Tārīkh-i pizishkī i.e., Medical History

Every nation considers its historical background as a part of its identity and protects it as a precious heritage. Returning to oneself and knowing the deep and profound culture and civilization and being aware of its scientific, cultural and historical roots play a valuable and significant role in the promotion of any society.

The current world civilization is the result of the efforts of various nations of the world throughout history. The present civilization, in spite of having completely different characteristics from the previous civilizations, is a combination of the previous civilizations, which certainly is not less than the share of Islamic civilization in the emergence and development of this new civilization, if not more than the share of other civilizations.

The dimensions of medical knowledge have miraculously expanded in the last century, and especially the use of sophisticated electronic devices in this period has led to a rapid leap in this science. Despite the tremendous advances and extraordinary developments in medical science, unfortunately in the field of medical ethics and medical history, especially in our beloved country of Iran, ‌ the scope of study and research has been very small, paying only attention to basic medical principles such as diagnosis and treatment and application. New methods may cause the services and experiences of pioneers in the field, which they have done in the recent and recent past, to be ignored or forgotten. Undoubtedly, medical science has been and is one of the most important achievements of researchers in the field of health, which has reached the present generation from ancient times and we are responsible for its protection.

...

Because of the importance of medical science and physician's role among people in ancient Iran, physicians should have certain skills to succeed.

These persons were to be tested, and only with authorization from Competent institutions could be involved to their business.  Therefore physicians that they did not pass enough training could not be a doctor. If a non-trained person would harm anyone as a physician, he was been punished. 

In the important cities of ancient Persia, There were a well-equipped hospitals and medical centers that they could treat and teach

After that his skills were tested by experts and Zartoshtrotom. After these courses, he was a trained doctor so he was not only achieved job but also made facilities to pave the hard way.

Ghajar era, in particular Nasser al-Din Shah’s ruling period, is very important in the history of medical transformations in Iran. In this era, novel medicine gradually replaced the Galen medicine.

During Ghajar period, Malaria was the most important diseases in Qajar Iran, and also gives many casualties.

In this study, various aspects of this disease have been investigated from the viewpoint of some European visitors.

The results showed the visitors’ interest in the novel medical treatments rather than the traditional therapies in Iran.

Doctor Abdullah Khan Ahmadieh was born in Amol city at 1265 Hijri and he was graduated in medicine from the Darolfonoon Academy at 1294 Hijri. He started to working in Darolfonoon School of medicine as one of distinguished professors in natural history and parasitology. Dr. Ahmadieh tried hardly to treat patients via traditional medicine methods and modern medicine if necessary.

Current paper briefly describes the life of Dr. Ahmadieh and his view about various medical schools and their methods of treatment.

Two books have been remained from him, called (Secret of treatment) and (Treatment of rheumatism, gout and sciatica).

In these books, he has sincerely written his experiences with presenting of patients histories, prescriptive drugs and their effects.

The relation between law and religious affairs has led physicians in ancient times to have the scientific as well as religious aspects. No doubt, in the beginning, medicine has been associated with magic. In ancient times physicians usually were not taken responsible because of the wide spread idea that diseases were caused by God's anger. Also from the historical point of view, the physicians' responsibility can be traced back to the early civilizations such as the kingdom of Babel. In the times that human was unable to recognize the reality of diseases; their treatment has been magic and charm in all medical areas that in fact it was a combination of human's problem-solving & his beliefs. It is obvious that in that period because of its special look at the nature and origin of disease and the kind of treatment the society did not consider physician, midwife and veterinarian responsible. Later, when the civilization was improved and medicine was separated from religious beliefs and superstitions, physicians were gradually, held more accountable. In some period in ancient Greece, Babel, they are believed in some materials to the nature of the disease and physicians were responsible for assaults and the violation of certain medical criteria at the time. In ancient Persia had been different looks at health and disease and several approaches to cause the diseases have exited whose dominant view being a materialistic cause of the disease. In Islamic jurisprudence, according to the quoted ahadis physicians were responsible. In this era Satan and the wrath of God were less pertained to exempt from responsibility. To such an extent that the responsibility of physicians more transparent during this period relative to the previous one and their scope of limitation were more specific, because, according to the holy Islam, they breached each of these duties which had considered exact functions, they became responsible in the case.

After Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Sayyed Esmaiil Jurjani, the most famous Iranian physician on 5th and 6th centuries A.H, was the first scientist who studied all of the medicine subjects and researches and gathered all of the medical subjects in his books.

By compilation of these books, he established the national school of Persian writing and wrote the most important, foremost, comprehensive, compendious and understandable medical subjects, as well as a salient scientific compilation. Later on most of Jurjani’s sentences and phrases were used extensively.

The present one is a retrospective comparison method. If Jurjani's books compare with contemporary medical books, it is clear that this great scientist's viewpoints are very exact. Also his definitions and explanations conform to the modern sciences. Therefore Jurjani's books have a strong scientific base especially in medical sciences.

During a long period of time his compilations played an important role in evolution and development of medicine.

Reviews of Scientists of Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM) books demonstrate their clinical experiences in prevention, diagnosis and treatment in field of dentistry. Avicenna, Razes, Honein Ibn Eshagh, Ali Ibn Abbas and other scientists of ITM discussed about oral and dental hygiene, dental decay and repair, dental surgery, mandibular dislocation and other aspects in dentistry in their books. Their knowledge and practice in dentistry is often confirmed by conventional dentistry.

Some of their suggestions for example usage of the herbal medicines in dentistry could be evaluated by designing and conducting research projects.

This study examines the history of organ morphology of leaves in the third century to fifth century AD and includes from Iraq to Transoxiana and Achievements and innovations of this knowledge checks. This historical period is divided into two periods: the formation and development and in each period there are two approaches also. Two approaches: Plant -Pharmacology and lexical, shape the formation of period and two approaches: plant- pharmacological and natural philosophy also are the Efflorescence and peak of this knowledge. Data obtained in this study in terms of limb morphology leaves the main criteria: size, color, odor, taste, and surface, edge, arranged on the stem and the leaf lamina as many morphological criteria are applicable in today's knowledge and the final part of the Islamic of Iran has set up.

Introduction: The theory of pulmonary circulation took more than 1000 years to come into existence as we know it today. Methods: In this descriptive study, an attempt was made to gain access to reliable sources for investigating various opinions regarding the earliest discovery of pulmonary blood circulation.

Results: After the rediscovery of Ibn Nafis' manuscript no.62243 titled “Sharah al Tashreeh al Qanoon”, or "Commentary on the anatomy of Canon of Avicenna" in 1924 AD in Europe, it became clear that Ibn Nafis had described the pulmonary circulation almost 300 years before Harvey, and the historians like Aldo Mieli, Max Mayrhoff, Edward Coppola etc. clearly state that Ibn Nafis should be given the credit for the discovery of the pulmonary circulation.

Conclusion: According to the results over the false theories during the medical history which there has been some exploration of their Muslim medicine attributed mistakenly to the scientists European that this considered theft and away from medical ethics.