A review on Quarantine during COVID-19 Outbreak: Lessons Learned from Previous Epidemics
Social Determinants of Health,
Vol. 6 (2020),
14 Tir 2020
,
Page e13
https://doi.org/10.22037/sdh.v6i1.31188
Abstract
Background: Since the emergence in December 2019, the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a global pandemic that has infected so many people all around the world. As there are no vaccination or antiviral treatment available yet, public health measures play a substantial role in the management of this pandemic. Governments of affected countries have imposed different quarantine policies and travel bans. As quarantine can have many controversial aspects, this review intends to clarify its role in disease control and other aspects of human everyday life with due attention to a couple of epidemics in the past (SARS, MERS, and flu) and ongoing COVID-19 outbreak.
Methods: We conducted a thorough search in PubMed, Research Gate, Google Scholar, Excerpta Media Database (EMBASE), and Web of Science databases and collected all relevant articles to Quarantine in the past epidemics (SARS, MERS, and flu) as well as ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Results: A total of 176 articles were extracted in our primary search process. Primarily, 53 articles have been excluded because of duplication. The other 44 articles have been excluded due to different reasons (Lack of useful information and eligibility of data). Finally, 79 articles were selected for more evaluation (published until April 2020).
Conclusion: By having previous epidemics, including SARS, MERS, and flu, in mind, quarantine and isolation seem to be proper choices for this situation. But, as this epidemy is bigger than former ones, stricter public health measurements, such as serious social distancing and community-wide containment, are recommended.
- COVID-19
- Quarantine
- Coronavirus Infections
How to Cite
References
Barbisch D, Koenig KL, Shih F-Y. Is there a case for quarantine? Perspectives from SARS to Ebola. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness. 2015;9(5):547-53.
Wilder-Smith A, Freedman DO. Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Journal of travel medicine. 2020;27(2).
Nishiura H, Mizumoto K, Ejima K, Zhong Y, Cowling B, Omori R. Incubation period as part of the case definition of severe respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus. Euro surveillance: bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles= European communicable disease bulletin. 2012;17(42).
Order E. 12452—Revised list of quarantinable communicable diseases. National Archives website. 2014.
Koenig KL. Quarantine for Zika virus? Where is the science? Disaster medicine and public health preparedness. 2016;10(5):704-6.
Koenig KL. Health care worker quarantine for Ebola: to eradicate the virus or alleviate fear? Annals of emergency medicine. 2015;65(3):330-1.
Cetron M, Simone P. Battling 21st-century scourges with a 14th-century toolbox. Emerging infectious diseases. 2004;10(11):2053.
Organization WH. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Situational Report-74 Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200403-sitrep-74-covid-19-mp.pdf?sfvrsn=4e043d03_12.
Organization WH. Rolling updates on coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Last updated 2 April 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen.
Morens DM, Daszak P, Taubenberger JK. Escaping pandora’s box—another novel coronavirus. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020.
Tang B, Wang X, Li Q, Bragazzi NL, Tang S, Xiao Y, et al. Estimation of the transmission risk of the 2019-nCoV and its implication for public health interventions. Journal of clinical medicine. 2020;9(2):462.
Gumel AB, Ruan S, Day T, Watmough J, Brauer F, Van den Driessche P, et al. Modelling strategies for controlling SARS outbreaks. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences. 2004;271(1554):2223-32.
Majumder MS, Rivers C, Lofgren E, Fisman D. Estimation of MERS-coronavirus reproductive number and case fatality rate for the spring 2014 Saudi Arabia outbreak: insights from publicly available data. PLoS Currents. 2014;6.
Government NHCotP. State Council Information Office Press Conference. Available from: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xwzb/webcontroller.do?titleSeq=11209&gecstype=1.
Leung C. The difference in the incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection between travelers to Hubei and non-travelers: The need of a longer quarantine period. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2020:1-8.
Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu Y-J, Mao Y-P, Ye R-X, Wang Q-Z, et al. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infectious Diseases of Poverty. 2020;9(1):1-12.
China NHCoPsRo. Pneumonia infected with novel coronavirus is included in the management of legal infectious diseases Available from: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/jkj/s7915/202001/e4e2d5e6f01147e0a8df3f6701d49f33.shtml.
China NHCoPsRo. Notice on printing and distributing the technical guide for prevention and control of novel coronavirus infection in medical institutions (First Edition) Available from: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7659/202001/b91fdab7c304431eb082d67847d27e14.shtml.
China NHCoPsRo. Notice on printing and distributing the work plan for prevention and control of pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus infection in the near future Available from: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/tigs/s7848/202001/808bbf75e5ce415aa19f74c78ddc653f.shtml.
China NHCoPsRo. Notice on further prevention and control of pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus infection in rural areas. Available from: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/jkj/s3578/202001/f8d45f6af1d24ef18151c1d91cf8a028.shtml.
China NHCoPsRo. Notice on prevention and control of novel coronavirus infection pneumonia in the elderly people. Available from: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/lljks/tggg/202001/96e82ba8a14d41b283da990d39771493.shtml.
Wei Q, Ren Z. Disinfection measures for pneumonia foci infected by novel coronavirus in 2019. Chin J Disinfect. 2020;37:59-62.
Organization WH. Novel Coronavirus ( 2019-nCoV). Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situationreports.
Proclamation on suspension of entry as immigrants and nonimmigrants of persons who pose a risk of transmitting 2019 novel coronavirus. Available from: https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/proclamation-suspension-entryimmigrants-nonimmigrants-persons-pose-risk-transmitting-2019-novelcoronavirus/.
How airports are screening travelers for deadly new coronavirus-type disease. Available from: https://thepointsguy.com/news/how-airports-are-screeningtravelers-for-deadly-new-coronavirus-type-disease/.
Updated WHO advice for international traffic in relation to the outbreak of the novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV. Available from: https://www.who.int/ith/2020-24-01-outbreak-of-Pneumonia-caused-by-new-coronavirus/en/.
Lombardi A, Bozzi G, Mangioni D, Muscatello A, Peri AM, Taramasso L, et al. Duration of quarantine in hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: a question needing an answer. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2020.
Covid-19 - Situazione in Italia n.d. Available from: http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/nuovocoronavirus/dettaglioContenutiNuovoCoronavirus.jsp?lingua=italiano&id=5351&area=nuovoCoronavirus&menu=vuoto.
Gensini GF, Yacoub MH, Conti AA. The concept of quarantine in history: from plague to SARS. Journal of Infection. 2004;49(4):257-61.
Tognotti E. Lessons from the history of quarantine, from plague to influenza A. Emerging infectious diseases. 2013;19(2):254.
Yoo J-H, Hong S-T. The outbreak cases with the novel coronavirus suggest upgraded quarantine and isolation in Korea. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2020;35(5).
Chen Z-M, Fu J-F, Shu Q, Chen Y-H, Hua C-Z, Li F-B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment recommendations for pediatric respiratory infection caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus. World journal of pediatrics. 2020:1-7.
Tian H, Liu Y, Li Y, Kraemer MU, Chen B, Wu C-H, et al. Early evaluation of transmission control measures in response to the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in China. medRxiv. 2020.
Wu JT, Leung K, Leung GM. Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study. The Lancet. 2020;395(10225):689-97.
Du Z, Wang L, Cauchemez S, Xu X, Wang X, Cowling B, et al. Risk for transportation of 2019 novel coronavirus disease from Wuhan to other cities in China. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2020;26(5).
Drake JM, Chew SK, Ma S. Societal learning in epidemics: intervention effectiveness during the 2003 SARS outbreak in Singapore. PloS one. 2006;1(1).
Chinazzi M, Davis JT, Ajelli M, Gioannini C, Litvinova M, Merler S, et al. The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Science. 2020.
