IsHeTrulyIbnal-Nafīs?AStudyontheNameandTitleof‘Alā’al-Dīnal-Qarashī AStudyontheNameandTitleof‘Alā’al-Dīnal-Qarashī
Tārīkh-i pizishkī i.e., Medical History,
Vol. 12 No. 44 (1399),
10 November 2020
,
Page 1-26
https://doi.org/10.22037/mhj.v12i44.31221
Abstract
Background and Aim: Historical considerations have always been open to doubts and have led to ambiguities for researchers. Recently, doubts have been raised concerning the name and sobriquet of the famous scientist and physician of the seventh "Hijrī" century ‘Alā’ al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī ibn Abī al-Ḥazm/ al-Ḥaram al-Qarashī, known as Ibn al-Nafīs. In this study, we investigated these uncertainties and attempted to arrive at his accurate name and sobriquet through data from codicology, as well as Islamic medicine manuscripts and his works in other scientific traditions.
Materials and Methods: Accordingly, we referred to various versions of his works, such as "al-Mūjaz", "Sharh al-Qānūn fī al-ṭibb" (Commentary on Avicenna's Canon of Medicine) etc., as well as citations by his contemporaries and posterities, and presented many doubts regarding attributing the sobriquet Ibn al-Nafīs to him.
Findings: Using several handwritten manuscripts attributed to him, and the writings of contemporary researchers, the study concludes by suggesting that the best form of mentioning his name in texts and articles are in short ‘Alā’ al-Dīn al-Qarashī or as a full name Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī ibn Abī al-Ḥaram/ al-Ḥazm al-Qarashī.
Ethical Considerations: In references to the texts, honesty and trustworthiness, citation of the texts used avoidance of bias in inferring the texts or analyzes have been observed.
Conclusion: Nevertheless, this does not bring about the conclusion that this attribution is incorrect; however, exercising caution in using the sobriquet Ibn al-Nafīs for this great physician appears sensible. Therefore, it is recommended that encyclopedias use al-Qarashī for the entry of his name. Also, we considered four possibilities in his lineage and showed that among Qarshi, Qurashi and Qarashi readings, the latter reading is supported by more evidence. Nonetheless, other readings are not generally rejected but citing Qarashi in studies appears more reasonable. With regard to the title (kunya) of his father mentioned along with Qarashi’s name as Ibn Abī Al-Ḥaram or Ibn Abī al-Ḥazm, we showed that contrary to the view of contemporary researchers none of the two possibilities should be excluded and preferably in contemporary citations the word should be written as Al-Ḥaram/ Al-Ḥazm.
© Copyright (2018) Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Ibn al-Nafīs;‘Alā’ al-Dīn al-Qarashī; Islamic Medicine; Sharh al-Qānūn; History of Medicine.
How to Cite
References
References
Fayyad S. Ibn Nafis. Cairo: Ahram Center for Publishing; 1990.
Velayati A. Ibn Nafis. Tehran: International Institute for publishing; 2018.
Fancy N. Science and Religion in Mamluk Egypt: Ibn al-Nafis, Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection. London: Routledge; 2013. p.202.
[Ibn al-Nafīs] al-Qarashi A. Al-Mūjaz fī al-Tibb (A Summary of Medicine), ʿabdultawwāb Ramaḍān, editor. Cairo -Egypt: Arab Republic of Egypt. The Ministry of Awqaf. The Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs, Society of the Revival of Islamic Heritage; 2008.
[Ibn al-Nafīs] al-Qarashi A. Al-Ṣaydaliyyat al-mujribat al-Maʿrūf bi; al-Mūjiz fi-l-ṭib mā jirbah ibninafīs maʿah qānūn al-Raʾīs ibn sīnā. Beirut: Dāru-l-Maḥajjati -l-Bayḍā; 2002.
[Ibn al-Nafīs] al-Qarashi A. Sharh tashrīḥ al-Qānūn li’ Ibn Sina (Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon). Tehran: Iran University of Medical Sciences, Research Institute for Islamic & Complementary Medicine; 2004.
[Ibn al-Nafīs] al-Qarashi A. Sharḥ fuṣūl ‘abqurāṭ (Commentary on the Hippocratic Aphorisms). Cairo: Nahḍah Miṣr; 2008.
Alḥamāranah N. Al-Muhaḏḏab fī al-Kuhl (Polished Book on ophthalmology) li-ibn al-Nafīs: Dirāsat histūrīyūghirāfīh. Arabic Heritage 1985; 20(5): 144-171.
[Ibn al-Nafīs] al-Qarashi A. Risālt al-ʾaʿḍāʾ. Cairo: Nahḍah Miṣr; 2008.
