Public Health in Boushehr during the Qajar Period (Based on the Foreign Tourists’ Reports)
Tārīkh-i pizishkī (i.e., Medical History),
Vol. 16 (1403),
7 May 2024
,
Page 1-13
https://doi.org/10.22037/mhj.v16i.43119
Abstract
Background and Aim: Boushehr port as one of the southernmost regions of Iran was of great political and economic importance. With the expansion of the foreign relations of the ruling dynasties of Iran with other nations through the sea, its importance increased and in the Qajar era, with the presence of companies and diplomatic delegations, it became one of the communication bottlenecks of Iran with the outside world. Due to the presence of political and business delegations, valuable reports about the public health status of this city have been left.
Methods: The present study explains the state of public health in Boushehr in the Qajar period with a descriptive-analytical approach and using the reports of foreign tourists.
Ethical Considerations: In this research, standards related to ethical principles such as trustworthiness and honesty of reference to the used texts, originality of sources and avoiding bias in referring to texts or analyzes have been observed.
Results: The findings showed that, according to the reports of foreign tourists, the Qajar rulers’ carelessness, the lack of health facilities, and being located on the sea communication highway of Iran with other countries, have been effective in the disorder of health conditions in Boushehr. Like other regions of Iran, Boushehr had a low level of health during the Qajar period, and the people of this city suffered from all kinds of diseases.
Conclusion: Boushehr was the first place of Iran that foreign tourists entered and before getting acquainted with the rest of the regions of Iran and with the standards of their own country, they made judgments about this city and its health conditions, emphasizing several important components such as air, water, urban environment and home hygiene, usually reported the general health of the city as unfavorable. Despite the limited measures taken by the Qajar government and the British government to improve the health level and fight diseases, there was no significant change in the health conditions of this region until the end of the Qajar rule.
- Boushehr
- Public Health
- Foreign Tourists
- Disease
How to Cite
References
Floor W. People’s health in Qajar Iran. Translated by Nabipour J. Edited by Sidali A. Boushehr: Boushehr University of Medical Sciences; 2007. p.10. [Persian]
Serna C. People and Rituals in Iran. Translated by Saeedi AA. Tehran: Zovvar Bookstore Publications; 1983. p.128-131, 172. [Persian]
Hugo G. Travelogue of Hugo Grote. Translated by Jalilvand M. Tehran: Center Publications; 1990. p.277. [Persian]
Wills. Iran in a century ago. Translated by Gharagozlu GH-H. Tehran: Iqbal Publications; 2013. p.69, 267-268. [Persian]
Durand SM. Durand's Travelogue. Translated by Saki AM. Khorramabad: Mohammadi Bookstore Publications; 1967. p.87-88, 95. [Persian]
Holingbury W. Sarjan Malkam delegation's trip to Iran. Translated by Amini AH. Tehran: Ketabsara Publications; 1948. p.46. [Persian]
Bentan A. August Bentan's travelogue to Iran. Translated by Nezam Mafi M. No Place: No Name; 2011. p.90-91. [Persian]
Collier Rice C. Iranian women and their way of life. Translated by Azad A. Tehran: Ketabdar Publications; 2013. p.187. [Persian]
Morieh J. James Morieh's travel. Translated by Seri A. Tehran: Tos Publications; 2016. Vol.1 p.72, 75, 85, 99-100, 102-103, 116, 162. [Persian]
Rabino YL. Provinces of Dar al-Marz, Iran-Gilan. Translated by Khomamizadeh J. Tehran: Farhang Iran Foundation Publications; 1978. p.30. [Persian]
Olivier A. Olivier's travel. Translated by Tahir Mirza M. Tehran: Information; 1992. p.79-80. [Persian]
