The Right to Health of Marginalized Citizens as a Human Right and the Challenges it Faces
Akhlāq-i zīstī i.e., Bioethics Journal,
Vol. 11 No. 36 (1400),
17 August 2021
,
Page 1-13
https://doi.org/10.22037/bioeth.v11i36.35951
Abstract
Background and Aim: The current development of suburban areas that do not have proper urban standards and services in terms of urban planning and on the other hand, due to special environmental conditions and lack of proper health facilities in these areas, the right to health of residents is facing serious challenges. Therefore, the present study explains the position of the right to health of marginalized citizens as a human right and examines the health and medical challenges and the commitment of governments to implement it.
Materials and Methods: This research is of theoretical type. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library by referring to documents.
Ethical Considerations: In all stages of writing the present study, while respecting the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.
Findings: Findings indicate that marginalization is considered a way of life that is outside the city limits and without basic facilities for living; This poses challenges to the right to health of marginalized citizens and causes the spread of various infectious, non-communicable and environmental diseases. Considering that health is one of the components of human well-being, Thus, the rules of bioethics are threatened by the health challenges of marginalized citizens.
Conclusion: The right to health is a fundamental human right and, in accordance with the rules of biomedical and bio-social ethics, marginalized citizens deserve it as well as other citizens of society. Given the results, this faces challenges so must be addressed by governments in accordance with the requirements of domestic law and international instruments.
Cite this article as: Beigi J, Teymouri M. The Right to Health of Marginalized Citizens as a Human Right and the Challenges it Faces. Majale "Akhlāq-i zīstī" (i.e., Bioethics Journal). 2021; 11(36): e20.
- Bioethics; Right to Health; Human Rights; Citizen; Marginalized
How to Cite
References
Saeedniya A. The system of urban centers and residential spaces, the Green Book of Municipal Guides. Tehran: Center for Urban Planning Studies Publications; 2003. [Persian]
Bego E. Assessing Feasibility Study of informal, Settlements Upgrading: Are there GI Policy and Management, Implications? case study of windhoek, Namibia. Netherlands: International Institude for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation; 2003.
Akhter Ali M, Toran K. Migration, Slums and Urban Squalor-A Case Study of Gandhinagar Slum. Chennai: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Environment and Health; 2004. p.1-10.
Abedini I, Safdari Mulan H, Agaalipour A, Ebrahimi M. Theoretical model of marginalization and its social consequences. Torbat Heydariyeh: 2nd International Conference on Futurology, Management and Economic Development; 2016. p.1-14. [Persian]
Rabani R, Hagigatiyan M, Nazari J, Gasemi M. Sociological study of marginalization and its effect on the mental health of marginalized (Case study of Arzanan and Darak) Zeinabieh Isfahan. J of Social Sciences, Islamic Azad University - Shushtar Branch. 2011; 5(14): 95-126. [Persian]
Rezaei MR, Kamandari M. Analysis of formation causes of marginalization in Kerman Case Study: Syedi neighborhoods and Imam Hassan. J of Spatial Planning. 2015; 4(4): 179-196. [Persian]
Allahyari MR, Khakzand M. Reviving Potential Social Capital of Informal Settlements Using Incremental Housing (Case Study: Zurabad, Karaj, Iran). J of Social Capital Management. 2019; 6(2): 237-253. [Persian]
Bazi KH, Kiyan A, Safarzaiee A. Assessment of suburbans rehabilitation strategy to improve Zabol city. J of Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement. 2017; 7(23): 127-148. [Persian]
Hatami Nejad H, Safdari A, Parsa R, Safdari M. Role of Urban Management in Organization of Informal Settlements (Case Study: Ferun Abad of Tehran). J of Geographical Notion. 2011; 5(10): 1-33. [Persian]
Meshkini A, Parhiz F, Tafakkori A. An analysis of Yas and Omid settlements of metropolitans in developing countries. J of The Urban Development and Organization Haft Shahr. 2010; 2(29-30): 41-54. [Persian]
Owusu G, Agyei-Mensah S, Ragnhild L. Slums of hope and slums of despair: Mobility and livelihoods in Nima, Accra. Norwegian J of Geography. 2008; 62(3): 180-190.
