A comparative study of the legal regime of the Hirmand River in the first and second Pahlavi periods
Tārīkh-i pizishkī i.e., Medical History,
Vol. 14 (1401),
31 August 2022
,
Page 1-14
https://doi.org/10.22037/mhj.v14i.42912
Abstract
Background and Aims: The differences between Iran and Afghanistan in the field of Hirmand water have not been resolved after more than a century. Studying the legal regime of the Hirmand River in the first and second Pahlavi period can provide a favorable context for a more accurate understanding of what exists now. Based on this, the purpose of this article is a comparative study of the legal regime of the Hirmand River in the first and second Pahlavi periods.
Method: The current article is descriptive and analytical and the library method is used.
Ethical considerations: In this article, the originality of the text, honesty and trustworthiness are observed.
Results: During the first Pahlavi period, a fair treaty with the title of half, half was concluded with Afghanistan in 1317, which unfortunately did not end with the occupation of Iran. However, in the second Pahlavi era, the sum of domestic political factors such as high oil revenues and the increase in the welfare level and a growing economic future perspective on the one hand and as a result of not feeling the need to develop agriculture and turn to industries in the country and as a result of the culture of consumerism and the structure of the international system Bipolarity and Iran's tendency towards the western bloc and the free world and the strategic ally of the United States, all of these factors play a greater role in the structure of the international system. The government obstructed the water talks and the result was the 1351 Blue Treaty, which significantly reduced Iran's quota compared to the 1317 treaty and limited it to 22 cubic meters per second.
Conclusion: Considering the unfavorable water situation in Sistan and Baluchistan province, it is necessary to use all available levers in order to realize Iran's ambition.
- legal regime
- River
- Hirmand
- Pahlavi the first
- Pahlavi the second
How to Cite
References
Rahmanian D, Boraghi F. A historical overview of the importance of the Helmand River in bilateral relationships between Iran and Afghanistan. Iranian History Journal (Research Journal of Humanities). 2010; 5(64): 37-70. [Persian]
Hafeznia M, Mojtahedzadeh P, Alizadeh J. Hirmand Hydropolitic and its Effect on the Political Relations of Iran and Afghanistan. Tarbiat Modares Journal of Human Sciences. 2006; 10(2): 83-103. [Persian]
Braghi F. Hirmand Water Issue in Iran-Afghanistan Relations (1357-1380). People's Journal. 2022; 2(20): 56-89. [Persian]
Lajurdi H. Memoirs of Mahmoud Faroui. 1st ed. Tehran: Nader Kitab Publishing; 2005. p.176. [Persian]
Jafarian M. International water rights in Afghanistan with emphasis on the Helmand River. Afghanistan Legal Studies Yearbook. 2014; 1(2): 390-403.
Sargazi Z. The position of Hirmand in the political and economic geography of Sistan during the Pahlavi period. Research Paper on Social and Economic History of Humanities and Cultural Studies. 2013; 3(2): 37-46. [Persian]
Afsharsistani A. Hirmand, the largest river of the Iranian plateau. Roshd Journal of Geography Education. 1988; 2(15): 14-18. [Persian]
Ezzati AA, Khezri MH, Nik Farjam M. Analysis on the hydropolitics of eastern Iran. Journal of New Attitudes in Human Geography. 2012; 4(1): 95-113. [Persian]
Fakhari Ghar R. The dispute between the governments of Iran and Afghanistan regarding the Hirmand River. 1st ed. Tehran: Printing and Publishing Institute of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; 1991. p.50-69. [Persian]
Office of Border Rivers and Common Water Resources of the Ministry of Energy. Look at Hirmand for how long. 1st ed. Tehran: Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Water Resources; 2013. p.10-31. [Persian]
Haji-Hosseini MR, Haji-Hosseini HR, Morid S. Review of Iran-Afghanistan Agreements regarding the use of the Hirmand Transboundary River and the effect of the agreements on the water crisis created in Hamon International Wetland. Collection of Articles of the First National Conference on Water Crisis. 1st ed. Khorasgan: Publication of Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan Branch; 2013. p.7-8. [Persian]
Hasibi R. Sharing of Hirmand water and its reflection in Iran-Afghanistan relations. Quarterly Journal of Historical Research of the Treasury of Documents. 1999; 2(5-6): 44-61. [Persian]
Khosravi M, Raispour KZ. Hirmand, the most important factor behind the conflict between Iran and Afghanistan. Sistan and Baluchistan: National Conference on Border Cities and Security - Challenges and Approaches; 1391. p.6. [Persian]
Salor A. The Hirmand River and the Haqaba dispute. Contemporary History of Iran. 2002; 5(21): 575-585. [Persian]
Mojtahedzadeh P. Amirs Marzdar and the eastern borders of Iran. 1st ed. Tehran: Shirazeh Publishing; 1998. p.89. [Persian]
Hoshang Mahdavi AR. Iran's foreign policy in the Pahlavi period 1300-1357. 1st ed. Tehran: Nesrapikan; 1999. p.94. [Persian]
Azghandi AR. History of Iran's foreign relations. 2nd ed. Tehran: Nash Qoms; 2000. p.67. [Persian]
Gholam-Mohammad GH. Afghanistan on the path of history. 1st ed. Tehran: Islamic Republic Publications; 2014. p.28. [Persian]
Majdeh V. Political relations between Afghanistan and Iran in the 20th century. 1st ed. Afghanistan: Shah Mohammad Company Publishing; 2011. p.74. [Persian]
Aminzadeh L. Energy Law. 1st ed. Tehran: Justice Press; 2012. p.123. [Persian]
Kashani C. Common oil and gas resources from the perspective of international law. 1st ed. Tehran: Shahr Danesh Institute of Legal Studies and Research; 2010. p.189. [Persian]
ICJ Report. Case Concerning Corfu Channel (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v Albania). 1949. p.56.
- Abstract Viewed: 297 times
- PDF (فارسی) Downloaded: 107 times