that nation will surely be forgotten, so we should not consider the deep and research-oriented attitude in the evolution of human knowledge from the past to the present as a kind of backwardness and backwardness to the past. Rather, being aware of what your predecessors had or did and realizing the true value of what you have achieved is invaluable and necessary for moving forward in the future. By recognizing the principles and beliefs of the past and examining and learning the reasons for their success or failure, historians can build their society today by looking at yesterday and figure out a better tomorrow.

It is worth mentioning that one of the rich and eloquent words of Imam Ali (as) in the letter 49 of Nahj al-Balaghah is beautiful: "If you learn from the past, you will preserve what is left."

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Introduction: Muslim’s botanists presented sporadic and irregular information frequently. Razi is one of the most prominent pioneers in the field of botanical knowledge. In this article is tried to prove the hypothesis that Muslim’s botanists had a special view in their studies.

Method: Research Method is a comparative describtion with the analysis of results. In this method, first the scattered information is collected in the works, after that is drawn the classes, morphology and ecology of plants, finally, by matching this information with new knowledge, razi’s method has evaluated and analyzed.

Result: Razi’s method was direct examination in Botany’ Environment. He has provided a detailed description of organisms and suitable habitats for plants by direct observation and experiment. He registered this information regularly and accurately so he followed each plant with the details as a scientific method to study the plant.

Conclusion: Razi’s method is compatible with the new botanical scientific method. A specified description of criteria and the terminology of his works have been cited. But he is not focused on the plant’s physiology and it is his only weakpoint.

One of the most important issues in any society is pursuing public health, and this causes prevention of infectious diseases outbreak. This can be studied in different historical periods and complete medical history of the country.

One of the most important periods in the medical history of Iran is Qajar era which in that era the European travelers came to Iran and explained the Iranian hygiene status. The main question of this paper is what was western travelers point of view to the public health such as personal and environmental hygiene in Qajar era.

Although travelers view does not have sufficient integrity and is not infallible from mistakes, but anyway there is a report from that era which should be criticized and explained.

The main finding of this study is the poor health status in Qajar era in the eyes of western travelers and that causes contagious diseases.

The method of research is librarical according to the historical of issue.

The expansion of Islamic conquests extent to the neighboring lands in Islamic era and along centuries provided a suitable opportunity for research in different sciences for Arabic-speaking student. Most of the works of these times are found written and compiled from 21 A.H. coinciding with Iran conquer by Muslim Arabs, although some writings was related  to before these years or they are written and compiled at least some years after this historic event. So we are confronted with a unique movement in different scientific and literary fields. Continuous fluctuations in different sciences have created a kind of complex movement in these eras. Of the most important of these phenomena was extensive orientation to writing in Arabic among scholars and belletrists. Meanwhile medical science has become important for researchers because of the ruling conditions and Arab’s tendency towards improvement and obtaining symbols of civilization of that time. By passing of time and expansion of conquests and Andalusia conquer in 92 A.H., which has been in current Spain, these events resulted in penetration of Arabic language to Andalusia and eagerness to write medical books in Arabic. By penetration of science in all over the conquered Islamic lands, medical science flourished in Hejira sixth century. Avenzoar who is among these physicians begins to transfer his time science in a special scientific style by writing the book “Altaysir fi Almodavah va Altadbir”. In this article we explain writings and scientific and literary methods of Ibn Zuhr works in addition to a brief analysis of the importance of medical writing style of this valuable book.

Health records [i] form one of the most important groups of documents [ii]. One of the reasons for this importance is that these records are directly related to the issue of life and death of individuals. With the development of science and the advancement of health care methods, the production of such records intensified and their importance and number increased day by day, although today, with the help of computers, the rapid growth of physical records and the accumulation of archives has decreased. However, sometimes the redundancy of data and even useless information prevents researchers in this field from obtaining the required information quickly and accurately.

Although some health researchers, especially physicians, may be inclined to keep all records because of their research goals, this is generally not possible. For best results, document managers work with archivists to assign records. In fact, the result of valuation by archivists is the transfer of temporary value records to stagnant (national) archives and records with permanent retention value (documents) to the archive, and the issuance of permits for the destruction of worthless securities. In this article, the value of health records, the reasons and how to evaluate them, methods of identifying valuable records and worthless records will be examined.

With the opening of Russian consulate in Mashhad, they began to pay attention to health issues in their areas. Mashhad, due to the strategic location and the presence of Russian made a particular position. At the same time creating the right conditions for the transition from traditional medicine by new health centers in Mashhad. Russian health services have had two fields: health and medical care. First, the building of hospitals, establishment of pharmacy and medicine. Second preventing of plague and typhus diseases and Russian doctors actions.

This article has been focused on medical services of Russian and as well as innovative medical field in Mashhad.

Introduction: In order to achieve efficient diagnosis and treatment using the laws of nature, traditional medical schools in different regions of the world have categorized bodily organs in different patterns in systematic ways.

Result: They have mentioned specific relations and networks between these organs. In their view humans are parts of the natural world, which is an influential factor in the health of humans. The relation between humans and the world has been known as the law of nature among various human societies. Iranians called this law “Asha” or “the general laws” and the people of Khota knew it as Tao. This law revolves around the idea of a balance between the organs of the body and the nature. Physicians have been able to devise a series of diagnostic and therapeutic patterns and report their benefits throughout history using the scientific language of their time.

Discusion: Today some of these methods have been studied and investigated in more detail and many of them have been approved to some extent. Keeping the balance in different organs of the body is a concept that can be advocated today based on how enzymes and hormones function in the body. One of the methods for providing and maintaining balance in the body is keeping the balance in the energy channels of the body, which is vital for the overall health of any individual. These energy channels have been given different names in different traditions but are described in similar ways and have been attributed similar functionalities.

Conclusion: Explanations for certain physiologic and pathologic mechanisms and diagnosis and treatment methods for certain diseases have been achieved through this concept. Considering the growing attention of the academic world towards holistic medical schools, it is worthy to accurately examine certain basic concepts so that we can use them to devise new diagnostic and therapeutic patterns in the future and expect medical breakthroughs in the area of chronic and complicated diseases.

Iranians or Persians have contributed to ethics, particularly medical ethics from ancient times and this is a historical fact which can be noticed by studying history of medicine in Persian and Islamic world. Persians physicians have specific place in the history of medicine, and one of them is Seyed Hossein Hakim, who was a great physician in 13^th century.

Ayatollah Seyed Hossein Hakim; the son of Haj Seyed Ali Shooshtari, who was born and lived in Shooshtar, Khuzistan Province, Iran in 13 century. He went to advance studies in medicine and Shia in Islamic seminaries; he became an Ayatollah and returned to Shooshtar where lived for the rest of his life as a physician and a religious leader. He was in charge of local mosque, served the locals in many different ways.

He managed his patients according to Avicenna’s textbook “Canon in Medicine”. He was inquisitive and perspicacious. He was very talented and hardworking, and gradually he became a famous expert in medicine. After a while he earned a strong recommendation from Seyed Ali Tabib, one of the authorities in medicine in that region because of his personality and reliability, but also due to his impressive work ethics, and the citizens of Shooshtar asked from him to become the formal physician of their city.

He had special characters including mild manner and due was very humble. So his memories are still alive after so many years.

The purpose of this study is to introduce seyed Hossein Hakim as a physician who showed excellence and professionalism in medicine and medical ethics.