[Ibn al-Nafīs] al-Qarashi a. Al-Risālah al-Kāmiliyyah fī al-Ssīrah al-Nabawiyyah; (Theologus Autodidactus). Cairo: Arab Republic of Egypt, The Ministry of Awqaf. The Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs, Society of the Revival of Islamic Heritage; 1988.
[Ibn al-Nafīs] al-Qarashi A. Al-Shāmil fī al-Ṣināʿt al-Ṭibbīyyah (The Comprehensive Book on Medicine). Tehran: Iran University of Medical Sciences, Research Institute for Islamic & Complementary Medicine; 2008.
Imami A, Javadi B. The Basics of Islamic Tradition Pharmacy based on Ibn al-Nafīs Qarashi Views. Mashhad: Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; 2016.
[Ibn al-Nafīs] al-Qarashi A. Al-Shāmil fī al-Ṣināʿt al-Ṭibbīyyah; al-Juzʾ al-Awwal min al-Fann al-Thālith, al-Juzʾ al-Mafqūd. Mashhad: Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; 2017.
[Ibn al-Nafīs] al-Qarashi A. Sharḥ al-Warīqāt fī al-Manṭiq. Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-ʿIlmīyyah, Manshūrāt Muḥammad ʿlī bīḍūn. 2015.
[Ibn al-Nafīs] al-Qarashi A. Sharḥ al-Warīqāt fī al-Manṭiq. Tunisia: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī; 2009.
Muhammad A. File number: Ibn al-Nafīs; The philosophy of prophethood according to Ibn al-Nafīs. Al-Maʿrafah 2018; 655(57): 185-200.
Mustafa Kuhlih N. Ibn al-Nafīs Failasūfā. Al-Maʿrafah 2018; 655(57): 12-201.
Khazar al-Shaʿrani Z. Ibn al-Nafīs (al-Qarashi); Nafīs zamānih, wa ṭabīb ʿaṣrih (The Exquisite of his time, and the doctor of his era). Al-maʿrafah 2018; 655(57): 5-220.
Tarbih M. Ibn al-Nafīs (1213-1288 AD). Al-Maʿrafah 2018; 655(57): 33-226.
Maʿraf: Ṣāliḥ L. The position of Ibn al-Nafis in the history of medicine. Al-Maʿrafah 2018; 655(57): 9-234.
Sallum A. Ibn al-Nafīs: The first doctor to discover a small blood cycle. Al-Maʿrafah 2018; 655(57): 4-240.
Mahmud al-Saghir A. Ibn al-Nafīs and The genius of the observation and the discovery. Al-Maʿrafah 2018; 655(57): 58-245.
Hamlitun Murghan M. Is Ibn al-Nafīs, the forgotten Arab genius?. Al-Maʿrafah 2018; 655(57): 66-259.
Hunkih Z. A German viewpoint by "Ibn al-Nafīs". Al-Maʿrafah 2018; 655(57): 72-267.
Aqayani Chavushi J. Ibn al-Nafīs and the Pulmonary Circulation of Blood. Amuzesh va Parvarish taʿlīm va Tarbīyat 1979; 483(48): 5-41.
Gutas D. Ibn al-Nafis’s Scientific Method. Istanbul: Nazariyat J Hist Islam Philos Sci; 2019.
Loukas M, Lam R, Tubbs RS, Shoja MM, Apaydin N. Ibn al-Nafis (1210–1288): The First Description of the Pulmonary Circulation. Am Surg 2008; 74(5): 2-440.
Numan MT. Ibn Al-Nafis: His Seminal Contributions to Cardiology. Pediatr Cardiol 2014; 35(7): 90-1088.
West JB. Ibn al-Nafis, the Pulmonary Circulation and the Islamic Golden Age. J Appl Physiol 2008.
Ghalioungui P. Was Ibn al-Nafis unknown to the Scholars of the European Renaissance? Clio Medica Acta Acad Int Hist Med 1983; 18(1): 37-42.
Fancy N. Womb Heat versus Sperm Heat: Hippocrates against Galen and Ibn Sīnā in Ibn al-Nafīs’s Commentaries. Oriens 2017; 1(1): 75-150.
Sanjabi P. Ibn al-Nafīs. In: Medical Encyclopedia of Islam and Iran. Tehran: Amīrkabīr; 2011. p.8-425.
Derayati M. Lists of Manuscripts of Iran. Tehran: National Library of Iran; 2015.
[Ibn al-Nafīs] al-Qarashi A. Al-Mūjaz fī al-Ṭib. Tehran: Iranian National Library; No Date. p.1157.