Rezazadeh H, Sadat Sharegh Z. The Impact of Normative Foundation of Human Dignity on the Right to Health as a Human Right: From Theory to Action. Bioethics J. 2019; 9(34): 17-31. [Persian]
Asgharnia M, Beheshti MS. The Transition from National Citizenship to Global Citizenship; The Relation Between Citizenship Rights and Bioethics. Bioethics J. 2016; 6(21): 89-110. [Persian]
Asadi Jounoushi M, Asadi Jounoushi S. Legislative Policy of Iran in Support of Citizenship Rights: Focusing on the right of health equality. Medical Law Journal. 2021; 15(56): 477-489. [Persian]
Jafari MH, Heidari Noshahr M, Parsa E. Role of Providing Urban Services in Creating Marginal neighborhoods of Yazd City Based on Citizenship Rights. Bioethics J. 2018; (Special Issue on Citizenship Rights): 83-94. [Persian]
Gholami R, Seyfikafshgari M, Najaf Ali SH. Economic and Social Factors of Marginalization in Iran (Case Study of Tehran Metropolis). Security Horizons J. 2013; 6(20): 167-186. [Persian]
Kargar B. Status of Atmosphere, Community and Societal Security in Southern Suburb of Tehran (Case Study: Islamshahr). J of Societal Security Studies. 2010; 1(22): 13-42. [Persian]
Abbasi M, Fallah MR, Kalhornia Golkar M. Coronavirus Pandemic; From Human Rights Considerations to Citizenship Requirements. Medical Law Journal. 2020; 14(55): 7-22. [Persian]
Miri M, Kalantari Khalilabad H. Familiarity with urban development plans (guide, comprehensive, detailed). Tehran: Publications of the Organization of Municipalities and Rural Affairs; 2011. [Persian]
Nazari T. The relationship between providing health services and the level of access to health services. Tehran: Thesis of Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch Tehran; 2016. [Persian]
Turner JFC. Tools for building community: An Examination of 13 Hypotheses. J of Habitat International. 1996; 20(3): 339-347.
Azarmi M, Azar A, Abdolahzadetaraff A. The Effect of Environmental Planning and Design on Urban Security in Squatter Areas of Tabriz City. J of Geography And Environmental Studies. 2020; 8(32): 41-54. [Persian]
Beigi J, Teymouri M. Corona crisis and its impact on slums in cities. National Conference on Architecture, Civil Engineering, Urban Planning and Horizons of Islamic Art in the Declaration of the Second Step of the Revolution. Tabriz: Tabriz University of Islamic Art; 2021. p.1-13. [Persian]
United Nations Settlement Programe (UN-HABITAT). State of the Worlds Cities. 2006-07. Available at: https://www.mirror.unhabitat.org/docume nts/media_centre/sowcr2006/SOWCR%205.pdf.
Lilford RJ, Oyebode O, Satterthwaite D, Melendez-Torres GJ, Chen YF, Mberu B, et all. Improving the health and welfare of people who live in slums. J of the Lancet. 2017; 389(10068): 559-570.
Ezeh A, Oyebode O, Satterthwaite D, Chen YF, Ndugwa R, Sartori J, et all. The health of people who live in slums 1: The history, geography and sociology of slums and the health problems of people who live in slums. United Kingdom: Lancet Publishing; 2016.
Mberu BU, Haregu TN, Kyobutungi C, Ezeh AC. Health and health-related indicators in slum, rural and urban communities: a comparative analysis. J of Global Health Action. 2016; 9(1): 1-13.