Yen M-Y, Lin Y-E, Lee C-H, Ho M-S, Huang F-Y, Chang S-C, et al. Taiwan's traffic control bundle and the elimination of nosocomial severe acute respiratory syndrome among healthcare workers. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2011;77(4):332-7.
Yen M-Y, Chiu A-H, Schwartz J, King C-C, Lin Y, Chang S-C, et al. From SARS in 2003 to H1N1 in 2009: lessons learned from Taiwan in preparation for the next pandemic. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2014;87(4):185-93.
Kao C-C, Chiang H-T, Chen C-Y, Hung C-T, Chen Y-C, Su L-H, et al. National bundle care program implementation to reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care units in Taiwan. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection. 2019;52(4):592-7.
Lai C-C, Cia C-T, Chiang H-T, Kung Y-C, Shi Z-Y, Chuang Y-C, et al. Implementation of a national bundle care program to reduce central line-associated bloodstream infections in intensive care units in Taiwan. Journal of microbiology, immunology and infection. 2018;51(5):666-71.
Schwartz J, King C-C, Yen M-Y. Protecting Health Care Workers during the COVID-19 Coronavirus Outbreak–Lessons from Taiwan's SARS response. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020.
Yen M-Y, Schwartz J, Chen S-Y, King C-C, Yang G-Y, Hsueh P-R. Interrupting COVID-19 transmission by implementing enhanced traffic control bundling: Implications for global prevention and control efforts. Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection= Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi. 2020.
Organization WH. Consensus document on the epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). World Health Organization; 2003.
Ahmad A, Krumkamp R, Reintjes R. Controlling SARS: a review on China’s response compared with other SARS‐affected countries. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2009;14:36-45.
Organization WH. SARS: how a global epidemic was stopped: Manila: WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific; 2006.
Tomlinson B, Cockram C. Sars: Experience at prince of wales hospital, hong kong. The lancet. 2003;361(9368):1486-7.
Ksiazek TG, Erdman D, Goldsmith CS, Zaki SR, Peret T, Emery S, et al. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. New England journal of medicine. 2003;348(20):1953-66.
Organization WH. Cumulative number of reported probable cases of SARS. 2003.
Bell DM. Public health interventions and SARS spread, 2003. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(11):1900.
Chowell G, Fenimore PW, Castillo-Garsow MA, Castillo-Chavez C. SARS outbreaks in Ontario, Hong Kong and Singapore: the role of diagnosis and isolation as a control mechanism. Journal of theoretical biology. 2003;224(1):1-8.
Cava MA, Fay KE, Beanlands HJ, McCay EA, Wignall R. Risk perception and compliance with quarantine during the SARS outbreak. Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 2005;37(4):343-7.
Rothstein M, Alcalde M, Elster N. Quarantine and Isolation: Lessons Learned from SARS. A Report to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Louisville, Ky.: University of Louisville School of Medicine Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law, November 2003). lo uis vil le edu/bioe thics/publichealth/SARS pdf, LM Hall, J Angus, E Peter, et al" Media Portrayal of Nurses' Perspectives and Concerns in the SARS Crisis in Toronto," Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 2003;35:211-16.
Hawryluck L, Gold WL, Robinson S, Pogorski S, Galea S, Styra R. SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004;10(7):1206.
Feng D, De Vlas SJ, Fang LQ, Han XN, Zhao WJ, Sheng S, et al. The SARS epidemic in mainland China: bringing together all epidemiological data. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2009;14:4-13.
Pang X, Zhu Z, Xu F, Guo J, Gong X, Liu D, et al. Evaluation of control measures implemented in the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in Beijing, 2003. Jama. 2003;290(24):3215-21.
Beaglehole R. The world health report 2003: shaping the future: World Health Organization; 2003.
Balasegaram M, Schnur A. China: from denial to mass mobilization. SARS: How a global epidemic was stopped. 2006:73-85.