Zil al-Rahman. Ibn sinā's Qānūn, Its commentators and translators. Tehran: Society for the appreciation of cultural and dignitaries; 2004. Vol.1.
Ziydan Y. Rediscovering Ibn al-Nafīs. Cairo: Nahḍah Miṣr; 2008.
[Ibn al-Nafīs] al-Qarashi ‘Alī ibn Abī al-Ḥaram/ al-Ḥazm. Al-Mukhtaṣar fi ʿlm uṣūl al-Ḥadīth al-Nabawi, mʿ dirāsat shāmilat limuʾlifāt Ibn al-Nafīs. Cairo: Nihḍat Misr for CD Replication; 2008. p.2.
ʿImāduddīn Kātib M. Kharīdat al-Qaṣr wa jarīdat al-ʿAṣr. Baghdad: Iraqi Academy of Sciences; 1996.
Al-Dhahabī SH. Tarikh al-Islam wa wafayāt al-Mashāhīr wa al-Aʾalām. Beirut: Arab Book House; No Date.
Salah al-Dīn al-Ṣafadī A. Kitab al-Wafi bi'l-Wafayat. Beirut: Dār Aḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿarabī; 1999.
Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa M, Al-Qāsim B, Khalīfa B, Al-Khazrajī Y. ʿUyūn al-Anbāʾ fī ṭabaqāt al-Aṭibbāʾ. Cairo: General Egyptian Book Organization; 2001.
Razavi burqiʿi SH. The Pole of Medicine in the History of Science of Islam and Iran. Ayineie Pazhuhish 2016; 160(27): 17-32.
Quṭb al-Din Shīrāzī M. Al-Tuḥfa al-Sa‘dīya. Tehran: Iran University of Medical Sciences, Research Institute for Islamic & Complementary Medicine; 2008.
Aqsarāyī J. Sharḥ Aqsarāʾī. Tehran: Iran University of Medical Sciences, Research Institute for Islamic & Complementary Medicine; 2008.
Salihiyih MI. Ibn al-Nafīs conference discussions. In: Ibn al-Nafīs conference. Kuwait: Kuwait University; 1982.
Ibn ʿImād AA. Shaḏarāt al-Ḏhahab fī akhbār min ḏhahab. Beirut: Dār ibn Kathīr; 1985.
Al-Subkī AT. Ṭabaqāt al-Šāfiʻiyyaẗ al-Kubrā. Cairo: Dār Aḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-ʿArabīyyah; No Date.
Ibn Kathīr al-Qurashī Al-Damishqī AI. Al-Bidāya wa-n-Nihāya (The Beginning and the End). Beirut: Dār Aḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī; No Date.
Ibn Faḍl Allāh al-'Umarī SH. Masālik al-Abṣār fī Mamālik al-Amṣār. Edited by Jaburi Kamil S, Najm M. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿilmīyyah; 2010.
Ghalioungui P. Ibn al-Nafīs - ṭalīʿah al-ʿAhd al-ʿIlmī fī al-Ṭib. Kuwait: Government of Kuwait Press; No Date.
Al-Qarashi A, Ḥakīm Mulawī MA. Al-Mūjiz al-Maḥshī biltaḥshīyyah al-Jadīdah. Delhi: Al-Mujtabaʿi Printing Press; No Date.
Summary of the Islamic Encyclopedia. Al-shāriqah. United Arab Emirates: Al-Shāriqah Center for Intellectual Creativity; 1999.
Ḥumiyrī N. Shams al-ʿUlūm wa dawāʾ Kalām al-ʿArab min al-Kulūm. Damascus: Dār al-Fikr; 1420.
Gillispie CC. The Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons; 1981.
[Ibn al-Nafīs] al-Qarashi A. Sharḥ al-Qarashi ʿalā al-Qānūn. Tehran: Iran University for Medical Sciences; 2005.
Hamarenah S. Index of Daralkutub al-Ẓahiriyah manuscripts in Damascus, Medicine and Pharmacy. Damascus: Arabic Language Academy; 1964.
[Ibn al-Nafīs] al-Qarashi A. Sharḥ al-Qānūn fī al-Ṭib. No Place: The Parliamentary Library of Iran; No Date. p.7064.
Sajjadi S. Ibn al-Nafīs. In: The Great Islamic Encyclopedia. Tehran: Iranian Islamic Research Center; 1999.
Rāmpūrī M. Ghīyāth al-Lughāt. Tehran: Amir Kabir; 1996.
- Abstract Viewed: 608 times
- pdf (فارسی) Downloaded: 236 times