Background and Aim: COVID-19 is a pandemic disease that causes high rate of mortality and morbidity around the world. Except conducting many studies during this period, there is no definite treatment for COVID-19. Interferon is one of the controversial drugs for the treatment of COVID-19. In this study we aimed to evaluate the effect of interferon in the treatment of COVID-19.

Methods: In this double blind randomized clinical trial, 30 patients were treated with beta interferon in addition to the medical regimen of COVID-19 (hydroxychloroquine 200 mg twice a day and Kaletra 400 mg) as intervention group and 30 patients were treated only with hydroxychloroquine 200 mg twice a day and Kaletra 400 mg as control group. Demographic, historical, clinical and outcome of patients were compared between the two groups.

Results: There were no statistically significant differences between age, sex, smoking, past medical history, clinical manifestations, laboratory data and CT scan manifestations of patients between the two groups (P-values > 0.05). Interferon had a positive effect on prolonged QT in ECG. Patients who received interferon had shorter ICU admission time, lower mortality rate, and higher discharge rate (P-values < 0.05).

Conclusion: Interferon is an effective treatment in patients who are admitted to hospital due to COVID-19.

Background and Aim: To quantitatively examine the association between the negative outcome of infertility treatment and psychological disorders in infertile women and to determine any difference in their post- treatment mental health compared to those who had a successful cycle.

Methods: This study included sixty- one infertile women who underwent infertility treatment between December 2022 and July 2023. Their mental health status was assessed with three self- reported measurement tools before the treatment and again after identifying the pregnancy test result.

Results: Women who had a positive test result were recruited into the successful group
(n= 13), and those with a negative test were included in the unsuccessful group (n= 48). Women who had an unsuccessful treatment showed a significant increase in their levels of depression, anxiety, stress, hopelessness, and grief (P-value < 0.001). In comparison between women with successful and unsuccessful treatment, infertile women in the unsuccessful group showed higher levels of depression, anxiety, stress, hopelessness, and grief after the treatment (P-value < 0.001).

Conclusion: An unsuccessful treatment may potentially increase infertile women's psychological disorders. This suggests that addressing the psychological aspect alongside infertility treatments for infertile women may help achieve a comprehensive treatment approach.

Background and Aim: Nephropathy is one of the major complications in diabetic patients that causes high mortality worldwide. In diabetic patients, differentiating non-diabetic nephropathy from diabetic nephropathy is clinically essential in treating patients. The present study aimed to examine clinical, laboratory, demographic variables and their relationship with the type of non-diabetic nephropathy in diabetic patients.

Methods: Clinical, demographic and laboratory data of 104 diabetic patients who underwent renal biopsy in Labbafinejad Hospital in Tehran in 2009-2010 were assessed. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the type of nephropathy (whether diabetic or non-diabetic). The recorded data were statistically compared between the two groups at the time of kidney biopsy and six months later.

Results: In this study, 104 patients were studied. The mean age of patients was 57.2 ± 13.4 years, and 50% of patients were male. Shorter duration of diabetes, no insulin use, renal failure, higher mean arterial pressure, smaller kidneys, lack of diabetic retinopathy, lower GFR and higher serum creatinine in patients with diabetic nephropathy were identical with non-diabetic nephropathy group (in all cases) (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: The need for kidney biopsy in diabetic patients can be determined with acceptable accuracy using the mentioned demographic, clinical, imaging and laboratory data. This study showed that the six-month GFR index could be used as a prognostic marker in patients.

Background and Aim: Different approaches have been investigated to reduce pain after cesarean section. Among these measures is the use of non- pharmacological methods. Since the results of previous studies on the effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) on reducing pain after cesarean section are of low certainty, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of TENS on pain intensity and consumption of analgesics after cesarean section.

Methods: In this clinical trial that was conducted in 2023 and 2024, for 40 women who underwent cesarean section under spinal anesthesia, pethidine and diclofenac or pethidine and diclofenac and TENS was administered with a frequency of 80 Hz and an intensity between 0 and 80 mA. The number of prescribed analgesics and pain intensity and patient satisfaction were investigated. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 16 statistical software and independent student t test, Mann- Whitney, Chi- squared and Repeated measures ANOVA statistical tests. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

Results: The data showed that the two groups had a significant difference only in the pain score in the second hour and the patients' satisfaction with the analgesia process, and the pain intensity in the other hours and the number of analgesics consumed in the two groups did not differ significantly.

Conclusion: The use of TENS after cesarean section reduces the pain in the second hour after the surgery, but it does not reduce the pain in the following hours and the use of analgesics after the cesarean section.

Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a rare genetic disorder that affects multiple body systems and is characterized by a triad of symptoms that impact hair, teeth, and sweat glands. Diagnosis of HED is primarily based on physical features and is confirmed through genetic testing. Currently, the available treatment options for HED are limited to general medical interventions such as the use of skincare products and prosthetic dental treatment. We present a patient with HED who exhibited typical symptoms in the face and oral cavity. The patient was treated with a topical combination therapy for severe dyskeratosis. The purpose of this report is to increase awareness of HED within the dermatology community and provide information on its diagnosis and management also early diagnosis can enable prompt intervention, relevant therapy and support.