Barbera J, Macintyre A, Gostin L, Inglesby T, O'Toole T, DeAtley C, et al. Large-scale quarantine following biological terrorism in the United States: scientific examination, logistic and legal limits, and possible consequences. Jama. 2001;286(21):2711-7.
Control CfD, Prevention. Use of quarantine to prevent transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome--Taiwan, 2003. MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2003;52(29):680.
James L, Shindo N, Cutter J, Ma S, Chew S. Public health measures implemented during the SARS outbreak in Singapore, 2003. Public Health. 2006;120(1):20-6.
Tsang T. Public health response: a view from Hong Kong. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. 2005:165-8.
Introduction CtIt, Syndrome SoSAR, Campbell A. The SARS commission second interim report: SARS and public health legislation: SARS Commission; 2005.
World Health Organization Scientific Research Advisory Committee on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Report of the first meeting, Geneva, Switzerland, 20–21 Oct 2003. WHO/CDS/CSR/GAR/2004. 16. [cited 2004 Sep 20]. Available from http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/ WHO_CDS_CSR_GAR_2004_16/en/.
Lee SM, Kang WS, Cho AR, Kim T, Park JK. Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Comprehensive psychiatry. 2018;87:123-7.
Oh M-d. The Korean Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus outbreak and our responsibility to the global scientific community. Infection & chemotherapy. 2016;48(2):145-6.
Oh M-d, Park WB, Choe PG, Choi S-J, Kim J-I, Chae J, et al. Viral load kinetics of MERS coronavirus infection. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016;375(13):1303-5.
Park GE, Ko J-H, Peck KR, Lee JY, Lee JY, Cho SY, et al. Control of an outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome in a tertiary hospital in Korea. Annals of internal medicine. 2016;165(2):87-93.
Oh MD, Park WB, Park SW, Choe PG, Bang JH, Song KH, et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome: what we learned from the 2015 outbreak in the Republic of Korea. The Korean journal of internal medicine. 2018;33(2):233-46.
Drosten C, Meyer B, Müller MA, Corman VM, Al-Masri M, Hossain R, et al. Transmission of MERS-coronavirus in household contacts. New England Journal of Medicine. 2014;371(9):828-35.
Memish ZA, Al-Tawfiq JA, Makhdoom HQ, Al-Rabeeah AA, Assiri A, Alhakeem RF, et al. Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in hospital patients and their healthcare worker and family contacts: a prospective descriptive study. Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2014;20(5):469-74.
Al-Gethamy M, Corman VM, Hussain R, Al-Tawfiq JA, Drosten C, Memish ZA. A case of long-term excretion and subclinical infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in a healthcare worker. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2015;60(6):973-4.
Organization WH. Managing contacts in the MERS-CoV outbreak in the Republic of Korea. . World Health Organization2015.
Cheung E LC. Hong Kong orders 18 into quarantine after Korean traveller is diagnosed with MERS. South China Morning Post. . 2015.
Li D NJ. Punish travellers who lie about their health, SARS expert urges. South China Morning post. 2015.
Kim E, Liao Q, Yu E, Kim J, Yoon S, Lam W, et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome in South Korea during 2015: risk-related perceptions and quarantine attitudes. American journal of infection control. 2016;44(11):1414-6.
Park JW, Lee KJ, Lee KH, Lee SH, Cho JR, Mo JW, et al. Hospital Outbreaks of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Daejeon, South Korea, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(6):898-905.
Kim HC, Yoo SY, Lee BH, Lee SH, Shin HS. Psychiatric Findings in Suspected and Confirmed Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Patients Quarantined in Hospital: A Retrospective Chart Analysis. Psychiatry investigation. 2018;15(4):355-60.
Jeong H, Yim HW, Song Y-J, Ki M, Min J-A, Cho J, et al. Mental health status of people isolated due to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Epidemiology and health. 2016;38.