Sheil LM. Lady Sheil's Diary. Translated by Abutorabian H. Tehran: New Publishing; 1989. p.174. [Persian]
Brown EG. A Year among the Iranians. Translated by Salehi Allameh M. Tehran: Mahriz Publications; 2002. p.9. [Persian]
South according to travelogues. Compiled and Translated by Zangeneh H. Shiraz: Navid-e-shiraz Publications; 2001. p.67, 77. [Persian]
Flanden O. Ozen Flanden's travel to Iran. Translated by Noorsadeghi H. Tehran: Ishaq Publications; 1957. p.365, 369. [Persian]
Gubino JA. Three years in Asia. Translated by Hooshang Mahdavi A. Tehran: Drop Publications; 2004. p.95-97. [Persian]
Anonymous. Two travelogues from the south of Iran. Edited by Al-Dawood SA. Tehran: Amir Kabir Publications; 1998. p.67-72. [Persian]
Furukawa N. Furukawa's travel book. Translated by Rajabzadeh H, Eura K. Tehran: Association of Cultural Heritages and Honors; 2005. p.47-48, 190-195. [Persian]
Hoseynzadeh K, Sadri M, Fasihi S, Kazemi Rashed M. General Hygiene in Booshehr: A Case Study of Drinking Water and Its Problems. Research Journal of Iran Local Histories. 2021; 9(18): 231-246. [Persian]
Cherikov M. Monsieur Cherikov's travel book. Translated by Masihi A. Efforted by Omran AA. Tehran: Sepehr Publications; 1979. p.8, 10. [Persian]
Wilson SA. History of the Persian Gulf. Translated by Saeedi M. Tehran: Book Translation and Publishing Company; 1969. p.120. [Persian]
Curzon GN. Iran and the Iran Case. Translated by Vahid Mazandarani GA. Tehran: Scientific and Cultural; 1994. Vol.2 p.28, 286. [Persian]
Lakh SA. Sea travelogue of Lakh to the Persian Gulf. Edited by Belgrave. Translated by Zulqader H. Tehran: Anahita Publications; 1990. p.196, 278. [Persian]
Masaharu Y. Yoshida Masaharu's travel book. Translated by Rajabzadeh H. Mashhad: Qods Razavi Province Printing and Publishing Institute; 1994. p.46-48. [Persian]
Karimi Z, Rahnama SH. Investigating the role of prayer and recitation in medicine and medicine of the Qajar period. Medical History Journal. 2021; 13(46): e7. [Persian]
Qahremaniasl V, Salehi Panahi MA, Naser Sedghi N, Sasanpour SH. The study of the role of economic barriers in the development of modern medicine in the Qajar era with emphasis on drug. Medical History J. 2017; 9(31): 73-83. [Persian]
Etimad al-Sultaneh. History of the Naseri system. Edited by Marezvani. Tehran: Donya-ye Ketab; 1988. Vol.3 p.1864. [Persian]
Nategh H. The calamity of cholera and the scourge of government. Tehran: Gostareh; 1979. p.13. [Persian]
The constitutionalism of southern Iran according to the report of the British Ballyoz in Bushehr, 1905-1915 AD/ 1323-1333 AH. Translation by Zanganeh H. Bushehr: Iranian Studies Foundation; 2016. p.291. [Persian]
Hoseyinzadeh KH, Sadri M, Fasihi S, Kazemi Rashed M. The Challenge of Politics and Sanitation of Khalij e- Fars and its Consequences in Bushehr from the End of Qajar to the fall of Reza Shah. Scientific-Research Quarterly of History of Islam. 2022; 22(87): 273-306. [Persian]
Adimit F. Amirkabir and Iran. Tehran: Kharazmi Publications; 2017. p.236. [Persian]
Elgod S. History of Iranian Medicine. Translated by Mohsen J. Tehran: Iqbal Publications; 1973. p.569. [Persian]
Benjamin SJW. Iran and the Iranians in the era of Naser al-Din Shah. Translated by Kord Bacheh MH. Tehran: Javidan Publishing Organization; 1990. [Persian]
Sadid al-Saltaneh MA. The northern lands around the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea: A hundred years ago, "Maghas al-Lathali and Manar al-Layali". Edited by Eghtedari A, Soltani N. Tehran: Amir Kabir Publications; 2007. [Persian]
Flor W. Boushehr; city, society and trade: 1797-1947. Translated by Nabipour I. Boushehr: Bushehr University of Medical Sciences and Health Services; 2018. Vol.1 p.103, 105, 109, 124-126. [Persian]
- Abstract Viewed: 189 times
- pdf (فارسی) Downloaded: 145 times