Nasir U, Siraj UD. Paradox of Conceptualizations, Measurements and Causes of Urban Poverty: Context Evidence from Bangladesh. International J of Social and Economic Research. 2016; 7(2): 54-73.
Iacoboaea C. Slums in Romania. J of Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management. 2009; 1(10): 101-113.
Chandrasekhar S. Growth of Slums, Availability of Infrastructure and Demographic Outcomes in Slums: Evidence from India. Mumbai: International Population Conference; 2015. p.1-21.
Irandoost K, Toolayi R. Poor Housing Pattern in Informal Settlements Case Study: Abbasabad Sanandaj. J of City Development Research. 2012; 20: 1-12. [Persian]
Anklesaria S. Improving Urban Shantytowns. J of Architecture Week. 2022; 21: 1-2.
Ehigiator P. A investigation into the role of slum community based institutions in takling the challenges of slums in developing nations the case of Lagos state, Nigeria. Sweden: Master Thesis in Built Environment, University in Malmö; 2013.
Yua J, Shannonb H, Baumannb A, Schwartzb L, Bhatt M. Slum Upgrading Programs and Disaster Resilience: A Case Study of an Indian "Smart City". Hong Kong: International Conference on Geographies of Health and Living in Cities: Making Cities Healthy for All, Healthy Cities; 2016. p.154-161.
Madise NJ, Ziraba AK, Inungu J, Khamadi SA, Ezeh A, Zulu EM, et all. Are slum dwellers at heightened risk of HIV infection than other urban residents? Evidence from population-based HIV prevalence surveys in Kenya. J of Health & Place. 2012; 18: 1144-1152.
Obuku EA, Meynell C, Kiboss-Kyeyune J, Blankley S, Atuhairwe C, Nabankema E, et all. Socio-demographic determinants and prevalence of Tuberculosis knowledge in three slum populations of Uganda. J of BMC Public Health. 2012; 12: 1-9.
Eisenstein M. Disease: Poverty and pathogens. J of Nature. 2016; 531: 61-63.
Snyder RE, Rajan JV, Costa F, Lima H-CAV, Calcagno JI, Couto RD, et all. Differences in the Prevalence of Non-Communicable Disease between Slum Dwellers and the General Population in a Large Urban Area in Brazil. J of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2017; 2(3): 1-12.
Uddin N. Assessing urban sustainability of slum settlements in Bangladesh: Evidence from Chittagong city. J of Urban Management. 2018; 7(1): 32-42.
Riley LW, Ko AI, Unger A, Reis MG. Slum Health: Diseases of Neglected Populations. J of BMC International Health & Human Rights. 2007; 7(2): 1-6.
Harpham T. Urbanization and Mental Health in Developing Countries: A Research Role For Social Scientists, Public Health Professional and Social Psychiatrists. J of Social Science and Medicine. 2004; 39: 123-143.
Go VF, Sethulakshmi CJ, Bentley ME, Sivaram S, Srikrishnan AK, Solomon S, et all. When HIV-Prevention Messages and Gender Norms Clash: The Impact of Domestic Violence on Women's HIV Risk in Slums of Chennai, India. J of AIDS and Behavior. 2003; 7: 263-272.
Magar V. Empowerment Approaches to Gender-Based Violence: Women's Courts in Delhi Slums. J of Women's Studies International Forum. 2003; 26(6): 509-523.
Vahdaninia V, Seyyed Mousavi MSA. Legal Approach to Health Theory. Iranian J of Biomedical Law and Ethics. 2019; 1(1): 98-108. [Persian]
Khayat S, Dolatian M, Fanaei H, Navidian A, Mahmoodi Z, Kasaeian A. Women’s Reproductive Health Status in Urban Slums in Southeast Iran in 2017: A Cross-sectional Study. J of Midwifery and Reproductive Health. 2020; 8(1): 2069-2082.
- Abstract Viewed: 383 times
- PDF (فارسی) Downloaded: 177 times