Tognotti E. Lessons from the history of quarantine, from plague to influenza A. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(2):254-9.
Howard-Jones N, World Health O. The scientific background of the International Sanitary Conferences, 1851-1938 / Norman Howard-Jones. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1975.
Taubenberger JK, Morens DM. 1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics. Emerging infectious diseases. 2006;12(1):15.
Tognotti E. Scientific triumphalism and learning from facts: bacteriology and the "Spanish flu" challenge of 1918. Social history of medicine : the journal of the Society for the Social History of Medicine. 2003;16(1):97-110.
Hossain MM, Sultana A, Purohit N. Mental health outcomes of quarantine and isolation for infection prevention: A systematic umbrella review of the global evidence. Available at SSRN 3561265. 2020.
Gammon J, Hunt J, Musselwhite C. The stigmatisation of source isolation: a literature review. Journal of Research in Nursing. 2019;24(8):677-93.
Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet. 2020.
Sharma A, Pillai DR, Lu M, Doolan C, Leal J, Kim J, et al. Impact of isolation precautions on quality of life: a meta-analysis. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2020.
Abad C, Fearday A, Safdar N. Adverse effects of isolation in hospitalised patients: a systematic review. Journal of hospital infection. 2010;76(2):97-102.
Linda Barratt R, Shaban R, Moyle W. Patient experience of source isolation: lessons for clinical practice. Contemporary nurse. 2011;39(2):180-93.
Gammon J, Hunt J. Source isolation and patient wellbeing in healthcare settings. British Journal of Nursing. 2018;27(2):88-91.
Purssell E, Gould D, Chudleigh J. Impact of isolation on hospitalised patients who are infectious: systematic review with meta-analysis. BMJ open. 2020;10(2).
Morgan DJ, Diekema DJ, Sepkowitz K, Perencevich EN. Adverse outcomes associated with contact precautions: a review of the literature. American journal of infection control. 2009;37(2):85-93.
Xiang Y-T, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T, et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(3):228-9.
Lee SM, Kang WS, Cho A-R, Kim T, Park JK. Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Comprehensive psychiatry. 2018;87:123-7.
Park S-C, Park YC. Mental Health Care Measures in Response to the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak in Korea. Psychiatry investigation. 2020;17(2):85.
Zandifar A, Badrfam R. Iranian mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic. Asian journal of psychiatry. 2020;51:101990.
Nicola M, Alsafi Z, Sohrabi C, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, Iosifidis C, et al. The Socio-Economic Implications of the Coronavirus and COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review. International Journal of Surgery. 2020.
Buck T AM, Chazan G, Cookson C. Coronavirus declared a pandemic as fears of economic crisis mount 2020. Available from: https://www.ft.com/content/d72f1e54-6396-11ea-b3f3-fe4680ea68b5.
News RR. Prices of agricultural commodities drop 20% post COVID-19 outbreak 2020. Available from: https://realtime.rediff.com/news/india/Prices-of-agricultural-commodities-drop-20-post-COVID19-outbreak/955078599584b749?src=interim_alsoreadimage.
NPR. Oil Prices, Stocks Plunge After Saudi Arabia Stuns World With Massive Discounts Available from: https://www.npr.org/2020/03/08/813439501/saudi-arabia-stuns-world-with-massivediscount-in-oil-sold-to-asia-europe-and-u-.
UNESCO. COVID-19 Educational Disruption and Response [Available from: https://en.unesco.org/themes/education-emergencies/coronavirus-school-closures.
Forum WE. This is how coronavirus could affect the travel and tourism industry Available from: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/world-travel-coronavirus-covid19-jobs-pandemictourism-aviation/.
Guardian T. Tokyo Olympics postponed to 2021 due to coronavirus pandemic. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/mar/24/tokyo-olympics-to-be-postponed-to-2021-due-to-coronavirus-pandemic
- Abstract Viewed: 565 times
- PDF Downloaded: 365 times